阅读理解的题型及解题技巧

阅读理解的题型及解题技巧铜陵一中阮兴武阅读理解分值：30分篇数：4篇题数：15题(每题2分)用时：30分钟2015—2019年高考全国卷“阅读理解·四选一”体裁及命题角度考情一览表2019全国1卷阅读选材—原汁原味篇章出处阅读A篇ontario.ca(加拿大安大略省网站)阅读B篇KNKX（位于美国华盛顿州塔科马市的一个公共电台）阅读C篇Newsweek(美国新闻周刊)阅读D篇TheNewYorkTimes(纽约时报)1.学生适当多接触些时文外刊，比如经济学人，各大主流英文媒体网站等，丰富学生的阅读知识面。学生可以多读些地道的文章，通过阅读了解最新的资讯。2.对于老师来说可以多搜集外刊文章，作为学生的拓展材料或者自己的命题材料，而不是把阅读仅仅做为技能培养。3.各大版本的教材文体是基础，但是一定要跳出教材，后期太拘泥于教材会固化思维，限制学生的知识面。启示阅读理解常考的4大题型1.WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword

“that”

inParagraph3referto?3.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran’sopiniononjazz?4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?了解重点细节理解指代关系推断观点理解大意(全国卷真题)1.细节理解题2.词义猜测题3.推理判断题4.主旨大意题一、细节理解题怎么问1.特殊疑问句：以when,where,why,what,who,which,how等疑问词开头2.判断是非的形式：Whichoneofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrue?Step1速读题干，找关键词Step3仔细比对原文和选项，确定答案Step2

略读，根据关键词找关键句一、细节理解题怎么答[正确选项特征]①一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型去表达相同的意思。②题干和正确项的信息值之和等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值。[干扰选项特征]①与短文细节部分相吻合，部分相悖。②是短文细节，但不符合题干要求。③符合常识，但不是文章内容。④明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及。一、细节理解题（全国卷真题）◆SupportPacificScienceCenterSince1962PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(热情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.TodayPacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbringsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcommunityeventsalloverWashingtonState.It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VisittofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.Exercise1WhatdoesPacificScienceCenterdoforschools?A.TrainScienceteachers.B.Disnciescicncebooks.C.Distributescientificresearch.D.Takesciencetotheclassroom.Exercise2Ribadeo,SpainAtlowtide,PlayadelasCatedralesinRibadeo,Spainistheperfectbeachtotakeinthenaturalwonderswithouturbanamusementslikerestaurants,barsandhugecrowds.Itboastsbeautifulwildflowersanduniquerockformationsmakingittrulyapictureworthy.

WhichoneofthefollowingistrueaboutRibadeo?Visitorscantrysnorklingthere.Itoffersvisitorsfirst-classhotels.Ithasrestaurants,barsandhugecrowds.Visitorscanenjoyuniquerockformationsthere.[示例](高考真题)SincethefirstEarthDayin1970,Americanshavegottenalot“greener”towardtheenvironment.“Wedidn'tknowatthattimethatthereevenwasanenvironment,letalonethattherewasaproblemwithit,”saysBruceAnderson,presidentofEarthDayUSA.

Butwhatbeganasnothingimportantinpublicaffairshasgrownintoasocialmovement.Businesspeople,politicalleaders,universityprofessors,andespeciallymillionsofgrass­rootsAmericansaretakingpartinthemovement.“Theunderstandinghasincreasedmany,manytimes,”saysGaylordNelson,theformergovernorfromWisconsin,whothoughtupthefirstEarthDay....Greatimprovementhasbeenachieved.In1988therewereonly600recyclingprograms;todayin1995thereareabout6,600.Advancedlights,motors,andbuildingdesignshavehelpedsavealotofenergyandthereforepreventedpollution....2023/1/1325.AccordingtoAnderson,before1970,Americanshadlittleideaabout________.A.thesocialmovementB.recyclingtechniquesC.environmentalproblemsD.theimportanceofEarthDay【分析】A项指社会运动，原文中未提及，与文章主题不符；B项指回收的技巧，文章第四段有提及，是文章细节，但范围太窄；C项中environmentalproblems是原文第一段第二句中aproblemwithit的同义替换，故C项正确；D项指地球日的重要性，虽然在第一、二段中提及了地球日，但不符合题干要求。Theword/phrase“...”inthepassagemeans_____.Theword/phrase“...”probablyrefersto_____.Theword/phrase“...”couldbebestreplacedby_____.二、词义猜测题怎么问[正确选项特征]①与原文上下文联系非常紧密。②可以通过上下文内容的提示确定，原文提示的方式一般有：定义和解释、描述和例证、同义和反义、平行关系以及构词法等。[干扰选项特征]①与上下文并不相吻合的我们所熟悉的定义。②与上下文似乎相吻合的错误定义。二、词义猜测题根据解释确定词义技巧11.Heisaresoluteman,oncehesetsagoal,hewillnotgiveitupeasily.A.determinedB.humorousC.optimisticD.active表解释的信号词：namely,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,tobemoreexact或后文解释怎么答二、词义猜测题根据转折、因果等关系确定词义技巧22.Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.一片混乱表转折的信号词：unlike,but,however,yet,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,although,though等表因果的信号词：because,as,nowthat,so,therefore,thus,asaresult等根据上下文情景确定词义技巧3Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans___.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingout3.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonsofCO2eachyear:equaltothetotalamountofCO2givingoffintheUKeachyear.1.Themomentacollegestudentarrivesoncampus,heorsheisbombardedwithcreditcardoffers.Advertisementsforstudentcreditcardsareeverywhere:inbagsatthebookstore,inthecampusnewspaper,inyourregularmailbox.

Whatdoestheunderlinedphrasemean?

A.BeconfusedbyB.Beterriblyhurtby

C.BeattractedbyD.Besurroundedby2.Ofcourse,allpainkillingmedicationthatworkscanhaveside-effect—nothingisgananteedtobesafeandeffective.Paracetomalhasveryfewunlesstakentoomuch,inwhichcaseitcancauseseriousliverdamage.However,itisn’tveryeffectiveincausingdamagecomparedtootherpainkillers.Drugslikeopiatesarestrongpainkillersbutpotentiallyaddictiveandoftenhaveotherbadeffects.Maybeyouwillfindyouareinadilemmanow.Butdon’tdespair;youcanrefertoapainclinicforsomeprofessionalguidance.Forongoingpain,musicandexercisemaybethebestchoicetohelpyoureducethefeelingofit.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“despair”meaninPara.2?

A.takeitseriouslyB.takeanyrisks

C.losehopeD.feeldoubtful1.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_____.2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_____.三、推理判断题怎么问推测深层意义推测写作目的推测文章出处推测观点态度5.Themainpurposeofthepassageis_____.4.Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?3.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Step1速读Step4推理Step3详读Step2定位速读题干，找关键词准确定位关键句读懂、读透相关信息有理有据推理判断三、推理判断题怎么答[正确选项特征]①“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。②选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。[干扰选项特征]①与常识相吻合，但并不是从短文内容推知的，不是基于文章。②看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符。③推理过头，引申过度。偏离文章主题，属主观臆断的结论。④是短文内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。三、推理判断题（全国卷真题）

“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,

”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.

“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.

”

推测深层意义Whatcan

we

infer

about

peoplelikeDebbie

Downer?A.

They’re

socially

inactive．B.

They’re

good

at

telling

stories．C.

They’re

inconsiderate

of

others．D.

They’re

careful

with

their

words．What

did

the

author

think

of

her

winter

life

in

New

York?A.Exciting

B.BoringC.Relaxing D.Annoying(全国卷真题)The

freezing

Northeast

hasn’t

been

a

terribly

fun

place

to

spend

time

this

winter,

so

when

thechance

came

for

a

weekend

to

Sarasota,

Florida,

my

bags

were

packed

before

you

could

say

“sunshine”.

I

left

for

the

land

of

warmth

and

vitamin

C,

thinking

of

beaches

and

orange

trees.

When

we

touched

down

to

blue

skies

and

warm

air,

I

sent

up

a

small

prayer

of

gratefulness.推测观点态度牢记有关作者情感态度的词语：①表示支持或肯定：positive,supportive,optimistic,humorous,enthusiastic,pleasant,favorable,approving②表示中立：indifferent漠不关心的,uninterested,objective客观的,neutral中立的,notmentioned未提及的③表示反对：disgusted厌恶的,critical批评的,skeptical怀疑的,negative,disappointed,disapproving不赞成的WATCH

CONTROLThis

is

a

watch

that

James

Bond

would

be

proud

to

wear!This

is

NOT

a

watch

for

ordinary

people!▶gives

you

a

daily

weather

forecast.▶reminds

you

when

to

hand

in

your

homework.▶sets

off

a

silent

warning

alarm

when

parents

or

teachers

are

near.Besides,

your

PENGO

WATCH

CONTROL

will

always

tell

you

the

time

accurately!Originallysold

for

$199NOW

ONLY

$99For

further

information,

click

here.推测文章出处Where

would

you

be

most

likely

to

find

the

two

texts?A.

On

a

notice

board.

B.

In

a

company

brochure.C.

On

a

teenage

website.

D.

In

a

college

newspaper.[示例](高考真题)

Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes，”butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.60.WhatcanweinferaboutServal'schildren?A.Theywereunwillingtobrushtheirteeth.B.Theyoftenfailedtocleantheirtoothbrushes.C.Theypreferredtouseatoothbrushwithadryhead.D.TheylikedbrushingtheirteethafterServalcamehome.【分析】A项根据原文第五段中的“...butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry”一步即可推得，孩子们没有刷牙，说明孩子们不愿意刷牙；B项为推理过头，选项中“failedtocleantheirtoothbrushes”属于主观臆断；C项干扰性较大，虽然原文中有“theirtoothbrushheadsdry”，但并非指“atoothbrushwithadryhead”；D项也属于推理过头，从原文只能推断出孩子们不愿意刷牙，而推断不出孩子们喜欢Serval回家后刷牙。四、主旨大意题1.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis_____.2.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.3.What’sthemainideaofthispassage/...paragraph？4.What’sthefirst/second...paragraphmainlyabout?怎么问Step1速读题干Step4总结主旨Step3确定主题句Step2确定主题词确定主旨大意类题目正确选项通常包含主题词首段或尾段，每一段的首句或尾句根据主题词和主题句，总结主旨，对比选项，确定答案四、主旨大意题怎么答[正确选项特征]①涵盖性强，覆盖全文。②确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。③精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。[干扰选项特征]①覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。②覆盖面偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节。③与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章主题，有重叠但不重合。四、主旨大意题(全国卷真题)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle-namedtheTransition–hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.Exercise1(全国卷真题)The

meaning

of

silence

varies

among

cultural

groups.

Silences

may

be

thoughtful,

or

they

may

be

empty

when

a

person

has

nothing

tosay.

A

silence

in

a

conversation

may

also

show

stubbornness,

or

worry.

Silence

may

be

viewed

by

some

cultural

groups

as

extremely

uncomfortable;

therefore

attempts

may

be

made

to

fill

every

gapwith

conversation.

Persons

in

other

cultural

groups

value

silence

and

view

it

as

necessary

for

understanding

a

person's

needs.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGoldExercise2[示例](高考真题)ItwasMother'sDaymorninglastyearandIwasdoingshoppingatourlocalsupermarketwithmyfive-year­oldson,Tenyson.Aswewereleaving,wefoundthatonlyminutesearlieranelderlywomanhadfallenoverattheentranceandhadhitherheadontheconcrete.Herhusbandwaswithher,buttherewasbloodeverywhereandthewomanwasembarrassedandclearlyinshock.Walkingtowardsthescene,Tenysonbecameveryupsetaboutwhathadhappenedtothecouple.Hesaidtome,“Mum,it'snotmuchfunfallingoverinfrontofeveryone.”

Atthefrontofthesupermarket,acharity(慈善)grouphadsetupastandsellingcookedsausagesandflowerstoraisefunds.Tenysonsuggestedthatweshouldbuytheladyaflower.“Itwillmakeherfeelbetter，”hesaid.Iwasamazedthathe'dcomeupwiththissweetidea.Sowewentovertotheflowersellerandaskedherifwecouldbuyaflowerfortheladytocheerherup.“Justtakeit，”shereplied.“Ican'ttakeyour