选择搭配英语一-2010-2015新题型真题讲义

考研英语（二阅读PartB欢迎使用2010年CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraft①BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.②Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.③ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.①Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.②Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.③Theairflowingoverabird‘swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.④Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.⑤PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.①Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.②DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.③Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).④Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.①Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.②Oneconsiderationissafety,orattheperceptionofit.③Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?④DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnautical,andwouldnotbeintheintimategrousfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.⑤Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.⑥Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.①Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeflightmoreefficient.②Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes‘wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.③DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.④Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.⑤Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitary①Asithappens,America‘sarmedforcesareonthecasealready.②Earlierthisyearthecountry‘sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.③Therearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringthesecondworldwar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.④―MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,‖headds.⑤Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellas FormationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherTherolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthasbeenedthatduringWorldWarII,America‘sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.2011年①Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateovertheernment‘sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose―fattaxes‖onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.①Thedemandsfollowcommentslastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,insistedtheernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.①Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald‘s.①TheyarguethaternmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain‘saddictiontofoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.②ProfessorTerenceStephenson,oftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorbinge(excessive)drinking.①Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabansmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.②Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?③Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,‖saidtheleaderoftheUK‘schildren‘sdoctors.①Lansleyhasalarmedhealthnersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthanernmenttotakethelead.②HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandconfectionerycouldplayacentralroleintheChangeforLifen,thecentrepieceofernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.③HehasalsocriticizedthecelebritychefJamieOliver‘shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhowlecturing‖peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheir①StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbeforethe9pmwatershedandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.②―Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes-bysettingstringentlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,‖hesaid.①SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald‘s,whichsponsorsthecoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.②Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopinducements‖suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.①ProfessorDineshBhugra,oftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,sad:Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.‖①Healsourgedcouncilstoimposefast-food-freezones‖aroundschoolandhospitals-areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.①ADepartmentofHealthspokessaid:―Weneedtocreateanewvisionforhealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.②Thisincludescreatinganew‗responsibilitydeal‘withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulation.③Laterthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.‖41.AndrewLansley[B]theernmentshouldbanfast-foodoutletsintheof42.Terencelec43.JamieOlivertobelieve[D]cigarette-stylewarningsshouldbeintroducedtochildrenthedangersofapoor44.Dinesh[E]theproducersofcrispsandcandiescouldcontributetotheChangeforLife45.ADepartmentproposed[F]parentsshouldsetgoodexamplesfortheirchildrenbykeeahealthydietathome.[G]theernmentshouldstrengthenthesenseofamong2012年Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhas plishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,‖wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist‘salexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamuelSwroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores.Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurpose,resoluteworkngandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformationoftrulynobleandmanlycharacter,exhibit,‖wroteS,"whatitisinthepowerofeachto plishforhimself.‖HisbiographiesofJamesWatt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbythisbombast.―Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingisthehistoryofclassstruggle,‖wroteMarxandEngelsinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing;itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:―Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.‖Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:―Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.‖Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionisedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewreaofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingas[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassical41.[B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleading42.[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardto43.Samuel[D]openedupnewreaofunderstandingthegreatmenin44.[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecord45.Marx[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessful[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsand2013年LivelikeaBalanceyourShopkeepersareyourRemembertotreatSticktowhatyouPlanningisWastenot,want①ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.②Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon‘sbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.③Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.④Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.⑤AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.⑥ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI‘dlost.⑦Butit‘sstilladay-by-daything.‖⑧Nowhe‘slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.⑨He‘sfeelingpositive,buthe‘llcarryonblogging—notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan—therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood‖—buteatingwellonabudget.⑩Here‘shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.①Impulsivespendingisn‘tanoption,soplanyourweek‘sinadvance,makingshoplistsforyouringredientsintheirexactties.②IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.③Stoplaughing:it‘snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.④It‘salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,beinghuman,you‘llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.①Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.②Withthem,there‘snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.③Andifyouplanproperly,you‘llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.①Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer—that‘snotgood②Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.③Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou‘lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningtogooff‖willbecookedorjuiced.①Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.②Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.③Soonyou‘llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey‘veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,theywillletyouhaveforfree.①Youwon‘tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant—£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgives£21—morethanenoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.②It‘sthere—or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino‘s:IknowwhichI‘drather2014年monGround—LandArtin①ThetermLandArtbringstomindepicinterventionsinthelandsuchasRobertSmithson‘sSpiralJetty,6,500tonsofbasalt,earthandsaltprojectingintoUtah‘sGreatSaltLake,orRodenCrater,anextinctvolcanoinArizona,whichJamesTurrellhasbeentransformingintoanimmensenaked-eyeobservatorysince1979.①RichardLong‘sALineMadeByWalking,however,involvednothingmorethana20-minutetrainridefromWaterloo.②Havinggotoffsomewhereinsuburbia,theartistwalkedbackwardsandforwardsoverapieceofgrassuntilthesquashedturfformedaline,akindofdrawingontheland.①EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandgallery.②Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.①ThemessageofthissurveyofBritishlandart—themostcomprehensivetodate—isthattheBritishvariant,typifiedbyLong‘spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.②Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,Long‘sphotographofhisworkisthework.③Sincehisaction‖isinthepastthephotographisitssoleembodiment.①Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitioncontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnatural①LongisBritain‘sbest-knownLandArtistandhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.②TheBoyleFamily,ontheotherhand,standforitsdirty,urbanaspect.③ComprisingartistsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren,theyrecreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.④TheirOlafStreetStudy,asquareofbrick-strewnwasteground,isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethemundanitythatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.①Parksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnHilliard‘sveryfunnyAcrossthePark,inwhichalong-hairedstrollerisvariouslysdatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthatturnouttobedifferentpartsofthesame①GenerallyhoweverBritishlandartistspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,towardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireDowns.②Whileitprobablywasn‘tapparentatthetime,muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofWordsworthwouldhavereadilyunderstood.③DerekJarman‘syellow-tintedfilmTowardsAvebury,acollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape,evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulNash.①InthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan‘thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthasfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.②Atypicalwork,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblack-and-whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk,withtheageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.③BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected,butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn‘taboutimposingonthelandscape,moreakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.④Ithaditsoriginsinthegreatoutdoors,buttheresultswereasgallery-boundasthepaintingsofTurnerandConstable.[A]originatesfromalongwalkthattheartist41.Stone[B]illustratesakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptual42.OlafStreet[C]remindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepainting43.Acrossthe[D]representstheeleganceoftheBritishland44.Towards[E]depictstheordinarysideoftheBritishland45.Seven[F]embodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottish[G]containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesame2015年SomeOldTruthstoHelp eTough y,lifeisnotabedofroses.WearegoingthroughlifefacingsadMoreover,wearegrievingvariouskindsofloss:afriendship,aromanticrelationshiporahouse.Hardtimesmayholdyoudownatwhatusuallyseemslikethemostinopportunetime,butyoushouldrememberthattheywon'tlastforever.Whenourtimeofmourningisover,wepressforward,strongerwithagreaterunderstandingandrespectforlife.Furthermore,theselossesmakeusmatureandeventuallymoveustowardfutureopportunitiesforgrowthandhappiness.IwanttosharetheseoldtruthsI'velearnedalongtheway.Fearisbothusefulandharmful.Thisnormalhumanreactionisusedtoprotectusbysignalingdangerandpreparingustodealwithit.Unfortunay,peoplecreateinnerbarrierswithahelpofexaggeratingfears.MyfavoriteactorWillSmithoncesaid,―Fearisnotreal.Itisaproductofthoughtsyoucreate.Donotmisunderstandme.Dangerisveryreal.Butfearisachoice.‖Idocompleyagreethatfearsarejusttheproductofownluxuriantimagination.Ifyouaresurroundedbyproblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutpast,trytofocusonpresentmoment.Manyofusareweigheddownbythepastoranxiousaboutthefuture.Youmayfeelguiltoveryourpast,butyouarepoisoningthepresentwiththethingscircumstancesyoucannotchange.Valuethepresentmomentandrememberhowfortunateyouaretobealive.Enjoythebeautyoftheworldaroundandkeeptheeyesopentoseethepossibilitiesbeforeyou.Happinessisnotpointoffutureandnotamomentfromthepast,butamindsetthancanbedesignedintothepresent.Sometimesitiseasytofeelbadbecauseyouaregoingtothroughtoughtimes.Youcaneasilycaughtupbylifeproblemsthatyouforgettopauseandappreciatethethingsyouhave.OnlystrongpeopleprefertosandvaluetheirlifeinsteadofcryingandcomplainingaboutNomatterhowisolatedyoumightfeelandhowseriousthesituationis,youshouldrememberthatyouarenotalone.Trytokeepinmindthatalmosteveryonerespectsandwantstohelpyouifyouaretryingtomakeagoodchangeinyourlife,especiallyyourdearestandnearestpeople.Youmayhaveacircleoffriendsorrelatives,trytoparticipateinseveralonlinecommunities,fullofpeoplewhoarealwayswillingtoshareadviceandencouragement.Todaymanypeoplefinditdifficulttotrusttheirownopinionandseekbalancebyobjectivityfromexternalsources.Thiswayyoudevalueyouropinionandshowthatyouareincapableofmanagingyourownlife.Whenyouarestrugglingtoachievesomethingimportantyoushouldbelieveinyourselfandbesurethatyourdecisionisthebest.Youliveinyourskin,thinkyourownthoughts,haveyourownvaluesandmakeyourownchoices.YouarenotDon‘tfearresponsibilityforyourPaveyourownuniqueMostofyourfearsareThinkaboutthepresentmoment[F]Experiencehelpsyougrow[G]Therearemanythingstobegrateful①TheWorldeconomyhasrunintoabrickwall.②Despitecountlesswarningsinrecentyearsabouttheneedtoaddressaloominghungercrisisinpoorcountriesandaloomingenergycrisisworldwide,worldleadersfailedtothinkahead.③Theresultisaglobalfoodcrisis.④Wheat,cornandricepriceshavemorethandoubledinthepasttwoyears,andoilpriceshavemorethantripledsincethestartof2004.⑤Thesefood-priceincreasescombinedwithsoaringenergycostswillslowifnotstopeconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworldandwillevenunderminepoliticalstability,asevidencedbytheriotsthathaveeruptedinplacesinHaiti,BangladeshandBurkinaFaso.⑥Practicalsolutionstothesegrowingwoesdoexist,butwe‘llhavetostartthinkingaheadandactingglobally.①Thecrisishasitsrootsinfourinterlinkedtrends.②Thefirstisthechronicallyproductivityoffarmersinthepoorestcountries,causedbytheirinabilitytopayforseeds,fertilizersandirrigation.③ThesecondisthemisguidedpolicyintheU.S.andEuropeofsubsidizingthediversionoffoodcropstoproducebiofuelslikecorn-basedethanol.④Thethirdisclimatechange;taketherecentdroughtsinAustraliaandEurope,whichcuttheglobalproductionofgrainin2005and2006.⑤Theforthisthegrowingglobaldemandforfoodandfeedgrainsbroughtonbyswellingpopulationsand es.⑥Inshort,risingdemandhashitalimitedsupply,withthepoortakingthehardestblow.①So,whatshouldbedone?②Herearethreestepstoeasethecurrentcrisisandavertthepotentialforaglobaldisaster.③Thefirstistoscale-upthedramaticsuccessofMalawi,afamine-pronecountryinsouthernAfrica,whichthreeyearsagoestablishedaspecialfundtohelpitsfarmersgetfertilizerandhigh-yieldseeds.④Malawi‘sharvestdoubledafterjustoneyear.⑤AninternationalfundbasedontheMalawimodelwouldcostamere＄10perannuallyintherichworld,or＄10billioninall.⑥SuchafundcouldfighthungeraseffectivelyastheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TBandMalariaiscontrollingthosediseases.①Second,theU.S.andEuropeshouldabandontheirpoliciesofsubsidizingtheconversionoffoodintobiofuels.②TheU.S. ernmentgivesfarmersataxpayer-financedsubsidyof51centspergalofethanoltodivertcornfromthefoodandfeed-grainsupply.③Theremaybeacaseforbiofuelsproducedonlandsthatdonotproducefoods—treecrops(likepalmoil),grassesandwoodproducts—butthere‘snocasefordolingoutsubsidiestoputtheworld‘sdinnerintothegas.④Third,weurgentlyneedtoweatherprooftheworld‘scropsassoonandaseffectivelyaspossible.⑤Forapoorfarmer,sometimessomethingassimpleasafarmpond–whichcollectsrainwatertobeusedforemergencyirrigationinadryspell–canmakethedifferencebetweenabountifulcropandafamine.⑥TheworldhasalreadycommittedtoestablishingaClimateAdaptationFundtohelppoorregionsclimate-proofvitaleconomicactivitiessuchasfoodproductionandhealthcarebuthasnotyetacteduponthepromise.[A]poor41.Anti-hungernsare[B]allthe42.Productionofbiofuelsissubsidized[C]theClimateAdaptation riotsoccurred[D]theGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TB44.Theeffortswerenotsosuccessful45.Food esmoreserious[F][G]theUSand大纲样题（二WhattodoasaVariousdefinitionsofIdeasshouldalwaysbeAccidentcanbeisequivalenttotheftTheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother 'sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone'sideas.Simplystated,is―thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone‘sownoftheidea,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.‖Thepenaltiesforvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmanyrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworld,wherewritesareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentionto ationoftheirsources.Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholar‘sideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforsourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents‘inexactnessinsourcesproperly.Theybyaccident,bysourcesproperly.Theybyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter‘sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfor notetaking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography–areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,‖thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguagesofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyintention.Theoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,