选修八-unit3-inventors-and-inventions知识讲解

选修八-unit3-Inventors-and-inventions考纲知识预览6．

(adj.&n．)当前的，现在的；(水或

气)流7．

(n.&vt.)小圆点；以小圆点标出8．

(adj.)突然的，意外的9．

(adj.)方便的，便利的，就近的10．

(n.)预料，期待，期望11．

(vt.)监控currentdotabruptconvenientexpectationmonitor考纲知识预览12．

(adj.)被动的，消极的13．

(n.)(评判的)标准，尺度14．

(adj.)有效的，确凿的15．

(n.)申请，申请表16．

(n.&vt.)文件，档案；将……归档，提交17．

(vt.&n．)轻敲，轻拍；(水)龙头18．

(vt.)忍受，忍耐，负担19．

(n.)杂乱20．

(n.)稻草，麦秆，吸管passivecriterionvalidapplicationfiletapbearmessstraw考纲知识预览1.给……打电话2．有时，偶尔3．着手做某事4．万一，以免5．交通堵塞6．开始做翻译词组callupnowandthensetaboutdoingsth.incasetrafficjamsetouttodo考纲知识预览7．事实上8．别挂断，紧紧抓住，稍等9．发生故障，次序颠倒10．接通电话，通过，(设法)做完11．回复电话12．挂断电话intruthhangonoutofordergetthroughringbackringoff考纲知识预览13．就……情况而言14．想出，提出，拿出15．表现自己，表现突出16．将手伸入……中，潜心于……inthecaseofcomeupwithdistinguishoneselfdiveinto考纲知识预览Thepatentwasgivenin1876，butitwasnotuntilfivedayslaterthatBellsenthisfirsttelephonemessagetohisassistantWatson.这项专利是1876年发布的，但是贝尔是在五天之后才跟他的助手华生通了第一次电话。背诵句型考纲知识预览[例句仿写]

(1)Itisnotuntilyouhavekidsofyourownthatyouknowthehardshipsyourparentssuffered.等你有了孩子之后才知道父母的艰辛。(2)ItwasnotuntilImetyouthatIknewrealhappiness.直到我遇见了你，才知道什么是真正的幸福。巧学活用点击进入名师一线讲坛1.distinguishvi.&vt.辨别；显示……的差别(1)distinguishbetween...and...区分/辨别……和……distinguish...from...使……有别于……，使……具有区别于……的特征bedistinguishedfor...因……而出名distinguishoneself(as...)(作为……)表现突出名师一线讲坛(2)distinguishedadj.卓越的，著名的，杰出的distinguishableadj.易分辨的，能区分的(3)distinguish常用于否定句，且常与can或could连用；tell也可表“辨认，辨别”，常与can或could连用，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。名师一线讲坛1．完成句子(1)Youshouldlearnto____________________________(明辨是非)．(2)Thetwinsaresoalikethat__________________(没有人能分辨得出哪个是哪个)．(3)我弄不清“aboveall”和“firstofall”用法的不同。(汉译英)__________________________________即境活用名师一线讲坛答案：(1)distinguishbetweenrightandwrong

(2)noonecandistinguishonefromtheother

(3)Ican’ttellthedifferencebetweentheusagesof“aboveall”and“firstofall”．名师一线讲坛2.bearvt.(bore，borne)忍受；忍耐；负担(1)beardoing/n./todo忍受……bearsb./sb.’sdoingsth.忍受某人做某事(2)bearsb./sth.out证实；为……作证bearwithsb./sth.耐心对待；容忍bearsth.inmind牢记名师一线讲坛2．完成句子(1)Idoubtifthatchair__________________(承受得了你的体重)．(2)She__________________(生了三个孩子)．(3)Hecan’tbear__________________(遭人嘲笑)．即境活用名师一线讲坛(4)Youmust__________________(要记住)thatyourparentshopetodependonyoutobecomeagooddoctor.答案：(1)willbearyourweight

(2)hasbornethreechildren

(3)beinglaughedat

(4)bearitinmind名师一线讲坛3.associatevt.联想，联系n．同伴，伙伴(1)associatesb./sth.withsb./sth.把……和……联系在一起；由……联想到……beassociatedwith...和……有关associatewithsb.与某人交往或常打交道associateoneselfwithsth.声称或表示自己赞同某事物(2)associationn．联合；联想；交往；协会；团体inassociationwith...与……合伙/合作名师一线讲坛3．完成句子(1)I’venever__________________(把你和这个地方联系在一起)．(2)Iwouldn’twantto__________________(和他的计划有任何瓜葛)．(3)Iwishtoforgeteverything__________________(与我以前有关的)andstartanewlife.即境活用名师一线讲坛答案：(1)associatedyouwiththisplace

(2)beassociatedwithhisproject(3)associatedwithmypast名师一线讲坛4.messn．杂乱，脏乱，脏东西；不整洁或乱七八糟的事v．无所事事，混日子，乱闹beinamess杂乱无章makeamessof把……搞得一塌糊涂messaround(about)混日子，浪费时间messup搞乱，搞糟名师一线讲坛4．完成句子(1)There’s__________________(许多脏东西)toclearup.(2)Thisroom__________________(杂乱不堪)．(3)Thereportyoudidis__________________(乱七八糟)—doitagain.即境活用名师一线讲坛(4)Thisillness_________________________________(把我的假期计划打乱了)．(5)Hespentalldayjust__________________(游手好闲)．(6)Hislatearrival__________________(打乱了)ourplans.答案：(1)alotofmess

(2)isinamess

(3)arealmess

(4)madeamessofmyholidayplans

(5)messingabout

(6)messedup名师一线讲坛5.hangon紧握住；坚持下去，继续干；(打电话时)等一等hangabout在……荡来荡去hangaround等待；逗留，闲荡hangtogether相符；一致；连贯hangup挂断电话hanguponsb.突然挂断某人的电话名师一线讲坛5.完成句子(1)I’mafraidthelineisbusy，__________________(你能再等一会吗)?(2)Iknowyou’retired，buttryto__________________(再坚持一会吧)．答案：(1)wouldyouliketohangon

(2)hangonabitlonger即境活用名师一线讲坛6.diveinto(1)跳水(头朝下)；将手伸入……中；(对活动、问题等)全心投入，潜心研究(2)作“潜心于……”讲时和devoteoneselftosth.的意思一样，但devoteoneselftosth.还有“投身于……，把自己奉献给……”的意思。名师一线讲坛6．完成句子(1)Theboy__________________(跳入河中)fromthebridge.(2)He__________________(将手伸入口袋中)andpulledoutaquarter.(3)He__________________(潜心研究中国历史)．答案：(1)divedintotheriver

(2)divedintohispocket

(3)divedin/intothehistoryofChina即境活用名师一线讲坛7.incase万一；以免incaseof后加名词或代词，意为“要是……，在……的时候”。如：Incaseoffire，ringthebell.“如发生火灾，请速按铃。”而incase后跟句子。inthiscase如果这样的话inthatcase如果那样的话inanycase无论如何innocase决不，任何情况下都不名师一线讲坛7．完成句子(1)You’dbettertaketheraincoat__________________(以防下雨)．(2)__________________(如果是那样的话)wehadtogiveuptheplan.(3)我们决不能干这样的事情。(汉译英)_________________________________答案：(1)incaseitrains

(2)Inthatcase

(3)Innocasecanwedosuchathing.即境活用专题突破锦囊阅读中的词义猜测(3)代词替代法一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再最后判定它是否为正确答案。专题一突破阅读理解专题突破锦囊Manycreativethinkersstatethattheyhavecompletelydevotedthemselvestothesubjectmatteroftheproblem，oftenoverfairlylongperiodsoftime.Indeed，itwouldbestrangeiftheyhadnotdonethis.Nothinginsuchstatementssupportstheideathatthereisanythingverydifferentabouttheproblemsolvingthatleadstodiscoveriesofthegreatcontributionstothesociety.Theactofdiscovery，evenintherelatively例专题突破锦囊predictable(可以预见的)sensethatitoccursineverydaylearning，involves(涉及)a“suddeninsight”whichchangestheproblemsituationintoasolutionsituation.Aswehaveseen，everydaydiscoveryalsorequiresthatthelearnerhavetheknowledgeoftherulesgainedinthepast，whichisinvolvedinthesolution.专题突破锦囊Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”referto?A．Greatcontributionstothesociety.B．Longtimestudyofthesubjectmatter.C．Variousstatementsaboutproblemsolving.D．Completedevotiontoartisticcreation.专题突破锦囊【解析】

this在此段中指代上一句中提到的科学家研究一个问题要花费很长时间的身心投入。【答案】

B专题突破锦囊完成下列阅读理解。(2008年高考天津卷)Wecanachieveknowledgeeitheractivelyorpassively(被动地)．Weachieveitactivelybydirectexperience，bytestingandprovinganidea，orbyreasoning.技巧演练专题突破锦囊Weachieveknowledgepassivelybybeingtoldbysomeoneelse.MostofthelearningthattakesplaceintheclassroomandthekindthathappenswhenwewatchTVorreadnewspapersormagazinesispassive.Conditionedaswearetopassivelearning，it’snotsurprisingthatwedependonitinoureverydaycommunicationwithfriendsandcoworkers.专题突破锦囊Unfortunately，passivelearninghasaseriousproblem.Itmakesustendtoacceptwhatwearetoldevenwhenitislittlemorethanhearsayandrumor(谣言)．专题突破锦囊DidyoueverplaythegameRumor？Itbeginswhenonepersonwritesdownamessagebutdoesn’tshowittoanyone.Thenthepersonwhispersit，wordforword，toanotherperson.Thatperson，inturn，whispersittostillanother，andsoon，throughallthepeopleplayingthegame.Thelastpersonwritesdownthemessagewordforwordasheorshehearsit.Thenthetwowrittenstatementsarecompared.Typically，theoriginalmessagehaschanged.专题突破锦囊That’swhathappensindailylife.Thesimplefactthatpeoplerepeatastoryintheirownwordschangesthestory.Then，too，mostpeoplelistenimperfectly.Andmanyenjoyaddingtheirowncreativetouchtoastory，tryingtoimproveonit，stamping(打上标记)itwiththeirownpersonalstyle.Yetthosewhohearitthinktheyknow.专题突破锦囊Thisprocessisalsofoundamongscholarsandauthors：Astatementofopinionbyonewritermayberestatedasafactbyanother，whomayinturnbequotedbyyetanother；andthisprocessmaycontinue，unlessitoccurstosomeonetoquestionthefactsonwhichtheoriginalwriterbasedhisopinionortochallengetheinterpretationheplaceduponthosefacts.专题突破锦囊【文章大意】本文主要讲述了被动习得的弊端。1．Accordingtothepassage，passivelearningmayoccurin________.A．doingamedicalexperimentB．solvingamathproblemC．visitinganexhibitionD．doingscientificreasoning专题突破锦囊解析：选C。推理判断题。本文主要讲述的是在日常生活中，人们对一些说法常常会出现人云亦云并经过添油加醋的情况。A、B、D三项都是人们主动习得的情况，C项“参观展览”符合文章中讲述的被动习得的含义。专题突破锦囊2．Theunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2refersto________.A．activelearning

B．knowledgeC．communicationD．passivelearning解析：选D。词义猜测题。根据上下文可知it一词在此指代passivelearning。专题突破锦囊3．TheauthormentionsthegameRumortoshowthat________.A．amessagemaybechangedwhenbeingpassedonB．amessageshouldbedeliveredindifferentwaysC．peoplemayhaveproblemswiththeirsenseofhearingD．peopletendnottobelieveinwhattheyknowasrumor专题突破锦囊解析：选A。推理判断题。作者以“咬耳朵”游戏为例，旨在说明在信息传递过程中，由于传递者不断地加入自己的理解，最终的信息内容与原始内容会大相径庭。专题突破锦囊4．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Activelearningislessimportant.B．Passivelearningmaynotbereliable.C．Activelearningoccursmorefrequently.D．Passivelearningisnotfoundamongscholars.解析：选B。通读全文可知，信息在传递过程中可能就改变了原来的意思，因此被动学到的知识可能就不可信了。专题突破锦囊解决问题型议论文写作模板这类议论文一般分为三部分：发现问题、分析问题与提出解决问题的建议。1．发现问题：Inrecentdays，wehavetofaceaproblemthat____________.(陈述问题)Asisoftennoticed，__________.(陈述问题)专题二写作导与练专题突破锦囊2．分析问题：__________.(分析这一问题存在的危害性)3．提出自己的看法与解决办法：Withthehelpofmoderntechnology，wenowhavemanymeanstosolveit./Bydoing...，wecan...What’sthemostimportantisthat.../Onlywhen...canwe...专题突破锦囊解决办法：Firstly，________.Secondly，________.Finally，________.结论：Inaword，itisclear/obviousthat...专题突破锦囊阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。Waterisessentialtoourlife.Infactoriesitisusedformanufacture.Athomepeopleneeditfordrinking，cookingandwashing.Wateralsogiveslifetotreesandcrops.Itiswaterthatmaintainourphysicallifeandprovidesuswithgreenfreshsurroundings.Sowemaywellsaythatwateristhefoundationofhumanexistence；wecannotlivewithoutit.即时训练专题突破锦囊Nowpeopleeverywherearetryingtoobtainwaterandmoreandmorewellsareduginthecountryside.Onecanalafteranotherisbuilttoleadriverwatertothebigcitiestomeettheneedsforwater.Insomeareasrainandsnowwateriscarefullystoredforeverydayuse.专题突破锦囊However，sometimes，peopledon’ttakegoodcareofwater.Waterwastesandwaterpollutioncausemoreandmoretroubleforthedevelopmentofindustryandpeople’slivingconditions.Soitisveryimportantthatmeasuresshouldbetakentoeconomizewaterandprotectitfrompollution.专题突破锦囊【写作内容】1．概括短文的内容要点，该部分的词数大约为30；2．就“TreasureWater”这一主题发表你的看法，该部分的词数大约为120。短文至少包含以下的内容：(1)一些人洗澡、洗碗、洗衣服时，一直开着自来水；(2)洗完后没关紧水龙头就走了，让水不停地滴；(3)你对此有何看法？为什么？专题突破锦囊【写作要求】1．可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用