英国文学雪莱Shelley讲课讲稿

英国文学雪莱ShelleyBriefIntroductionofShelleyPercyByssheShelley(August4,1792–July8,1822),isoneofthemajorEnglishRomanticpoetsandiswidelyconsideredtobeamongthefinestlyricpoetsoftheEnglishlanguage.ShelleyrebelledagainstEnglishpoliticsandconservativevalues（保守的价值观），andheisaPlatonist(柏拉图主义者)andidealist(理想主义者)，hisworksreflectedtheradicalideasandrevolutionaryoptimismoftheera.

PercyByssheShelleywasborninanaristocraticfamily

.ShelleyattendedSyonHouseAcademy（锡恩豪斯学院）andEton（伊顿大学）.

In1810heenteredtheOxfordUniversity.In1811Shelleywasexpelledfrom

theOxforduniversityforpublishingTheNecessityOfAtheism（《无神论的必然》）whichhewrotewithThomasJeffersonHogg

.Attheageofnineteen,Shelleyeloped

withHarrietWestbrook

.ThepairspentthefollowingtwoyearstravelinginEnglandandIreland,distributingpamphlets

andspeakingagainstpoliticalinjustice.In1813Shelleypublishedhisfirstimportantpoem,theatheisticQueenMab（《麦布女王》）.

In1814ShelleywasforcedtotravelledtoItalyandSwitzerland

andknewByron.In1816ShelleyspentthesummerwithLordByron

atLakeGeneva.ShelleycomposedtheHymnToIntellectualBeauty（《智慧的赞美诗》）andMontBlanc（《勃朗峰》）.In1816HarrietdrownedherselfintheSerpentine.Thepoet’smarriagetoHarrietwasafailure.DuringhisfirstmarriagehefellinlovewithMaryGodwin,theauthorofFrankenstein,andelopedwithhertotheEuropeanContinent.TheygotmarriedafewweeksafterHarriet’sbodywasfound.In1817hesettledonItaly,wherehecreatedalotofworks,TheRevoltofIslam(《伊斯兰起义》)。In1818hisanthologized

Ozymandias（《奥斯曼迭斯》）wasappeared,includinghispopularpoems,theOdesToheWestWind（《西风颂》）andToaSkylark（《致云雀》）andAdonais（《阿多尼斯》）,AnElegyforKeats(《济慈挽歌》).

In1819,ShelleywenttoRomeandin1820toPisa，hisworksincludedJulian(《钦契一家》)andPrometheusUnbound(《解放的普罗米修斯》).On8July1822,lessthanamonthbeforehis30thbirthday,ShelleydrownedinasuddenstormwhilesailingbackfromLivornotoLerici.Hisbodywasburnedonthebeach,andhisasheswereplacedintheProtestantcemeteryatRome,nearthegravewhere,afewmonthsbefore,Keatshadbeenlaid.Poems:TheIrishman’sSong（爱尔兰人之歌，1809）QueenMab（麦布女王,1813）OnAFadedViolet（一朵枯萎的紫罗兰，1818）TheRevoltofIslam（伊斯兰的反叛，1818）

OdeToTheWestWind(西风颂，1819)

Music,WhenSoftVoicesDie（轻柔的声音寂灭后，1821）Adonais（阿多尼，1821）Ozimandias（奥西曼迪斯，1817）MajorWorksofShelleyToASkylark（致云雀，1820）Dramas:PrometheusUnbound（解放的普罗米修斯，1819）

four-actlyricaldrama

TheCenci（倩契，1819）

versedrama,tragedy,infiveacts五幕悲剧OedipusTyrannous（暴虐的俄狄浦斯，1820）Ozimandias奥西曼迪斯Thecentralthemeof"Ozymandias"istheinevitabledeclineofallleaders,andoftheempirestheybuild,howevermightyintheirowntime.The‘YoungerMemnon’Statueof

RamessesⅡ（拉美西斯二世，古埃及第十九王朝法老）intheBritishMuseumthoughttohaveinspiredthepoem.Theme:asonnet,frequentlyanthologizedandisprobablyShelly'smostfamousshortpoem

ToASkylark致云雀Theme:NaturalBeautyFreedomUnnoticedandunappreciatedpoetryItwasinspiredbyaneveningwalkinthecountrynear

Livorno,Italy,with

MaryShelly,anddescribestheappearanceandsongofa

skylarktheycomeupon.Higherstillandhigher，Fromtheearththouspringest，Likeacloudoffire；Thebluedeepthouwingest，Andsingingstilldostsoar,andsoaringeversingest。向上，再向高处飞翔，从地面你一跃而上，像一片烈火的青云，掠过蔚蓝的天心，永远歌唱着飞翔，飞翔着歌唱。PrometheusUnbound

isafour-actlyricaldrama

firstpublishedin1820,concernedwiththetormentsoftheGreekmythological

figure

Prometheus

andhissufferingatthehandsof

Zeus.Itisinspiredbytheclassical

Prometheia,atrilogy（三部曲）ofplaysattributedto

Aeschylus

inAntiquity.Shelley‘splayconcernsPrometheus’releasefrom,captivity（囚禁）butunlikeAeschylus'version,thereisnoreconciliationbetweenPrometheusand

Zeus.Instead,Jupiter(Zeus)isoverthrown,whichallowsPrometheustobereleased.Inthetraditionof

Romanticpoetry,Shelleywrotefortheimagination,intendinghisplay'sstagetoresideintheimaginationsofhisreaders.However,theplayisfilledwithsuspense,mysteryandotherdramaticeffects.PrometheusUnbound（解放的普罗米修斯，1820）TheTwoDistinctMoodsofShelley’sPoetryHeistheviolentreformer,seekingtheoverthrowofconventionalinstitutionsandtheestablishmentofuniversalhappiness.QueenMab,PrometheusUnboundHeislikeawanderer,followingavague,beautifulvision,foreversadandforeverunsatisfied,alwayspursuinganideal,hopingforsomethingbetterthatistocome.OdetotheWestWind,ToaSkylark●Richinmyth,symbolsandclassicalallusions,especiallyindescribingfire,air,water,windandearth;●Strongdramaticpowerasshownintherapidityofhislines;●Styleaboundsinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfiguresofspeech.FeaturesofShelley’sPoetryOwildWestWind,thoubreathofAutumn'sbeing哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！Thoufromwhoseunseenpresencetheleavesdead你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，Aredrivenlikeghostsfromanenchanterfleeing,有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：Yellow,andblack,andpale,andhecticred,黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，Pestilence-strickenmultitudes:

OThou呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你Who,chariotesttotheirdarkwintrybed以车驾把有翼的种子催送到OdetotheWestWindThewingedseeds,wheretheyliecoldandlow,黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，Eachlikeacorpsewithinitsgrave,until像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，ThineazuresisteroftheSpringshallblow直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起Herclariono'erthedreamingearth,andfill她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，(Drivingsweetbudslikeflockstofeedinair)(唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中)Withlivinghuesandodoursplainandhill;将色和香充满了山峰和平原。

WildSpirit,whichartmovingeverywhere;不羁的精灵呵，你无处不远行；Destroyerandpreserver;hear,Ohear!破坏者兼保护者：听吧，你且聆听！Thouonwhosestream,'midthesteepsky'scommotion,没入你的急流，当高空一片混乱，Loosecloudslikeearth'sdecayingleavesareshed,流云象大地的枯叶一样被撕扯Shookfromthetangledboughsofheavenandocean,脱离天空和海洋的纠缠的枝干。

Angelsofrainandlightning!therearespread成为雨和电的使者：它们飘落Onthebluesurfaceofthineairysurge,在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面，Likethebrighthairupliftedfromthehead有如狂女的飘扬的头发在闪烁，OfsomefierceMaenad,evenfromthedimverge从天穹的最遥远而模糊的边沿Ofthehorizontothezenith'sheight,直抵九霄的中天，到处都在摇曳Thelocksoftheapproachingstorm.Thoudirge欲来雷雨的卷发，对濒死的一年

Ofthedyingyear,towhichthisclosingnight你唱出了葬歌，而这密集的黑夜Willbethedomeofavastsepulchre,将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶，Vaultedwithallthycongregatedmight里面正有你的万钧之力的凝结；

Ofvapours,fromwhosesolidatmosphere那是你的浑然之气，从它会迸涌Blackrain,andfire,andhail,willburst:Ohear!黑色的雨，冰雹和火焰：哦，你听！BackgroundofthePoem

Thepoemwascomposedin1819whenEuropeanlabormovementandtherevolutionarymovementsurged.Tofightfortheirright,Britishworkingclassbegantostrugglewiththebourgeoisie.AtAugustofthatyear,80,000workersinManchesterheldamassivedemonstration.Ofcourse,thereactionaryauthoritieshaddispatchedtroopstosuppress.Thatwaswell-knownastheBideileiMassacre.ShelleywasinfavorofBritishrevolution,sohewasexpelledfromtheUnitedKingdom.ThemeofthePoem

OdetotheWestWindisthemostrepresentativeofShelley’sfeelingsandthoughtsatthattime.Itisamixtureofdeathandrebirth.Inthefirstthreestanzas,thedynamicforceofthewestwindismanifestedinitspowerontheland,intheair,andintheseaindifferentseasons.Itisboththedestroyerandpreserver.Itwilldestroytheoldworldandherald（宣告）inanewone.InthefourthstanzaShelleywishesthathewerealeaf,acloud,andawave,sothathecouldfeelthepowerofthewestwind;butheisawareofhisageandhissufferingsinlife,whichhavebenthimdow