2023年北京外国语大学英语专业硕士面试题稿

AbstractTheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage(TOEFL)containsadirectwritingassessment,andexamineesaregiventheoptionofcomposingtheirresponsesatacomputerterminalusingakeyboardorcomposingtheirresponsesinhandwriting.(2)Thisstudysoughttodeterminewhetherperformanceonadirectwritingassessmentiscomparableforexamineeswhengiventhechoicetocomposeessaysinhandwritingversuswordprocessing.(3)WeexaminedthisrelationshipcontrollingforEnglishlanguageproficiencyandseveraldemographiccharacteristicsofexamineesusinglinearmodels.(4)Wefoundaweaktwo-wayinteractionbetweencompositionmediumandEnglishlanguageproficiencywithexamineeswithweakerEnglishlanguagescoresperformingbetteronhandwrittenessayswhileexamineeswithbetterEnglishlanguagescoresperformingcomparablyonthetwotestingmedia.(5)Wealsoobservedpredictabledifferencesassociatedwithgeographicregion,nativelanguage,gender,andage.Thefunctionofsentence(1)isto:

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discusstheresultsandtheirimplications.Thefunctionofsentence(2)isto:

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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discusstheresultsandtheirimplications.Thefunctionofsentence(3)isto:

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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discusstheresultsandtheirimplications.Thefunctionofsentence(4)isto:

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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discusstheresultsandtheirimplications.Thefunctionofsentence(5)isto:

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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discusstheresultsandtheirimplications.1.A:Yes,thissentencegivesinformationaboutthetest(theTOEFL)whichwasthecontextofthestudy.

2.B：

Yes,"Thisstudysought..."isatypicalbeginningtoastatementoftheaimsofthestudy.3.CYes,"Weexamined..."introducesastatementaboutwhattheydidandhowtheydidit.4.D.Yes,"Weexamined..."introducesastatementaboutwhattheydidandhowtheydidit.5.E.Yes,"Wefound..."isatypicalwaytopresentresultsAbstractThepresentresearchexaminesvisualperceptioninbothtypicalandatypicaldevelopments.(2)Toexaminetheprocessesbywhichperceptualmechanismsbecomeattunedtothecontingenciesofaffectivesignalsintheenvironment,theauthorsmeasuredthesequential,content-basedpropertiesoffeaturedetectioninemotionrecognitionprocesses.(3)Toevaluatetheroleofexperience,theycomparedtypicallydevelopingchildrenwithphysicallyabusedchildren,whowerepresumedtohaveexperiencedhighlevelsofthreatorhostility.(4)Aspredicted,physicallyabusedchildrenaccuratelyidentifiedfacialdisplaysofangeronthebasisoflesssensoryinputthandidcontrols,whichsuggeststhatphysicallyabusedchildrenhavefacilitatedaccesstorepresentationsofanger.(5)Thefindingsarediscussedintermsofexperientialprocessesinperceptuallearning.Thefunctionofsentence(1)isto:

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.Thefunctionofsentence(2)isto:

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.Thefunctionofsentence(3)isto:

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describethebackgroundsituation.

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statetheproblemtobestudied.

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.Thefunctionofsentence(4)isto:

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describethebackgroundsituation.

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statetheproblemtobestudied.

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.Thefunctionofsentence(5)isto:

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describethebackgroundsituation.

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statetheproblemtobestudied.

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describetheirproceduresandmethods.

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presenttheresults.

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statehowtheresultsarediscussed.B．Yes,thissentencestatestheproblemtobestudied.Notethetypicalexpression"Thepresentresearchexamines..."C：Yes,"...theauthorsmeasured..."indicatestheirmethodsC:Yes,thisisasecondsentencedescribingtheirmethods.Note:"...theycompared..."anexpressionwhichindicatestheirmethods..D:Yes,"Aspredicted,"indicatestheyaregoingtopresenttheirresults.D:Yes,"Thefindingsarediscussed..."isasynonymof"Theresultsarediscussed..".E:Yes,"Thefindingsarediscussed..."isasynonymof"Theresultsarediscussed..".Readthesampleessaybelowandthenanalyseit.TheCostofTourismintheCookIslandsIntheory,tourismbringssubstantialeconomicbenefitstoacountry.Butwhogainsthewealthgenerated?InrecenttimestouroperatorshavebroughtlargenumbersoftouriststotheCookIslandstoenjoytheirbeautyandthetraditionallifestyle.Localpeoplemeetthisdemandintheformofprofitgeneration.CanitbearguedthattourismintheCookIslandshasbroughtwealthandwell-beingforthemajorityofthelocalpopulation?Tourismisalsopromotedascreatingjobsandfosteringsocialrelations,andinparticularabetterunderstandingbetweennations.However,thereis,accordingtooneresearcher,"agrowingbodyofempiricalevidencethattheso-called'benefits'oftourismareoftengreatlyoutweighedbythesubstantiallong-termsocialandenvironmentalcostsincurred"(Mercer,1994,p.127).ThisessaywillarguethatinthecaseoftheCookIslands,tourism'seconomicandsocialbenefitsareunfortunatelyunrealisedidealsandthatinsteadithasputstressesandstrainsonboththecountry'seconomicwellbeinganditssocialvalues.Turningfirsttotheallegedeconomicbenefitsoftourism,wecanseethatinthecaseoftheCookIslands,thereisavarietyofsourcesofincomefromtouristreceipts.Accordingtoa1991visitorsurvey(TourismCounciloftheSouthPacific,1991),afterbeachactivitiesandnaturalscenery(62%),visitorstotheCookIslandsarelookingforentertainmentandfolkloreandcultureexperiences(27%).Touristscontributetothelocaleconomybyspendingmoneyontraveltoandaroundthecountry,aswellasonaccommodation,food,entertainmentandsouvenirs.Resultsfromthissamesurvey,forexample,revealedthatinthesurveyperiod(October1991toFebruary1992)closeto90%oftouristssurveyedstayedinhotelsorsimilaraccommodation.Also,closeto70%oftotaltouristexpenditurewasonaccommodation,restaurantsandbars,withafurther16%ontransport,toursandentertainment(TourismCounciloftheSouthPacific,1991).Touristsarethushelpingtocreatejobswhicharebasedonmakingthemfeelwelcomeandatthesametimetheyputcashintotheeconomydirectlybypayingforservices.Therearedownsideshowever.TheCookIslandsdoesnothavethecapacitytoownandmaintainbusinessessuchaslargeairlinecompaniesortouristhotels.TheyareownedbyothercountriessuchasNewZealandormultinationalconglomerates.Thecostoftravelandaccommodation,whichconstitutesalargepartofatourist'sexpenditure,goesdirectlytotheforeign-ownedairlinesandhotels.Theseoutsideinterestsdrawthebulkoftheprofittheycreateoutofthecountry.Littleofitreachesthelocaleconomy.AccordingtoMilne(1987),overseasoperatorsreceiveapproximately60%ofalltouristreceipts,whilelocalEuropeansreceive23%,withtheremaining17%flowingtoCookIslandsownedenterprises.Itislikelythatthesedisproportionatesharesofcontrolofthetouristdollarwillhavespinoffeffectsonthesocialfabric.AsMilneclaims"thecrucialfactorindeterminingthelevelofnegativesocialimpactsisthedegreetowhichlocalparticipationintheownershipandcontroloftheindustryisundermined"(Milne,1987,p.120).TourismintheCookIslandsinthelateeightiesappearstohaveprovidedoverwhelmingeconomicbenefittoforeignersratherthanthelocalpopulation.Thismaywellhaveimpactednegativelyonthesocialfabric.Itisbeyondthescopeoftheessaytoexaminethis,butMilne'sclaimseemsareasonableone.Thecreationofjobsisoftenclaimedtobeoneofthepositivesideeffectsoftourism.However,accordingMilne(1987,p.134)"Despitetotalling95%ofthepopulation,CookTurningtothesupposedsocialbenefitsoftourism,wecanalsoseesomediscrepanciesbeneaththesurfaceideals.Totakeadvantageofanyothermoneythetouristsarepreparedtospend,CookIslanderscourttouristswiththeirownenterprises.Buttouristshavetheirownsetofimagesabouttheculturebeforetheyevensetfootinthecountry,andwhentheyarrivetheyseektoaffirmtheseimages.Touristsusuallyonlywanttoseewhatispleasantandenjoyablewhetherornottheyareexperiencingtrulyauthenticfeaturesofasociety.Thisexplainsforexamplethepopularityofthe'traditional'CookIslandtapaclothsandlavalavaswhichareimportedfromafactoryinNewZealand.Thecostinculturaltermsisborneoutfurtherbyanotherrealitylyingbehindtheideal.Tourismisclaimedtodrawdifferentculturestogether.However,whatoftenresultsfromthisculturalmixingoffirstandthirdworldpopulationsisculturalenvy(Milne,1987,p.127).Withincreasedexposuretowesternlifestyleslocalpeoplestarttoemulateaspectsofwesternculturesuchasconsumerismandtheconsumptionofalcohol,withtheexpectednegativeresults.AlloftheselessthanidealrealitiesbeneathapositivesurfaceindicatethatasfarastheCookIslandsareconcerned,fortherelativelylowfinancialreturnthattourismofferstothelocalpopulation,thesocialcostsaretoohigh.Itisworthconsideringwhateconomicbenefitsmightbefoundinlesssociallydamagingandeconomicallymoreeffectiveformsoftheindustry.Tuara(1990)forexamplecontainsadetaileddiscussionofanappropriatemodelforsustainabletourismdevelopmentbasedontheexperienceofBarbados,andinarecentdiscussionoftheroleofecotourisminthePacific,Hallconcludes:"toneglectthesocialdimensionofdevelopmentandpeople'srelationshiptotheirenvironmentisinoppositiontotheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment"(1994,p.154).HecitesastudyofecotourismintheSolomonIslands(Rudkin,1994),where"developmentproposalsservedonlytoreinforcethepowerandwealthof'bigmen'attheexpenseofthewiderindigenouscommunity".TheCookIslandscouldperhapsavoidthereinforcementofsimilarexistingpowerrelationsiftouristplanningwasmoreunderthecontrolofthoseaffectedbyit.ControloftheCookIslandstourismindustrybylocalpeople,trainingoflocalpeopleandadvicefromthoseoutsidersworkingalongsideinapartnershipmodecouldmeanthattourismbringsmanymorebenefitsandfewercosts.1145wordsReferencesHall,C.M.(1994).EcotourisminAustralia,NewZealandandtheSouthPacific:Appropriatetourismoranewformofecologicalimperialism?InE.Carter&G.Lowman(Eds.),Ecotourism:Asustainableoption?(pp.137-157).Chichester:JohnWiley&Sons.Mercer,D.(1994).Nativepeoplesandtourism:Conflictandcompromise.InW.Theobold(Ed.),Globaltourism:Thenextdecade(pp.124-145).Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.Milne,S.(1987).TheCookIslands'touristindustry:Ownershipandplanning.PacificViewpoint,28(2),119-138.Rudkin,B.(1994).Ecotourism:Passagetosustainabledevelopment?Unpublishedmaster'sthesis,MasseyUniversity,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand.TourismCounciloftheSouthPacific.(1991).CookIslandsVisitorSurvey1991:SurveyReportNo.13.Suva:TourismCounciloftheSouthPacific.Tuara,P.N.(1990).TowardssustainabletourismdevelopmentintheCookIslands:LessonsinexperiencefromBarbados.Unpublishedmaster'sthesis,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Analysis：Para.1Thisistheintroductoryparagraph,givingthebackgroundtotheessayandspecifyingitsfocus.ThisessaywillarguethatinthecaseoftheCookIslands,tourism'seconomicandsocialbenefitsareunfortunatelyunrealisedidealsandthatinsteadithasputstressesandstrainsonboththecountry'seconomicwellbeinganditssocialvalues.Thisisthethesisstatementoftheessay.Itoutlinestheargumentoftheessay.Italsoindicateslimitationoftheessaytoaparticulartopicarea.Para.2Thisparagraphoutlinessomeoftheclaimedeconomicbenefits.Turningfirsttotheallegedeconomicbenefitsoftourism,wecanseethatinthecaseoftheCookIslands,thereisavarietyofsourcesofincomefromtouristreceipts.Thisisthetopicsentenceofthisparagraph.Para.3:Thisandthefollowingparagraphcritiquethepointofviewexpressedinthepreviousparagraphanddisclosethenegativeeffectsoftourismonthecountry'seconomicwellbeing.Thisparagraphconsiderstheissuesofownershipandcontroloftheindustry.TourismintheCookIslandsinth