词汇与语法(4非谓语动词)2009年11月

Non-infinitive一、分类：1、动词不定式（to）do2、分词doing/done3、动名词doing二、特点：1、不能单独作谓语2、没有人称和数的变化形式句法功能否定形式不定式时态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing否定式not/never+(to)do不定式的形式不定式的句法功能

1.作主语：

Tomakeaspeechhereisanhonor.

Toloseheartmeansfailure.

动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式：

Itisanhonortomakeaspeechhere.

Itmeansfailuretoloseheart.不定式的句法功能-主语常用结构：

It+be+adj./n.+forsb.todosth.

It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.=sb.be+adj.+todosth.It’snecessaryforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Itisfoolishofyoutomakesuchamistake.=Youarefoolishtomakesuchamistake.与of连用的形容词clever,silly,foolish,stupid,wise,kind,rude,impolite,careless,cruel,crazy,etc（事物本身具备的某种特质）不定式的句法功能2.作表语：

Herwishistobecomeanovelist.

Heappearstohavecaughtacold.不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be,seem,remain,appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea,purpose,hope,plan,intention,wish,dream,etc.

eg.)Mypurposeistoteachthemalesson.

不定式的句法功能-表语有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句Tobestrictwithstudentsistoberesponsibleforthem.

WhatIwanttodois(to)tellyouthetruth.如果主语中含有do的任何形式,那么不定式可以省去to.

Theonlythinghecoulddowas(to)tellthetruth.不定式的句法功能3.作宾语：A.动词+todo

常见动词:hope,wish,long,want,refuse,pretend,promise,agree,aim,decide,expect,offer,fail,plan,learn,manage,intend,desire,etc.Ilongedtobecomeanartist.

Hehelped(to)bringuptheorphan.不定式的句法功能-宾语B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+todo常见动词:know,decide,wonder,learn,remember,understand,findout,etc.

Idon’tknowwhattosaytocomforther.

Thefarmershowedushowtomilkthecow.不定式的句法功能-宾语C.动词+it+宾语补足语+(forsb.)+todo常见动词:find,consider,think,make,feel,

通常不说：IthinktorecitesomeEnglisharticlesisimportantforyou.IthinkitimportantforyoutorecitesomeEnglisharticles.

不定式的句法功能-宾语D.介词but,except后可接todo作宾语注意句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去to

Seeingtheroomcrowded,Ihadnochoicebuttostandinthedark.

Seeingtheroomcrowded,Icoulddonothingbutstandinthedark.不定式的句法功能4.作宾语补足语：

A.动词/动词词组+宾语+todo常见动词:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,allow,permit,help,advise,persuade,cause,force,warn,invite,urge,encourage,prepare,callon,wouldlike,waitfor,etc.

Theyarewaitingfortheschoolbustocome.不定式的句法功能-宾语补足语B.动词+宾语+不带to的不定式

常用动词:feel(一感);hear,listento(二听);make,let,have(三让);see,watch,observe,notice,lookat(五看);help(半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc.但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.

Isawhimcrosstheroad.

Hewasseentocrosstheroad.比较:Isawhimcrossingtheroad.

Hewasseen_______________theroad.

Isawhimcarrieddownstairs.

Hewasseen_____________downstairs.

tobecrossingtobecarried不定式的句法功能5.作定语：A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系：

Ihaveameetingtoattend.

Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.(如果不定式是vi，其后应有适当的介词.)

如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：

Hehasnoplacetolive.

Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.不定式的句法功能-定语B.与被修饰名词构成主谓关系：

Heistherightpersontodothatjob.

Heisthefirsttogethere.

不定式的句法功能6.作状语：

A.表目的：

Heworkeddayandnighttopayoffthedebt.

注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：

Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.

Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.

(×)(√)=Hehastriedeverymeansinorderto/soastosavemoney.=Inordertosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.不定式的句法功能-状语B.表结果：

Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.

Thepatientisstrongenoughtowalkabout.

不定式的句法功能-状语too…to…结构

It’stoodarkforustoseeanything.

Thequestionistoosimpleforhimtoanswer.

注：对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad,ready,pleased,willing,anxious,happy,satisfied,etc.用于too…to…结构时表示肯定意义。

Theyweretooanxioustoleave.

Iamonly/buttoogladtodoyouthefavor.

不定式的句法功能-状语C.表原因：

Theywereveryexcitedtohearthenewsthattheirteamhadwonthegame.

不定式的句法功能7.作插入语和同位语：

常见插入语:totell(you)thetruth/tobefrank实不相瞒tostart/beginwith;toconclude;tomakematterworsetobemoreexact确切地讲tomakealongstoryshort长话短说，简而言之tobefair公平地说，凭心而论tobesure肯定地，毫无疑问地

Totell(you)thetruth,Idon’tlikethewayhetalked.

不定式的时态一般式：todo进行式:tobedoingTheplayissaidtobemadeintoafilmsoon(所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后)Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.(所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生)(常用于seem,appear,happen,pretend等动词的结构中)

不定式的时态完成式：tohavedoneIregrettedtohavetoldalie.(表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前)不定式的否定形式

not/never+(to)不定式

Theyhurriedalonginordernottobelate.Theboypromisednevertoplaytricksagain.

不定式符号的省略与保留1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,wouldsooner…than…,cannotbut,why(not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如:

You’dbettertellherthetruth.

2.动词不定式短语作介词but,except,besides的宾语，且介词之前有行为动词do或其它形式时，不定式符号to通常被省略。

Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Mymothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.Nowhehadgivenhimselfnochoicebuttotellher.

3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。

Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.（对比关系）

Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.（并列关系）

分词现在分词和过去分词V-ing,v-ed在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。

分词句法功能1.作表语v-ing:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征,“令人……”的意思,主语多数情况是sth.

V-ed作表语:一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受,“感到……的”,主语多数情况是sb.

以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以–ed结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。

exciting,excitedannoying,annoyedamazing,amazedamusing,amusedastonishing,astonishedboring,boredconfusing,confuseddisappointing,disappointedencouraging,encouragedembarrassing,embarrassedfrightening,frightenedinspiring,inspiredTheresultwas___(surprising,surprised)

Theywere__(surprising,surprised)atthenews.分词句法功能2.作定语：

现在分词表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。

boilingwater,boiledwater;

developingcountry,developedcountry;

fallingleaves,fallenleaves

risingsun,risensun,etc.

分词注意分词所表示动作的发生时间:

①表示正在进行的动作

Tellthechildrenplayingtherenottomaketoomuchnoise.

②表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态

Iusedtoliveinaroomfacingsouth.

③其他情况,一般不用现在分词短语作定语,而用定语从句

Themanwhocamethismorningisourheadmaster.(过去时)

Thestudentswhowillattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.

Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?

Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(完成时)

–ing结构做定语后置DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?Whowerethosepeoplewaitingoutside?Theroadjoiningtwovillagesisverynarrow.Thereweresomechildrenswimmingintheriver.

以-ingor–ed结尾的形容词做表语Janeisboredbecauseherjobisboring.Jane’sjobisboring,soJaneisbored.

以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以–ed结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。Juliathinkspoliticsisveryinteresting.Thefilmwasdisappointing.Iexpectedittobemuchbetter.Wewereshockedwhenweheardthenews.Everybodywassurprisedthathepassedtheexam.

3.动词-ing形式做宾语补足语Isawhimwalkingalongthestreetatnightyesterday.Icouldhearitraining.IfoundSueinmyroomreadingaletter.类似的词还有：feel,listento,lookat,notice,watch,observe,etc

4.–ing从句做状语Amanranoutofthehouseshouting.(=heranoutofthehouseandhewasshouting)Havingfinishedherwork,shewenthome.(=aftershehadfinishedherwork,shewenthome)Feelingtired,Iwenttobedearly.(=becauseIfelttired,Iwenttobedearly)动名词(TheGerund)动名词可以起名词的作用在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语同时，它还保留着动词的一些特征，如有完成式和被动语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语.

动名词的形式：以write为例主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten句法功能1．作主语

Readingbooksmakesonewise.

Collectingstampsisinteresting.

句法功能-主语与不定式区别:

动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作;不定式作主语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。

_____(Walking,Towalk)isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.

_____(Finishing,Tofinish)theworkinaweekisimpossible.

用于结构:Thereisnodoingsth.

Nodoing.

haveagood(hard)time/difficulty/problem/trouble/fun/pleasure(in)doingsth.

Thereisno____(know)whatwillhappeninthefuture.

No_____(spit)inpublicplaces.

Withtheboy_______(lead)theway,wehadnodifficulty________(find)hishouse.

动名词句法功能2.作表语：(be,remain,taste,sound,smell等link-v.后)

Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.Myjobis_____(type)letters.

(抽象、习惯性、经常性的动作)动名词句法功能3.作定语：

动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别:动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的用途,而不表示动作.现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作.

awalkingstick=astickforwalking

adancinghall=ahallfordancing比较:asleepingcar，asleepingboyasleepingcar=acarforsleeping(_______)

asleepingboy=aboywhoissleeping(_______)

现在分词动名词动名词句法功能4.作宾语：(动宾,介宾)有些动词及短语后跟动名词作宾语：

a)常见动词:advise,avoid（避免）,appreciate(感激),admit（承认）,consider(考虑),complete,delay,deny（否认）,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,forbid,forgive,imagine,keep,miss,mind,mention,permit,practise,risk（冒险）,suggest(建议),understand,etc.Ienjoydancing.Wouldyoumindclosingthewindow?Amysuggestedgoingtothecinema.Don’tkeepinterruptingmewhileIamspeaking.

b）介词(in,for,about,before,…)+ingWhataretheadvantagesofhavingacar?Howaboutplayingtennistomorrow?Iboughtanewbicycleinsteadofgoingawayonholiday.Beforegoingout,IphonedSarah.Whatdidyoudoafterleavingschool?

c）动词+介词的词组+ingIamthinkingofbuyingahouse.Doyoufeellikegoingoutfordinnertonight?IamusedtodrivingontheleftbecauseI’velivedinBritainforalongtime.AreyoulookingforwardtoseeingAnnagain?Ipreferdrivingtotravellingbytrain.这类的词组有giveup,putoff,carryon,succeedin,dreamof,insiston等

常见短语:bebusy,beworth,burstout,insiston,feellike,can’thelp(忍不住),setabout开始,succeedin,persistinbe/getused/accustomedto,lookforwardto,objectto,beopposedto,payattentionto,getdownto开始，着手devoteoneself/one’slife(energy,effort,time)tobereducedto(沦为),admit/oweto（承认）

后接名词,一般不接动名词的词组leadto,stickto,listento,referto,turnto,thankstoowingto,dueto,beopento(愿意接受),inadditionto(除外),befamiliartogiveone’smindto(专心于),besentencedtobeequalto，keepto坚持,遵守pointto,giveriseto(引起),standupto(勇敢面对),seeto（注意，处理，照料）,trustto(依靠，凭),lookupto（尊敬）

allow,advise,consider,forbid,permit等动词

～+doingsth.

～+sb.todosth.

Thedoctoradvised___(take)agoodrest.

Thedoctoradvisedthepatient___(take)agoodrest.

某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式.常见动词:begin/start,continue;love,like,dislike,hate,prefer;need,want,require;forget,remember,regret;mean,try,goon,stop,beusedto,can’thelp

forget,remember,regret

Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Iforgot____(turn)itoff.

I’llneverforget____(see)themusicalcomedyinNewYork.

Remember____(meet)metonight.

Iremember____(take)toBeijingwhenIwasachild.

Iregret____(inform)youthatyouaredismissed.

Iregret______(nottake)hisadvice.

这类动词：stop,forget,remember,regret,try,need等，V-ing往往表示过去的动作；动词不定式表示将来的动作或过去未做的动作。Iregretsayingthatyouspendtoomuchmoney.Iregrettosayyouspendtoomuchmoney.Remembertolockthedoorbeforeyouleave.Iclearlyrememberlockingthedoorbeforeyouleave.Lisastoppedbuyingcandy.Lisastoppedtobuycandy.动名词句法功能-同位语Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradio,remainsunchanged.

need的用法后跟动名词，注意两点：

1.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；

2.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如：

Thedoorneedspainting.

=Thedoorneedstobepainted.那扇门需要油漆一下。need后面需要接带to的动词不定式,表示有义务或责任去做某事。Youneedtotakegoodcareofyourmother.你要好好照料你妈妈。Exercises1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.invitingA2.______manytimes,buthesti