2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

--PAGE4-2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inourcontemporaryculture,theprospectofcommunicatingwith—orevenlookingat—astrangerisvirtuallyunbearable.Everyonearoundusseemstoagreebythewayclingtotheirphones,evenwithouta1onasubway.It'sasadreality—ourdesiretoavoidinteractingwithotherhumanbeings—because2tobegainedfromtalkingtothestrangerstandingbyyou.Butyouwouldn'tknowit,3intoyourphone.Thisuniversalprotectionsendsthe4:"Pleasedon'tapproachme."Whatisitthatmakesusfeelweneedtohide5ourscreens?Oneanswerisfear,accordingtoJonWortmann,anexecutivementalcoach.fearorthatourwillbe6as"weird."Webe_]_.fearbedisruptive.Strangersareinherently8tous,sowearemorelikelytofeel9whencommunicatingwiththemcomparedwithourfriendsandacquaintances.thisuneasiness,we10toourphones.oursecurityblanket,"Wortmannsays.areourhappyglassesthatprotectusfromwhatweperceiveisgoingtobemore11."Butonceweripofftheband-aid,tuckoursmartphonesinourpocketsandlookup,it12sobad.Inone2011experiment,behavioralscientistsNicholasEpleyandJulianaSchroederaskedcommuterstodotheunthinkable:Starta13.TheyhadChicagotraincommuterstalktotheirfellow14."WhenDr.EpleyandMs.Schroederaskedotherpeopleinthesametrainstationto15howwouldfeelaftertalkingtoastranger,thecommutersthoughttheir16wouldbemorepleasantifsatontheirown,"NewYorkTimessummarizes.Thoughtheparticipantsexpectapositiveexperience,afterthey17withtheexperiment,"notasinglepersonreportedhavingbeenembarrassed."18,thesecommuteswerereportedlymoreenjoyablecomparedwiththosewithoutcommunication,whichmakesabsolutesense,19humanbeingsthriveoffofsocialconnections.It'sthat20:Talkingtostrangerscanmakeyoufeelconnected.[A]signal[A]nothing

[C]ticket [D]record[B]permit[D]much[B]little [C]another[B]permit[D]much[A]beaten[A]message[A]under

plugged

[D]brought[C]guidednotice [D]sign[C]guided[D][D]from[B]code[B]beyond[A][B]code[B]beyond[A]judged[A]unreasonable[A]comfortable[A]attend[A]dangerous[A]bend13.[A]lecture[A]trainees[A]reveal[A]voyage[A]wentthrough[A]Intum[A]unless[A]funny

misinterpreted [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched[B]fired[B]ungratefulreplaced [D][B]fired[B]ungrateful[C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar[D]point[D]boring[D]decay[B]confident [C][D]point[D]boring[D]decay[B][B][C]take[B]mysterious [C]violent[C]hurt[B]resist[C]hurt[B]debate [C]conversation [D]negotiation[B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers[C]predict[C]predict[C]walk[D]design[D]ride[B][B]flight[B]didaway [C]caughtup [D]putup[B]Infact [C]Inparticular [D]Inconsequence[B]whereas [C]if [D]since[B]simple [C]logical [D]rareSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Anewstudysuggeststhatcontrarytomostsurveys,peopleareactuallymorestressedathomethanatwork.Researchersmeasuredpeople'scortisol,whichisastressmarker,whilewereatworkandwhiletheywereathomeandfoundithigheratwhatissupposedtobeaplaceofrefuge.门hercontradictingconventionalwisdomwefoundthatwomenaswellasmenhavelowerlevelsofstressatworkthanathome,writesoneoftheresearchers,SarahDamaske.Infactwomenevensaytheyfeelbetteratwork,shenotes."Itismen,notwomen,whoreportbeinghappierathomethanatwork."Anothersurpriseisthatthefindingsholdtrueforboththosewithchildrenandwithout,butmoresofornonparents.Thisiswhypeoplewhoworkoutsidethehomehavebetterhealth.Whatthestudydoesn'tmeasureiswhetherpeoplearestilldoingworkwhenathome,whetheritishouseholdworkorworkbroughthomefromtheoffice.Formanymen,theendoftheworkdayisatimetokickback.Forwomenwhostayhome,theynevergettoleavetheoffice.Andforwomenwhoworkoutsidethehome,oftenareplayingcatch-up-with-householdtasks.Withtheblurringofroles,andthefactthatthehomefrontlagswellbehindtheworkplaceinmakingforworkingwomen,it'snotsurprisingthatwomenaremorestressedathome.Butnotjustagenderthing.Atwork,peopleprettymuchknowwhatsupposedtobedoing:working,makingdoingtheytodoinordertodrawanincome.Thebargainisverypure:Employeeputsinhoursofphysicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.Onthehomefront,however,peoplehavenosuchclarity.Rareisthehouseholdinwhichthedivisionoflaborissoclinicallyandmethodicallylaidout.Therearealotoftaskstobedone,thereareinadequaterewardsformostofthem.Yourhomecolleagues—yourfamily—havenoclearrewardsfortheirlabor;needtobetalkedintoit,orifteenagers,threatenedwithcompleteremovalofallelectronicdevices.Plus,yourYoucannotfireyourYouneverreallygettogohomefromhome.Sonotsurprisingthatpeoplearemorestressedathome.Notonlyarethetasksapparentlyinfinite,theco-workersarehardertomotivate.AccordingtoParagraph1,mostprevioussurveysfoundthathome .offeredgreaterrelaxationthantheworkplacewasanidealplaceforstressmeasurementgeneratedmorestressthantheworkplacewasanunrealisticplaceforrelaxationAccordingtoDamaske,whoarelikelytobethehappiestathome?mothers.Childlesshusbands.Workingfathers.Childlesswives.Thegofworkingssreferstothefactt .theirhomeisalsoaplaceforkickingbacktheyarebothbreadwinnersandhousewivesthereisoftenhouseworkleftbehinditisdifficultforthemtoleavetheirofficeTheword"moola"(Line4,Para.4)mostprobablymeans .skillsenergyearningsnutritionThehomefrontdiffersfromtheworkplaceinthat .familylaborisoftenadequatelyrewardedhomeishardlyacozierworkingenvironmenthouseholdtasksaregenerallymoremotivatingdivisionoflaborathomeisseldomclear-cutText2Foryears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents—thosewhodonothaveaparentwithacollegedegree—lagotherstudentsonarangeofeducationachievementfactors.TheirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutratesareButsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyiftheysucceedinhighereducation,collegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadestorecruitmoreofthem.Thishascreated“aparadox”inthatrecruitingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas“continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose”anachievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningofapaperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalScience.Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutiontothisproblem,suggestingthatanapproach(whichinvolvesaone-hour,next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(measuredbysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindingsarebasedonastudyinvolving147students(whocompletedtheproject)atanunnamedprivateuniversity.Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingaparentwithafour-yearcollegedegree.Mostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)wererecipientsofPellGrants,afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancialneed,whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswithatleastoneparentwithafour-yeardegree.Theirthesis—thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigimpact—wasbasedontheviewthatfirst-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatfacemostcollegestudents.Theycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthisisthegapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.Manyfirst-generationstudents“struggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation,learnthe‘rulesofthegame,’andtakeadvantageofcollegeresources,”theywrite.Andthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhencollegesdon’ttalkabouttheclassadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudents.“BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperiences,manyfirst-generationstudentslackinsightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudents‘likethem’canimprove.”ecru.

gmorefirst-generationstudentshas .reducedtheirdropoutratesnarrowedtheachievementgapmisseditsoriginalpurposedepressedcollegestudentsTheauthorsoftheresearcharticleareoptimisticbecause .theirfindingsappealtostudentstherecruitingratehasincreasedtheproblemissolvabletheirapproachiscostlessThestudysuggeststhatmostfirst-generat10nstudents .arefromsingle-parentfamiliesstudyatprivateuniversitiesareinneedoffinancialsupporthavefailedtheircollegeTheauthorsofthepaperbelievethatfirst-generationstudents .maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojectsareinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollegecanhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudentsareactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgapWemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat . -6-Text3Evenintraditionaloffices,“thelinguafrancaofcorporateAmericahasgottenmuchmoreemotionalandmuchmoreright-brainedthanitwas20yearsago,”saidHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorNancyKoehn.Shestartedspinningoffexamples.“IfyouandIparachutedbacktoFortune500companiesin1990,wewouldseemuchlessfrequentuseoftermslikejourney,mission,passion.Thereweregoals,therewerestrategies,therewereobjectives,butwedidn’ttalkaboutenergy;wedidn’ttalkaboutpassion.”Koehnpointedoutthatthisneweraofcorporatevocabularyisvery“team”-oriented—andnotbycoincidence.notforgetsports—inmale-dominatedcorporateAmerica,stillabigdeal.notexplicitlyconscious;theideathatI’macoach,andyou’remyteam,andwe’reinthistogether.TherearelotsandlotsofCEOsinverydifferentcompanies,butmostthinkofthemselvesascoachesandthisistheirteamandtheywanttowin.”Thesetermsarealsointendedtoinfuseworkwithmeaning—and,asRakeshKhurana,anotherprofessor,pointsout,increaseallegiancetothefirm.“Youhavetheimportationofterminologythathistoricallyusedtobeassociatedwithnon-profitorganizationsandreligiousorganizations:termslikevision,values,passion,andpurpose,”saidKhurana.Thisnewfocusonpersonalfulfillmentcanhelpkeepemployeesmotivatedamidincreasinglylouddebatesoverwork-lifebalance.The“mommywars”ofthe1990sarestillgoingonpromptingargumentsaboutwhywomenstillcan’thaveitallandbookslikeSherylLeanIn,whosetitlehasbecomeabuzzwordinitsownright.likeunplug,offline,life-hack,bandwidth,andcapacityareallaboutsettingboundariesbetweentheofficeandthehome.Butifyourworkisyour“passion”,you’llbemorelikelytodevoteyourselftoit,evenifthatmeansgoinghomefordinnerandthenworkinglongafterthekidsareinbed.Butthisseemstobetheironyofofficespeak:Everyonemakesfunofit,butmanagersloveit,companiesdependonit,andregularpeoplewillinglyabsorbit.Asalinguistoncesaid,“Youcangetpeopletothinkit’snonsenseatthesametimethatyoubuyintoit.”Inaworkplacethat’sfundamentallyindifferenttoyourlifeanditsmeaning,officespeakcanhelpyoufigureouthowyourelatetoyourwork—andhowyourworkdefineswhoyouare.-1---PAGE13-AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome .lessstrategiclessenergeticmoremoreemotional"Tearn"-onentedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto .sportsculturegenderdifferencehistoricalincidentsathleticexecutivesKhuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyaimsto .revivehistorical飞promotecompanyimagefostercorporatecooperationstrengthenemployeeloyaltyItcanbeinferredthatLean.voicesforworkingwomenappealstopassionateworkaholicstriggersdebatesamongmommiespraisesmotivatedemployeesWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense.Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit.Companiesfindittobefundamental.Managersadmireitbutavoidit.Text4Manypeopletalkedofthe288,000newjobstheLaborDepartmentreportedforJune,alongwiththedropintheunemploymentrateto6.1percent,asgoodnews.Andwereright.Fornowitappearstheeconomyiscreatingjobsatadecentpace.Westillhavealongwaytogotogetbacktofullemployment,butatleastwearenowfinallymovingforwardatafasterpace.However,thereisanotherimportantpartofthejobspicturethatwaslargelyoverlooked.Therewasabigjumpinthenumberofpeoplewhoreportvoluntarilyworkingpart-time.Thisfigureisnow830,000(4.4percent)aboveitsyearagolevel.BeforeexplainingtheconnectiontotheObamacare,itisworthmakinganimportantdistinction.Manypeoplewhoworkpart-timejobsactuallywantfull-timejobs.Theytakepart-timeworkbecausethisisallcanget.Anincreaseininvoluntarypart-timeworkisevidenceofweaknessinthelabormarketanditmeansthatmanypeoplewillbehavingaveryhardtimemakingendsmeet.Therewasanincreaseininvoluntarypart-timeinJune,butthegeneraldirectionhasbeendown.Involuntarypart-timeemploymentisstillfarhigherthanbeforetherecession,butitisdownby640,000(7.9percent)fromitsyearagolevel.Weknowthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarypart-timeemploymentbecausepeopletellus.ThesurveyusedbytheLaborDepartinentaskspeopleiftheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthereferenceweek.Iftheansweris"yes,"areclassifiedasworkingpart-time.Thesurveythenaskswhetherworkedlessthan35hoursinthatweekbecausetheywantedtoworklessthanfulltimeorbecausetheyhadnochoice.Theyareonlyclassifiedasvoluntarypart-timeworkersiftellthesurveytakertheychosetoworklessthan35hoursaweek.Theissueofvoluntarypart-timerelatestoObamacarebecauseoneofthemainpurposeswastoallowpeopletogetinsuranceoutsideofemployment.Formanypeople,especiallythosewithserioushealthconditionsorfamilymemberswithserioushealthconditions,beforeObamacaretheonlywaytogetinsurancewasthroughajobthatprovidedhealthinsurance.However,Obamacarehasallowedmorethan12millionpeopletoeithergetinsurancethroughMedicaidortheexchanges.Thesearepeoplewhomaypreviouslyhavefelttheneedtogetafull-timejobthatprovidedinsuranceinordertocoverthemselvesandtheirfamilies.WithObamacarethereisnolongeralinkbetweenemploymentandinsurance.Whichpartofthejobspicturewasneglected?Theprospectofathrivingjobmarket.Theincreaseofvoluntarypart-timejobs.Thepossibilityoffullemployment.Theaccelerationofjobcreation.Manypeopleworkpart-timebecausethey .preferpart-timejobstofull-timejobsfeelthatisenoughtomakeendsmeetcannotgettheirhandsonfull-timejobshaven'tseenweaknessofthemarketInvoluntarypart-timeemploymentintheUS .showsageneraltendencyofdeclineishardertoacquirethanoneyearagosatisfiestherealneedofthejoblessislowerthanbeforerecessionItcanbelearnedthatwithObamacare, .itisnolongereasyforpart-timerstogetinsurancefull-timeemploymentisstillessentialforinsuranceitisstillchallengingtogetinsuranceforfamilymembersemploymentisnolongerapreconditiontogetinsuranceThetextmainlydiscusses .employmentintheUSpart-timerclassificationinsurancethroughMedicaidsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheSHEET.(10points)YouarenotaloneExperiencehelpsyougrowPaveyourownuniquepathMostofyourfearsareunrealThinkaboutthepresentmomentfearresponsibilityforyourlifeTherearemanythingstobegratefulforSomeOldTruthstoHelpYouOvercomeToughTimesUnfortunately,lifeisnotabedofroses.Wearegoingthroughlifefacingsadexperiences.Moreover,wearegrievingvariouskindsofloss:afriendship,aromanticrelationshiporahouse.Hardtimesmayholdyoudownatwhatusuallyseemslikethemostinopportunetime,butyoushouldrememberthatwon'tlastforever.Whenourtimeofmourningisover,wepressforward,strongerwithagreaterunderstandingandrespectforlife.Furthermore,theselossesmakeusmatureandeventuallymoveustowardfutureopportunitiesforgrowthandhappiness.Iwanttosharetheseoldtruthslearnedalongtheway.Fearisbothusefulandharmful.Thisnormalhumanreactionisusedtoprotectusbysignalingdangerandpreparingustodealwithit.Unfortunately,peoplecreateinnerbarrierswithahelpofexaggeratingfears.favoriteactorSmithoncesaid,"Fearisnotreal.Itisaproductofthoughtsyoucreate.notmisunderstandme.Dangerisveryreal.Butfearisachoice."Idocompletelyagreethatfearsarejusttheproductofourluxuriantimagination.Ifyouaresurroundedbyproblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutthepast,trytofocusonthepresentmoment.Manyofusareweigheddownbythepastoranxiousaboutthefuture.Youmayfeelguiltoveryourpast,butyouarepoisoningthepresentwiththethingsandcircumstancesyoucannotchange.Valuethepresentmomentandrememberhowfortunateyouaretobealive.thebeautyoftheworldaroundandkeeptheeyesopentoseethepossibilitiesbeforeyou.Happinessisnotapointoffutureandnotamomentfromthepast,butamindsetthatcanbedesignedintothepresent.Sometimesitiseasytofeelbadbecauseyouaregoingthroughtoughtimes.Youcanbeeasilycaughtupbylifeproblemsthatyouforgettopauseandappreciatethethingsyouhave.Onlystrongpeopleprefertosmileandvaluetheirlifeinsteadofcryingandcomplainingaboutsomething.Nomatterhowisolatedyoumightfeelandhowseriousthesituationis,youshouldalwsrememberthatuetalone.ytokeepndtalmosteveryonerespectsandwantstohelpyouifyouaretryingtomakeagoodchangeinyourlife,especiall