Confucianism孔子儒家文化

Confucianism

ConfucianismisaChineseethical(伦理的道德的)andphilosophicalsystemdevelopedfromtheteachingsoftheChinesephilosopherConfucius(K’ung-fu-tzu,lit.“MasterKong”,551–478BC).Confucianismoriginatedasan“ethical-sociopolitical(社会政治的)teaching”duringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,butlaterdevelopedmetaphysical(纯哲学的)andcosmological(宇宙论的)elementsintheHanDynasty.1FollowingtheabandonmentofLegalism(法家)inChinaaftertheQinDynasty,ConfucianismbecametheofficialstateideologyofChina,untilitwasreplacedbythe“ThreePrinciplesofthePeople”ideologywiththeestablishmentoftheRepublicofChina,andthenMaoistCommunism(毛派工厂主义)aftertheROCwasreplacedbythePeople'sRepublicofChinainMainlandChina.CulturesandcountriesstronglyinfluencedbyConfucianismincludemainlandChina,Taiwan,Korea,JapanandVietnam,aswellasvariousterritoriessettledpredominantly(占主导地位的)byChinesepeople,suchasSingapore.AlthoughConfucianideasprevailintheseareas,fewpeopleoutsideofacademia(学术界)identifythemselvesasConfucian,andinsteadseeConfucianethicsasacomplementaryguidelineforotherideologiesandbeliefs,includingdemocracy,Marxism,capitalism,Christianity,IslamandBuddhism.Humanismisatthecore(核心)inConfucianism.AsimplewaytoappreciateConfucianthoughtistoconsideritasbeingbasedonvaryinglevelsofhonesty,andasimplewaytounderstandConfucianthoughtistoexaminetheworldbyusingthelogicofhumanity.Inpractice,theprimaryfoundationandfunctionofConfucianismisasanethicalphilosophytobepracticedbyallthemembersofasociety.Confucianethicsischaracterizedbythepromotionofvirtues,encompassed(包含)bytheFiveConstants(五常),extrapolated(外推)byConfucianscholarsduringtheHanDynasty.ThefivevirtuesareRen(仁,Humaneness),Yi(義,RighteousnessorJustice),Li(禮,ProprietyorEtiquette),Zhi(智,Knowledge),Xin(信,Integrity).TheyareaccompaniedbytheclassicalSizi(四字)withfourvirtues:Zhong(忠,Loyalty),Xiao(孝,Filialpiety),Jie(節,Continency),Yi(義,Righteousness).Therearestillmanyotherelements,suchasCheng(誠,honesty),Shu(恕,kindnessandforgiveness),Lian(廉,honestyandcleanness),Chi(恥,shame,judgeandsenseofrightandwrong),Yong(勇,bravery),Wen(溫,kindandgentle),Liang(良,good,kindhearted),Gong(恭,respectful,reverent),Jian(儉,frugal),Rang(讓,modestly,self-effacing).Amongallelements,Ren(Humanity)andYi(Righteousness)arefundamental.RenRenisoneofthebasicvirtuespromotedbyConfucius,andisanobligationofaltruism(利他主义)andhumanenessforotherindividualswithinacommunity.Confuciusneverstatedwhethermanwasborngoodorevil,notingthat‘Bynaturemenaresimilar;bypracticemenarewideapart’—implyingthatwhethergoodorbad,Confuciusmusthaveperceivedallmentobebornwithintrinsic(内在的)similarities,butthatmanisconditionedandinfluencedbystudyandpractice.RelationshipsRelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone‘sparticularsituationinrelationtoothers.Theindividualstandssimultaneously(同时的)inseveraldifferentrelationshipswithdifferentpeople:asajunior(资浅的)inrelationtoparentsandelders,andasasenior(资深的)inrelationtoyoungersiblings(兄弟姐妹),students,andothers.WhilejuniorsareconsideredinConfucianismtoowetheirseniorsreverence,seniorsalsohavedutiesofbenevolence(仁慈)andconcerntowardjuniors.Thisthemeofmutualityisprevalent(流行的)inEastAsiancultureseventothisday.RelationshipsSocialharmony—thegreatgoalofConfucianism—thereforeresultsinpartfromeveryindividualknowinghisorherplaceinthesocialorder,andplayinghisorherpartwell.WhenDukeJingofQiaskedaboutgovernment,bywhichhemeantproperadministration(行政)soastobringsocialharmony,Confuciusreplied:Thereisgovernment,whentheprinceisprince,andtheministerisminister;whenthefatherisfather,andthesonisson.(君君，臣臣，父父，子子)InfluenceofConfucianism1.Confucianism,aphilosophyratherthanareligion,wasaseriesofcodes(礼教习俗)forChina‘spopulationtoabide(遵守)by.2.Itwashopedthatbyfollowingsuchaconductofbenevolence(善心)thepopulationwouldharmoniouslylivetogetherunderthetraditionalChinesesystem,afeudalsystemofaltruisticdespotism(利他的专制主义).3.Thepopulacewereexpectedtoobeytheirseniors(hierarchicalpaternalism分层家长作风),tobeselflessandstrivefor(努力奋斗)thecommongood.4.Temperancewasplacedasaprimaryvirtue.TheemperorandthoseinpositionsofpowerwerealsoexpectedtofollowtheConfucianPrinciplesofGovernment,therebylesseningtheEmperor‘sclaimtohisdivine(神授的)right.5.Confuciussuggestedthatthegovernorsshould"rulethepeoplewithloveandtrainpeopletolearngoodmanners".Confuciusdreamedthatbysodoing,thecountrywouldbeasstrongashisideal,the

WesternZhouDynastywhen"allorderswereissuedbytheemperor".InfluenceinmoderntimesImportantmilitaryandpoliticalfiguresinmodernChinesehistorycontinuedtobeinfluencedbyConfucianism,liketheMuslimwarlordMaFuxiang.27TheNewLifeMovementreliedheavilyonConfucianism.TheKuomintangpartypurged清除China‘seducationsystemofwesternideas,introducingConfucianismintothecurriculum课程.Educationcameunderthetotalcontrolofstate,whichmeant,ineffect,theKuomintangparty,viatheMinistryofEducation.MilitaryandpoliticalclassesontheKuomintang'sThreePrinciplesofthePeople（三民主義）wereadded.Textbooks,exams,degreesandeducationalinstructorswereallcontr