语用模糊讲课稿

语用模糊尤布利德斯（Eubulides）:连锁推理悖论（SoritiesParadox）什么是模糊？PhilosophicalBackground皮尔斯：当事物出现几种可能状态时，尽管说话者对这些状态进行了仔细的思考，实际上仍不能确定，是把这些状态排除某个命题，还是归属于这个命题。实际上，这个命题就是模糊的。（1902）罗素：《人类知识》断言称全部人类知识都是不确定的、不精确的和不全面的。在《论模糊性》（Vagueness）一文中，对“Peterisbold.”做了精辟阐释。卡西勒：日常言语的词不能用科学的概念所体现的那些尺度去衡量。沙夫：在《语义学引论》一书中用很大的篇幅讨论语言模糊问题。他认为:如果我们不考虑科学术语，模糊性实际上是所有词的特性。在客观现实中，词所表达的事物和现象的各种类别之间是存在过渡状态,

“边界现象”的。（1962）2023/1/13BackgroundInpropositionallogic:“two-valued”logic,apropositionhasatruthvalue,TorF.T,whenthepropositionistrue;F,whenthepropositionisfalse.Thedomainforapropositionisconsideredasetoftwoelments:eithertruthorfalsity,withnothinginbetween.eg:Theforeheadispartofthehead.Theforeheadispartoftheface.2023/1/13与经典逻辑即二值逻辑对应的自然是精确性，而与模糊逻辑对应的当然是模糊性。

著名控制论专家、美国加州大学教授札德（L.A.Zadeh）对模糊性的认识从直观升华到理论，建立了模糊集理论。扎德于1965年首先提出了模糊集（Fuzzyset）的概念，奠定了模糊性理论的基础。模糊集的实质是宣称在两个事物或概念的界面并非是整齐划一的，它们之间有无数的中间状态有待人们加以界定和描述。2023/1/13

Background

20世纪70年代,美国语言学家拉考夫（G.Lakoff）就将模糊理论引入模糊语言的研究。利用模糊集合论所建构的语义分析模型对它们进行分析，以确定它们的语言边界的性状与样态。《模糊语言学概论》中对模糊性的定义：

模糊性就是词语的所指范围的边界是不确定的这种属性。具体来说，它是符号的使用者所感到他使用的某个符号与所指的一个或一个以上的对象之间关系的不确定性.(陈志安等，1997:16)

2023/1/131.Peterisbald.

2.Winstoniskeepingabook.

3.Thisisachair.

伍铁平教授在他的《模糊语言学》中并没有专门为模糊性下定义，但是根据他的论述，特别是《模糊的正名》（伍铁平1999：114—126）一节，我们可以把伍铁平教授所言模糊性的内核看作是边缘界限不分明。伍先生多次强调，即札德模糊集论衍生出来的“边缘界限不明的模糊”是唯一正统的模糊（fuzziness），他还批驳了诸多学者混淆模糊与概括、双关、歧义、随机等现象之间区别的观点。2023/1/13Disinctionbetween

fuzziness,ambiguity,generality,vagueness

Ambiguityreferstoalinguisticphenomenonwherebyanexpressioncanbepotentiallyunderstoodinmorethanoneway.

eg:Mydeskdraweristeninchesdeep.

Generality:Wordsthatmayplausiblybeappliedtomorethanoneobjectaregeneral.(Berkeley,1990)Mostwordsinnaturallanguagedisplaythisfeature:theyareapplicabletoawholerangeofobjects.2023/1/13凯迫森（Kempson）：给“含糊（vagueness）”下的定义：(1)外延含糊（referentialvagueness），即一个词项的意义原则上明确，但它的外延界限却很难确定。(2)语义不确定（indeterminacyofmeaning），即语义本身不确定。（3）语义不确切，即语义本身明确，但细节没有说明。（缺乏具体性）（4）确切语义的分离，即含有“或”的句子，其句义由两个以上的语义解释组成。2023/1/13FuzzySemanticsFuzzySemanticsisaninherentfeatureoflinguisiticuncertaintyofaterm(word,phrase,andexpression)itselfwhichadmitsofborderlinecasesandarisesirrespectiveofthecontextofutteranceandspeaker'sintention.2023/1/13PragmaticVagueness托马斯（cf..J.Thomas，1995）、俞东明（1993）认为：“语用模糊(pragmaticambivalence)指的是说话人在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、模糊的或间接的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力这类现象。这一定义主要把语用模糊视为了一种言语交际策略。Definition

2023/1/13何自然：

FollowingKempson,whoconsiderstheconceptofvaguenesstomeanlinguisticindeterminacyingeneral.

Pragmaticvaguenessdealswithmeaningindeterminacyoflanguageinitsproductionandinterpretation.Andheusesthetermvaguenesstomeanlinguisiticindeterminacyingeneral.Vaguenessinpragmaticsincludesthenotionsoffuzziness,indeterminacy,probability,ambiguityandgeneralitymanifestedinpracticaluseoflanguage.

Itisquitenaturaltohavehedgesandsemanticfuzzinessincludedinthestudyofpragmaticvaguenessinverbalcommuncation.2023/1/13FuzzyContinuumTaxonomicCategoryNomenclativeEvaluation

HedginginDiscourseClassification

PragmaticVaguenessThenotionofthefuzzycontinuumreferstotheextensionwhoseborder-lineisill-definedorfuzzifiedbetweentruthandfalsityofapropostion.eg:

Russell:VaguenessPeterisbald.1.FuzzyContinuumThefamousphilosopherRusselloncestipulatedtheprocedureofidentifyingcolours.Accordingtohisargument,ColourS,whichisindistinguishablefromColourx,y,z,maybeobservedtobeidenticalwithoneofthem.Forexample:giventhefollowingshadesofcolour:xSyz,xySz,Smaybeobservedidenticalwithy,orifxyzalwaysimpliesxSz,thenwecansaythatS=y.2023/1/13Referstotheelusivealternativesofhyponymy.Objectspossestherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformeris“included”inthelatter.2.TaxonomicCategoryeg:Ihaveadog.Shesatonthechair.2023/1/13Fuzzycontinuumisavaguenotionbetweentruthandfalsitywhiletaxonomiccategoryisobservedasvagueassociationsderivedformhyponymy.3.NomenclativeEvaluationVaguenesswithnomenclativeevaluationimpliestheuncertaintyofthespeakerinhis/hersubjectiveevaluationofaproposition.1)Vaguenessofnominalconcepts(1)Theyoungsingerisarealtalent.(2)Heisagoodstudent.(3)Sheisabeauty.criterion?

2023/1/132)VaguenessofabstractconceptsConceptssuchashumanright,freedomareoftenvague.Theunderstandingoftheseconceptsdiffersgreatlyinthespeaker'spoliticalstandandviewpoint.Thelanguageusedindailylifesuchas“truth”“lie”alsocontinuesvaguepropositions.eg:“Thanks,itwasaterrificparty.”2023/1/133)Vaguenessofrelativeconcepts

Relativeconceptsrefertothoseconceptsofmodifierssuchas“big”“small”,denotingrelativity.eg:大眼睛、大房子、大个子4）VaguenessofapproximativeconceptsThoseexpressionofdirection,location,shape.eg:Franceishexagonal.2023/1/135)VaguenessofmetalanguageMetalanguageinthesenseofahigher-levellanguagefordescribinganobjectorfieldofstudyorreference.eg(1)：Hedidn'tcleantheroom.(2)她哪里是歌唱家！顶多是歌星罢了。6）VaguenessofquotingdevicesQuotingdevicesarewordsorexpressionsusedinareportingclausetoreporteitherdirectlyorindirectlywhattheoriginalspeakersays.eg:Xsaid---Xdeclared,Xexposed2023/1/134.HedginginDiscourseHedgescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:1)hedgesusedtorevisethedegreeoftruthvalueortoaltertherelatedscopeofanutterance.suchassorfof,kindof,somewhat,really,almost.2)hedgesusedbythespeakertojudgesubjectivelywhatissaidortoaccessindirectlywhatissaidaccordingtosomeobjectiveevidence,suchasIthink(wonder,believe).2023/1/13eg:(1)a.Theboyis13.

b.Theboyisaround13.

(2)a.Heisanidiot.

b.Heisanidiot,Ithink.2023/1/13PositiveSignificance“Positivemurkiness”wouldbemoreappropriateindiscoursetoexpressavagueidea.Ithelpstoprovidetechniquesforsavingfaceanddemonstratingknowledgeofthespeaker.eg:(1)请一直向北走。(2)I’llbeinBeijingnextweek.ConcludingRemarksBeprecisewhileprecisenessisneeded,andbevaguewhilevaguenessisrequired.eg(1):Thetailor,whiletakinginthesilk,askedalotofquestionsabouttheboss'stemper,age,appearance,andeventheyearofpassingtheimperialexamination.Buthedidn'ttouchuponanythingaboutthesizeoftheman'sfigure.eg(2):Howtojudgeamanwhoiscomingover?2023/1/13LiteralandLooseTalkinVerbalCommunication

Conversationisdividedintothreecategories:literaltalk,loosetalk,andmetaphoricaltalk.

InRelevanceTheory,Sperber&Wilsonholdthatliteral,loose,metaphoricaltalksshouldbetakenasofdifferentdegreesofloosenessinutterances.

VerbalCommunicationLiteraltalkLoosetalkNon-metaphoricalusePragmaticvaguenessMetaphoricaluseApproximationFussinessGeneralityAmbiguityAmbivalenceMetaphorMeiosisIronyHyperbole2023/1/13

1.Thespeakertakesitseriously,anditisliteraltalk.eg:(MaryknowsthathercarisinthegarageandintndstotellPeteraboutit):Thecarisinthegarage.(aspeechactofdeclaration)2.Literaltalksexsitsinthecasewhenthespeakerreportswhatheheardfromthefirstspeakertothethirdperson.Thethirdpersonoftentakesthereporter'ssecond-handknowledgeasliteraltalk.LiteralTalkeg(1):PassengerA:(tofellowpassengeronalong-distancecoach):AskthedriverwhattimewegettoBirmingham.PassengerB:(todriver):CouldyoutellmewhenwegettoBirminham,please?Driver:Don'tworry,love,it'sabigplace-Idon'tthinkit'spossibletomissit.

eg(2):A:Nextdoor'sdog'sinourgarden.B:Imusthaveleftthegateopen.2023/1/13

Whythespeakerslikestotalkcasually?

Howthehearerfinallyinterpretstheimplicationsinthespeaker'sutterance?2023/1/13PragmaticVaguenessinVerbalCommunication1.TheSpeaker'sSide:LiteralWordsforFuzzyThought

Whenusingtheconcepttoexpresstheirthoughts,peopledonotcaremuchabouttheprecisenessoftheconcept,andtheyprefertoexpressitloosely.(ineffabilityofsomeconcept)

eg：Peterisbald.2023/1/13AccordingtoSperber&Wilson,anyutteranceinvolvesatleasttworelationships:arelationshipbetweenitspropositionalformandthethoughtofthespeaker,andarelationshipbetweenthethoughtofthespeakerandwhatitrepresentsinwords.2023/1/132.TheHearer'sSide:VagueInte