英语语言文化史4

ACulturalHistory

of

theEnglishLanguageIV

--EarlyModernEnglish

CatalyseroftheEnglishEvolutionLinguisticDevelopmentOrthographyKingJame'sBible

Shakespeare'sLanguageLiteraryAchievementAgendaIntroductionofthePrintingPressOriginofPrintingJohannesGutenbergJohannesGutenbergmadethebreakthroughthatfinallyestablishedprintingasthecommunicationtechnologyofthefuture.FirstprintingpressinEngland1476ConsequencesoftheprintingpressFreezingofEnglishspellingBooksinEnglisharemoreavailableStrengtheningoftheLondondialectItiswelltoobservetheforceandvirtueandconsequenceofinventions,andthesearenowheretobeseennowheremoreconspicuouslythaninthosethreewhichwereunknowntotheancients,andofwhichtheorigins,thoughrecent,areobscureandinglorious;namely,printing,gunpowder,andthemagnet.Forthesethreehavechangedthewholefaceandstateofthingsthroughouttheworld.--FrancisBacon*

HENRYVIII(r.1509-1547),establishmentofChurchofEngland,incorporationofWales

PoliticalEventsELIZABETHI(r.1558-1603),defeatoftheArmada1588,beginsperiodofcolonialexpansion*JAMESI(VIofScotland)(r.1603-1625),patronofKingJamesBibleCIVILWAR,1642,royalistsvs.parlamentarians,executionofCharlesI(1625-1649)OLIVERCROMWELL,LordProtectoroftheCommonwealth(1653-1658)RESTORATION,CharlesII(1660-1685)ACTOFSETTLEMENT(1701),provisionbyParliamentforthronetobetransferredtoGermanhouseofHanoverintheeventofnoheirsfromWilliamIIIorQueenAnneACTOFUNION(1707),EnglandandScotlandunitedtoformGreatBritain*GEORGEI(r.1714-1727),greatgrandsonofJamesI,couldnotspeakEnglish,beginsHanoverdynasty(fivekings)whichendedwithQueenVictoria*GEORGEIII(r.1760-1820),independenceofAmericancolonies1783,beginningofindustrialrevolution,eventualinsanityofking*WARWITHFRANCE(1789-1815),EnglishagainstFrenchrevolutionandlaterNapoleonI,emperorofFrance(1804-1814),EnglishvictoriesbyNelsonatTrafalgar1806andfinallybyWellingtonatWaterloo1815,Napoleon'sdeath1821.*IRELANDincorporatedtoEngland1801*

QUEENVICTORIA(r.1837-1901):

granddaughterofGeorgeIII,succeededWilliamIVwhowasbrotherofGeorgeIVRenaissancebeganin14thcenturyItalyandspreadnorthtoEnglandarenewedinterestinclassicallearning,writingsofancientGreeceandRomeaperiodofrenewalofcuriosityandcreativityinallareasCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEENGLISHRENAISSANCEreadingclassicalGreekandRomanwriters,notjustreligiouswritingspreadofhumanism–focusingonearthlylifeaswellaseternalprintingpressmadebookswidelyavailable(firstappearedinEnglandwhenCaxtonimportedin1476)

growing,wealthymerchantclassLinguisticDevelopmentPhonologyMorphologySyntaxVocabularyConsonantsThepost-vocalicallophonesof/h/disappearorbecome/f/inmostdialectsexceptforScots.

e.g.though,sight,rough,cough,

/l/lostinsomewords.e.g.almond,palm

/t//d/lostinaconsonantclusterwhichcontained/s/e.g.castle,hasten,handsome,landscape,/k/,/g/werenolongerpronouncedinitiallybefore/n/,e.g.knee,knight,gnome/w/lostbefore/r/inword-initialposition:e.g.wreak,wrongInthe18thcentury,/r/waslostbeforeaconsonantandword-finally.GreatVowelShift15thcenturyUnconditionedsoundchangebetweenMidEandModEWhileitispossiblyinterestingtospeculateHOWtheGVShappeneditisnotnecessarilyasusefultoexplainWHYithappened.Morphology e.g. Pronounthou-youSGPLOldEnglishþūyēMiddleEnglishthou(familiar)ye(polite)yeEarlyModernEnglishye(you=OBJ)ye(you=OBJ)Singular PluralNominative thou yeAccusation thee youGenitive thy your ThouorYou??Nodoubtbutyearethepeople,andwisdomshalldiewithyou.ButIhaveunderstandingaswellasyou;Iamnotinferiortoyou.Job12:2-3Syntax Negation:eitherwithorwithoutdo

e.g.wegavenot; Idoubtitnot(RomeoandJuliet,III.v.52) Idonotdoubtyou(2NenryIV,IV,ii.77)Theriseofanalyticalverbforms

Future willleavePresentPerfect havegoneProgressive issleepingTheriseofSVOThoughSVOhadbecomethedominantwordorderinMiddleEnglish,itwasnotyetasrigidasinModernEnglish.Subjectrelativesa. Who’sthatknocks? b. Ihaveabrotheriscondemn’dtodie. (Shakespeare)c. Therewasafarmerhadadog.d. Therewasaballoffireshotupthroughthe

seatsinfrontofme.e. There’ssomethingkeepsupsettinghim.f. There‘salotofpeopledon‘tknowhim.‘Which’and‘who’relativesAsarelativepronoun‘which’emergedinthe14thcentury‘Whose’and‘whom’emergedinEME;later‘who’wasformedbyanalogy.Comparativeformsoftheadjectives(1) happy–happier–happiest(2) difficult–moredifficult–mostdifficult(1) inthecalmestandmoststillestnight.(2) againsttheenvyoflesshappierlands. (Shakespeare)Theriseofthedummyauxiliary‘do’Idoubtitnot. (Shakespeare)Idonotdoubtyou. (Shakespeare)Whylookyousouponme? (Shakespeare)Whydoyoulookonme? (Shakespeare)VocabularyTheexplosivegrowthofvocabularywasduetoRenaissanceLiteracyandliterarydevelopmentPoliticalandeconomicDevelopmentFeaturesofthewordsBorrowingsTheprintingpressmadebooksmoreeasilyavailableforthenewmiddleclasses.SincethenewmiddleclassesdidnotspeakLatinorFrench,theydemandedbooksinEnglish.ManyLatinandGreekbooksweretranslatedintoEnglish.TheLatinandGreektranslationsintroducedmanyLatin/GreekloanwordsintoEnglish.Latinloanwords:nounsallusion occurrence Frequency vacuum denunciation disabilityexcursion expectation emotionLatinloanwords:verbsadapt alienateassassinate benefitemancipate释放，解放 eradicate

根除erupt

喷发 excavate

挖掘exert harass exist extinguishLatinloanwords:adjectivesappropriate agile 敏捷的conspicuous

显著的 dexterous灵巧的expensive externalhabitual jocular诙谐的

insane

Latinpluralnounsclimaxappendixexteriordelirium

精神狂乱Latinloanwords:barestemsconsultare > toconsultexoticus > exotic

异国的conspicuus > conspicuousexternus > externalbrevitas > brevity

短暂，简短GreekloanwordsthroughLatin directborrowingsanachronism

时代错误 anonymousatmosphere catastrophesystem criterionchaos lexiconcrisis polemic

争论的emphasis tantalize

都弄enthusiasm pneumoniascheme

安排，计划，阴谋skeletonFrenchloanwordsbizarre chocolatecomrade detailduel entranceessay exploremustache probabilityprogress surpassticket volunteeradmire computedensity hospitalityidentity ramify

使分叉Italianloanwordsalgebra designbalcony violinvolcano Spanish/Portugeseloanwordsalligator

鳄鱼

apricotbarricade路障 cocoaembargo禁运 hammock

吊床mango avocado

鳄梨树hurricane mosquitopotato tobaccochili maizetomato papaya

木瓜Wordcoinagesdelve

钻研 beltglance endear

enshrine gloomywary BenJonson:damp,defunct,clumsy,strenuousIsaacNewton:centripetalSirThomasMore:absurdity,acceptance,exact,explain,exaggerateSirThomasElyot:animate,exhuast,modestyClippingsvan (<vanguard) rear (<arrear)fortnight (<fourteen-night)Backformationsdifficult (<difficulty)unit (<unity)Blendsdumbfound (<dumb+confound)apathetic (<apathy+pathetic)splutter (<splash+sputter)OrthographyThroughouttheMiddleAges,theEnglishspellingwasnotreallystandardized.Manyregionaldifferences.SpellingsinEnglisharesotreacherous,andopportunitiesforflummoxingsoabundant.Englishdictionaries1604 RobertCawdrey1721 NathanielBailey1755 SamuelJohnsonRobertLowthAShortIntroductiontoEnglishGrammar1762FactorscontributingtothestandardisationofEnglishthereadyavailabilityofprintedmaterial

SpeakersofEnglish'werealreadyruledbytheEnglishdictionariesandotherbookswrittenbylearnedmen...'--GeorgePuttenhamtheKingJamesBiblewastoestablishnormsinwrittenandspokenEnglish.KingJamesBibleReasonsfortranslatingtheBible

-AstrugglebetweenPuritanandtheChurchofEnglandKingJame'sBible“Truly,goodChristianReader,weneverthoughtfromthebeginning,thatweshouldneedtomakeanewTranslation,noryettomakeofabadoneagoodone...buttomakeagoodonebetter,oroutofmanygoodones,oneprincipalgoodone,notjustlytobeexceptedagainst;thathathbeenourendeavor,thatourmark.”

-PrefacetotheKingJamesBibleTranslationProcessThesixcompaniesoftranslators --TheFirstWestminsterCompany:OldTestamentto2kings --TheFirstCambridgeCompany:IChroniclestotheSongofSongs --TheFirstOxfordCompany:IsaiahtoMalachi --The

SecondOxfordCompany:TheFourGospels,Acts,andRevelation --TheSecondWestminsterCompany:theNewTestamentletters

SignificanceoftheKingJamesBibleItachievesadegreeofelegancethathasbeentheenvyofitssuccessors;ItestablishednormsinwrittenandspokenEnglish;ShapethemodernEnglishlanguagetogetherwithanothersourceAsoldasthehillsAsyousowsoshallyoureapAshestoashesdusttodustAthiswitsendBaptismoffire炮火的洗礼,士兵初临战场的考验BitethedustIt'sbettertogivethantoreceiveLambtotheslaughterWilliamShakespeare1564-1616Englishpoet,dramatist,andactor,oftencalledtheEnglishnationalpoetandconsideredbymanytobethegreatestdramatistofalltime.RoyalShakespeareTheatre,Stratford-upon-Avon,Warwickshire,England.Shakespeare’sTheaterTheaterduringtheElizabethanAgewasverydifferentthantoday.Nowomenperformedonthestage!

Correct,RomeoandJulietwasperformedwithtwomales.“ORomeo,

Romeo!WhereforeartthouRomeo?”

Youngboyswoulddressaswomenforthefemaleparts.Shakespeare’sTheater

ThearchitectureSometheaterswereroundwithacoveredstage.Mostoftheareahadnoroof.TheGlobetheaterinLondonisafamoustheaterwheremanyofShakespeare’splayswereperformed.ModeloftheGlobeTheatreTheseatsinthebalconiescostmorethanthe“pit,”wherethecrowdwouldstandonadirtfloorAudienceswereloudandrude!Peoplewouldtalkloudly,gossip,sellitems,andconductbusiness.Shakespeare’sTheaterWritingsconsistof38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.ComedyHistoryTragedyPoetryAll'sWellThatEndsWellAsYouLikeItTheComedyofErrorsCymbelineLove'sLaboursLostMeasureforMeasureTheMerryWivesofWindsorTheMerchantofVeniceAMidsummerNight'sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingPericles,PrinceofTyreTamingoftheShrewTheTempestTroilusandCressidaTwelfthNightTwoGentlemenofVeronaWinter'sTaleHenryIV,part1HenryIV,part2HenryVHenryVI,part1HenryVI,part2HenryVI,part3HenryVIIIKingJohnRichardIIRichardIIIAntonyandCleopatraCoriolanusHamletJuliusCaesarKingLearMacbethOthelloRomeoandJulietTimonofAthensTitusAndronicusTheSonnetsALover'sComplaintTheRapeofLucreceVenusandAdonisFuneralElegybyW.S.SonnetFormAsonnethas14lines.Asonnetmustbewritteniniambic,抑扬格,pentameter五步格诗Asonnetmustfollowaspecificrhymescheme,dependingonthetypeofsonnet.Asonnetcanbeaboutanysubject,thoughtheyareoftenaboutloveornature.Asonnetintroducesaproblemorquestioninthebeginning,andaresolutionisofferedaftertheturn.IambicPentameterAlineofiambicpentameterisalinewithtenbeats.An“iamb”istwobeats,orone“foot.”“Penta”isfive(linehasfive“feet”).“Meter”istherhythmofthepoem.A“foot”ismadeofanunstressedsyllableandastressedsyllable(inthatorder).ThesonnetwasinventedbyDantebutpopularizedbyPetrarch彼特拉克（1304-1374,意大利诗人,学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）.

ItwasPetrarchwhofixedthesonnet'sformandcontent:

14lines;iambicpentameter;atwo-partorganization--8then6lines,octavethensestet,questionthenanswer,problemthenresolution;rhymeschemeABBAABBA+CDECDEorCDCCDCorCDEDCE.

ItalianSonnetAnItalianSonnetisalsocalledaPetrarchanSonnet.Itincludesanoctave(eightlines)andasestet(sixlines).Therhymeschememustbeginwithabbaabba,andcanconcludewithanyvariationofc,d,ande(cdecde,cdcdee,etc.).Theturnmustoccurbetweentheoctaveandthesestet.EnglishSonnetAnEnglishSonnetisalsocalledaShakespeareanSonnet.Itincludesthreequatrains(groupsoffourlines)andacouplet(twolines).Therhymeschemeisoftenababcdcdefefgg.Theturniseitheraftereightlinesortenlines.Sonnet73

Thattimeofyearthoumaystinmebehold

Whenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohang

Uponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecold,

Bareruin'dchoirs,wherelatethesweetbirdssang.

Inmethouseestthetwilightofsuchday

Asaftersunsetfadethinthewest,

Whichbyand