TPO40 阅读文本答案翻译

TPO-40AncientAthensOneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens'firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway,Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,andhundredsofcommissioners.Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,andcourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmatters.Variouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,thefoodandwatersuppliesandpublicbuildings.Thiswide-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,lessliberalforms.TheeffectofCleisthenes'reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheniancommunityasawholeoverlocalinstitutionswithoutdestroyingthem.Nationalpoliticsratherthanlocalordemepoliticsbecamethefocalpoint.Atthesametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:Athensitself.OverthenexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes'reformswerefhllyexploited.DuringthefifthcenturyB.C.thecouncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.■Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.■Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"theAtheniandemocracywasastunningsuccess.Neverbefore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.■ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.■P1：OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGreekcity-states?Mostcity-statesfollowedthemodelprovidedbyAthens.Mostcity-stateswerebasedonaristocraticrule.Differenttypesofgovernmentandorganizationwereusedbydifferentcity-states.By500BC.thecity-stateswerenolongerpowerful.P2：Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.Accordingtoparagraph2,Athenshadallofthefollowingbeforebecomingacity-stateEXCEPTacouncilmadeupofaristocratsanassemblymadeupofmenaconstitutionthatwasfullydemocraticofficialswhowereelectedyearlyP3：ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens'firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway,Accordingtoparagraph3,animportanteffectofmakingwealththebasisofofficeholdingwastomakefewerpeoplequalifiedtobemembersoftheassemblymakeitpossiblefornon-aristocratstoholdofficehelpthearistocratsmaintainpowerIncreaseeconomicopportunitiesforallAtheniancitizensTheword“abolishing"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtolimitingeliminatingrevisingsupervisingInparagraph3,theauthor'sexplanationoftheword“tyranny"indicatesthatmostAthenianswereopposedtorulebythePeisistratidsthewordhadasomewhatdifferentmeaningfortheAtheniansthanitdoesforpeopletodaythetyrantsweresupportedbythearistocracythewordcanbeappliedonlytoruthlessdictatorsAccordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofthePeisistratids'ruleEXCEPT:Anationalsystemofcoinswascreated.Judgeswereappointedacrosstheregion.Newfestivalswereadded.Increasedattentionwasfocusedonlocalvillages.Theword“embellishing"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtomakingmoreattractiveprovidingsupportforduplicatingcontrollingWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Cleisthenes,areformerwhorecognizedthataristocraticcontrolhadbeendecreasingsincetheendofthepreviouscentury,finallydrovethetyrantsoutofAthensin508B.C.Thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenesputinplacethestructuresthatcompletedtheweakeningofthearistocracy.Bydrivingoutthetyrants,Cleisthenesenabledthereformsthathadbeenunderwaysincetheendofthecenturytoreachtheirfinalformin508B.C.Towardtheendofthecentury,thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.CleisthenessawthatitwastimetochangethestructuresthathadreducedaristocraticcontrolP4：Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,andhundredsofcommissioners.Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,andcourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmatters.Variouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,thefoodandwatersuppliesandpublicbuildings.Thiswide-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,lessliberalforms.Toomanywordsyoudon'tknow?Lookthemupin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》Wechat:geeqi0805Accordingtoparagraph4,oneeffectofmakingthedemesthepointofentryforciviclifewastoensurethateveryregionhadthesamenumberofcommissionersdistributethepopulationmoreequallythroughouttheAthensregionlimitthenumberofaristocraticclansreducetheimportanceoffamilyconnectionsAccordingtoparagraph4,oneroleofthenewcouncilwastodeterminewhatissuescamebeforetheassemblypreparetheagendaforthecourtscarryouttheassembly'spoliciesD.overseethedistributionoffoodandwaterP5：TheeffectofCleisthenes'reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheniancommunityasawholeoverlocalinstitutionswithoutdestroyingthem.Nationalpoliticsratherthanlocalordemepoliticsbecamethefocalpoint.Atthesametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:Athensitself.OverthenexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes'reformswerefhllyexploited.Theword“exploited"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoseparatedunderstoodutilizedexportedYouenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》Theword“stunning"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtopopularuniversalimpressiveContinuingDuringthefifthcenturyB.C.thecouncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.■Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.■Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"theAtheniandemocracywasastunningsuccess.Neverbefore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.■ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.■Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Indeed,attheheightofAtheniandemocracytherewasnogovernmentseparatefromitscitizenry.Wheredoesthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectedTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.SomesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinThtihseqpuaesstaigoen.isworth2points.Between600B.C.and450B.C.,Athenschangedthedistributionofpoliticalpowerbetweenthearistocracyandordinarycitizens.AnswerChoicesTheriseofthecity-stateputenormouspressureonthearistocracytochangeitstraditionaloflifetomakeitappearmoreinharmonywiththevaluesofclassicalAthenianculture.ThearistocratsstagedelaboratefestivalsthatfocusedattentiononAthensinsteadofthesurroundingvillages.Cleisthenes'reformsreducedaristocraticpowerbyreorganizingthecitizenbodyandchangingtheentrypointstociviclifesothatpoliticalpowerdidnotrelyontraditionalfamilyandclstructures.Thearistocracy'smonopolyonpoliticalpowerendedwithSolon'sreforms,anditspoliticalinfluencewasfurthererodedbythecentralizationofadministrationunderthetyrants.Cleisthenesgaveeachtribeanequalnumberofcouncilmembers,jurors,generals,andcommissioners.Overtime,astheall-citizenassemblytookonmoreandmoreoftheactualexerciseofpolitipower,ordinarycitizensparticipatedinpubliclifemorefullythaneverbefore.参考答案：1-5:CCBBB 6-10:DABDA11-14:CCCCDFIfyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthetextsoranswers,feelfreetocontactWechat:geeqi0805.IfyouaretiredoflookingupTPOwordsinadictionary,try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》参考译文：古雅典从公元前800年到公元前500年，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的兴起，或者说城市的兴起。每个城邦也都形成了适合自身情况的政府制度。已存在的雅典贵族和新兴的其他阶层之间的政治权力分享，以及贵族们为适应新的城邦生活所做的调整，这些就是当时雅典所面对并解决了的问题。所有这些元素的和谐融合，造就了雅典的古典文化。进入城邦时代后，雅典有着其他希腊各州的传统组织，这些州是民主机构的原型：包括一个成年男性公民大会，一个贵族委员会，以及每年选出的官员。公元前600年到公元前450年之间，雅典人从这个传统框架中发展出一个希腊人认为完全成熟的民主宪法，尽管享有投票权的人群并没有现在的人多。梭伦在公元前594年发起了改革的第一步。他打破了贵族对选举的束缚，将任职资格建立在财富而不是血统上，废除普通雅典民众对贵族的经济义务，并允许公民大会（其中所有公民都是平等的成员）在某些情况下驳回地方法院的决定。在公元前6世纪剩余的时间里，专制政府的兴起进一步削弱了雅典贵族的实力。专制政府指的是政府被一个铁腕人物暂时管理（不是我们现在意义上所说的由一个无情的独裁者统治）。庇西特拉替德，作为铁腕人物的继承者（由王朝创始人庇西特拉图而来），不惜牺牲雅典贵族的权利，加强了中央政府管理，在所有地区任命法官，创建雅典第一套国家货币制度，并且对于关注雅典，而非周边地区当地村庄的节日，增加数量并且注重装饰。到世纪末，改革时机更为成熟时，铁腕人物被驱逐，并在公元前508年，新的改革者克利斯提尼最终减少了贵族的控制。克利斯提尼对于创造雅典民主的主要贡献，是他完成了弱化家族和宗族结构（尤其是贵族家族和宗族结构）的漫长历程，并且在他们所在地方设置基于位置的团体——称为群落，这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的切入点。群落外面还建有10个人口数量相当的人工部落。群落中，通过选举或评选产生一个由500名成员组成的新理事会，6000名法庭陪审员，10位将军，数百名委员。公民大会在所有问题上都是至高无上的，但在实际中其权力下放给了下属机构，如理事会为公民大会的会议制定会议议程，而法庭则是处理大多数司法事务的。各委员会作为一个执行部门，负责实施公民大会的各项政策，并监督诸如食品、供水和公共建筑的事情。这种公民大范围参与的政府，使得雅典城邦的民主形式与其他没那么自由的民主形式截然不同。《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》，配合TPO使用，带你高效做题+背单词。Wechat:geeqi0805克利斯提尼改革的效果是使得雅典社会作为一个整体，比当地组织更优越但却没有摧毁它们。国家政治而非局部或群落政治成为了焦点。同时，群落层面也开始进入国家政治，国家政治也使得当地的忠诚转向了雅典本身。在接下来的两个世纪里，克利斯提尼改革的影响得到了充分利用。在公元前第五世纪，这个500人的理事会在制定政策时影响极大。然而，在接下来的一个世纪，成熟的公民大会承担了决策制定的责任。除了那些被所谓的“下等人”抢了风头的贵族，雅典的民主政治无论以什么标准来衡量都可以说是惊人的成功。如此多的人参与了真正意义上的自我管理，可谓前无古人，后无来者。正是这种参与公共生活的机会激励了希腊古典文化开始走向辉煌。LatitudeandBiodiversityWhenwelookatthewayinwhichbiodiversity(biologicaldiversity)isdistributedoverthelandsurfaceoftheplanet,wefindthatitisfarfromeven.Thetropicscontainmanymorespeciesoverallthananequivalentareaatthehigherlatitudes.Thisseemstobetrueformanydifferentgroupsofanimalsandplants.■Whyisitthathigherlatitudeshavelowerdiversitiesthanthetropics?■Perhapsitissimplyamatteroflandarea._・Thetropicscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudes—afactthatisnotalwaysevidentwhenweexaminecommonlyusedprojectionsofEarth'scurvedsurface,sincethistendstoexaggeratetheareasoflandinthehigherlatitudes—andsomebiogeographersJLregardthedifferencesindiversityasareflectionofthiseffect,■ButananalysisofthedatabybiologistKlausRohdedoesnotsupportthisexplanation.Althoughareamaycontributetobiodiversity,itiscertainlynotthewholestory;otherwise,largelandmasseswouldalwaysbericherinspecies.Productivityseemstobeinvolvedinstead,thoughperhapsitsinfluenceisindirect.Whereconditionsaremostsuitableforplantgrowth—thatis,wheretemperaturesarerelativelyhighanduniformandwherethereisanamplesupplyofwater—oneusuallyfindslargemassesofvegetation.Thisleadstoacomplexstructureinthelayersofplantmaterial.Inatropicalrainforest,forexample,averylargequantityofplantmaterialbuildsupabovethesurfaceoftheground.Thereisalsoalargemassofmaterial,developedbelowgroundasroottissues,butthisislessapparent.Carefulanalysisoftheabovegroundmaterialrevealsthatitisarrangedinaseriesoflayers,theprecisenumberoflayersvaryingwithageandthenatureoftheforest.Thearrangementofthebiologicalmass("biomass")ofthevegetationintolayeredformsistermedits“structure”(asopposedtoits“composition,”whichreferstothespeciesoforganismsformingthecommunity).Structureisessentiallythearchitectureofvegetation,andasinthecaseoftropicalforests,itcanbeextremelycomplicated.InamaturefloodplaintropicalforestintheAmazonRiverbasin,thecanopy(theuppermostlayersofaforest,formedbythecrownsoftrees)takesonastratifiedstructure.Therearethreeclearpeaksinleafcoveratheightsofapproximately3,6,and30metersabovetheground;andtheveryhighestlayer,at50meters,correspondstotheverytalltreesthatstandfreeofthemaincanopyandformanopenlayeroftheirown.So,suchaforestcontainsessentiallyfourlayersofcanopy.Forestsintemperatelandsoftenhavejusttwocanopylayers,sotheyhavemuchlesscomplexarchitecture.Toomanywordsyoudon'tknow?Lookthemupin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》Structurehasastronginfluenceontheanimallifeinhabitingasite.Itformsthespatialenvironmentwithinwhichananimalfeeds,movesaroundshelters,lives,andbreeds.Itevenaffectstheclimateonaverylocallevel(the"microclimate")byinfluencinglightintensity,humidity,andboththerangeandextremesoftemperature.Anareaofgrasslandvegetationwithverysimplestructure,forexample,hasaverydifferentmicroclimateatthegroundlevelfromthatexperiencedintheuppercanopy.Windspeedsarelower,temperaturesarelowerduringtheday(butwarmeratnight),andtherelativehumidityismuchgreaterneartheground.Thecomplexityofthemicroclimateiscloselyrelatedtothecomplexityofstructureinvegetation,andgenerallyspeaking,themorecomplexthestructureofvegetation,themorespeciesofanimalareabletomakealivingthere.Thehighplantbiomassofthetropicsleadstoagreaterspatialcomplexityintheenvironment,andthisleadstoahigherpotentialfordiversityinthelivingthingsthatcanoccupyaregion.Theclimatesofthehigherlatitudesaregenerallylessfavorablefortheaccumulationoflargequantitiesofbiomass;hence,thestructureofvegetationissimplerandtheanimaldiversityisconsequentlylower.Theword“distributed"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtorepresentedcollectedspreadmanagedTheword“overall”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoconsideredasawholetosomedegreepossiblyevidentlyYouenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》Wechat:geeqi0805Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.SomebiogeographersbelievethatthetropicshavelargersurfaceareasthantheyactuallydobecauseofthedistortionsproducedbyprojectionsofEarth'scurvedsurfaceHighlevelsofdiversityinthetropicsaresometimesattributedtothefactthatthetropicshavemoresurfaceareaoflandthanthehigherlatitudesdo,thoughdistortionsincommonlyusedprojectionsmayseemtosuggestotherwise.BecausebiogeographersdisagreeonwhetherornotthetropicsarecorrectlyrepresentedinprojectionsofEarthssurface,itisdifficulttodeterminetherelationshiptheirsurfaceareahastotheirdiversityMostbiogeographersagreethatthetropicscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudesdo，buttheydisagreeonwhetherornotthetropics'levelofdiversityisareflectionofthatlargersurfacearea.Whydoestheauthormention“KlausRohde"inthepassage?TosupporttheargumentthatlargelandmassesareusuallyricherinspeciesthansmalleronesareTointroducetheargumentthatthereareotherfactorscontributingtospeciesdiversitybesideslandareaTocastdoubtonwhetherthetropicsactuallycontainhigherspeciesdiversitythanlandathigherlatitudesdoesToemphasizethatbiogeographersandbiologistsdifferintheirapproachestobiodiversityWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph3asaconditionthatbenefitsplantgrowth?HightemperaturesSteadytemperaturesHighlatitudePlentifulwaterTheword“precise"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoexactpredictedapproximaterequiredParagraph3mentionswhichofthefollowingascreatingthestructuralcomplexityofaforest?TheheightoftheverytallesttreesintheforestThenumberoflayersofcanopyThefrequencyoffloodsalongtheplainTheageoftheroottissuesbelowthegroundAccordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthedifferencebetweenstructureandcomposition?“Structure”referstothearrangementofplantmaterialabovethegroundsurface;“composition”referstothearrangementofroottissuesbelowthesurfaceoftheground.“Structure”referstotheageoftheforest;“composition”referstotheforest'snature.“Structure”referstothearrangementofplantspeciesinanarea,“composition”referstowhichplantspeciesarepresentinthearea.“Structure”referstotheshapeoftheforestcanopy;“composition”referstothenumberofcrownsformingthecanopy.Whydoestheauthormention“maturefloodplaintropicalforestintheAmazonRiverbasin”inthepassage?TodisputetheideathattropicalforestsarearrangedinlayersTogiveanexampleofthecomplexarchitecturevegetationdisplaysinadenseareaTosuggestthatthelayersofcanopyinsometropicalforestscanexceedtheusualthreeorfourToemphasizethatthelayersofcanopyinatropicalforestgiveevidenceofthenumberoflayersofroottissuesbelowthegroundWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph4asanaspectofmicroclimate?TemperaturerangeRelativehumidityLightintensitySeasonalvariationsWhatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutaregionwithahighlevelofdiversityofanimalspecies?Italsohasahighlevelofplantspeciesdiversity.IthasrelativelyfewmicroclimatesItdevelopsalesscomplexstructurethandoesaregionwithahighplantspeciesdiversity.ItdevelopsabiomasssimilartothatofhigherlatitudesTheword“consequently"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtousuallyobviouslyhoweverthereforeLookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.OneexampleofsuchtropicalabundanceisfoundinPanama,whichhas667speciesofbreedingbirds-threetimesthenumberfoundinAlaska.Wheredoesthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectedTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Anumberoffactorsmayhelpaccountforthedifferenceinbiodiversitybetweenlowandhighlatitudes.AnswerChoicesThoughlandareamayberelatedtoaregion'sbiodiversity,itisnotaprimarydeterminingfactor.Astructureofvaryingheightsisfoundinbothtropicalandtemperateforests.Themorecomplexthestructureofthevegetationofaregion,themorespeciesitisabletosupport.Regionspossessingconditionsthatarefavorableforplantgrowthtendtohaveabundantanddiversevegetationthatsupportsalargenumberofspecies.Thedifferenceinmicroclimatebetweenaground-levelcanopyandanupper-levelcanopyisresponsibleforthenumberofspeciesthatinhabiteachcanopy.Thetemperaturerangeofaregiondeterminesthenumberofanimalsthatfeed,movearound,shelterthemselves,live,andbreedinthatregion.参考答案：1-5:CABBC 6-10:ABCBD11-14:ADAACDIfyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthetextsoranswers,feelfreetocontactWechat:geeqi0805.IfyouaretiredoflookingupTPOwordsinadictionary,try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》参考译文：纬度与生物多样性当我们在研究生物多样性在地球表面的分布方式时，我们发现这种分布是很不均匀的。总的来说，热带地区比高纬度地区同等面积要包含更多的物种。这对许多不同的动物和植物群体来说似乎如此。为什么高纬度地区要比热带物种数量少？这也许仅仅是与土地面积有关。热带地区比高纬度地区土地面积更大——当我们在审视通常所用的地球曲面投影时，这一事实并不总是显而易见的，因为这往往夸大了高纬度的土地面积——一些生物地理学家认为物种多样性的差异反映了这一点。但生物学家克劳斯罗德的数据分析并不支持这样的解释。虽然面积可能影响生物多样性，这当然不是全部的影响因素；否则，面积大的陆块总会有更丰富的物种。生产力似乎也有作用，但也许它的作用是间接的。那些条件最适合植物生长的地方，即温度相对比较高，温差小，有充足水源的地方，通常会有大量的植被。这就导致了一个复杂的植物体层级结构。例如，在一个热带雨林中，有大量的植物体生长在地面之上，也有大量的不显眼的根系组织位于地下。仔细分析地面以上的部分，发现它分成很了多层，层的具体数目随着森林的年龄和性质而变化。植被的生物量的分层形式被称为“结构”（区别于“组成”，指的是形成群落的各种物种）。结构基本上是植被的架构。对于热带森林来说，结构是非常复杂的。在一个成熟的亚马逊冲积平原的热带森林中，树冠（森林最上面的层，由树木的冠组成）就是一个分层结构。枯枝落叶层有三个明显的峰值，分别在距离地面3米、6米和30米的高度；在最高的那一层，约在距离地面50米高的地方，非常高大的树木并不属于主冠，而是形成自己的一层。所以，这样的森林本质上包含了四层树冠。温带的森林通常只有2个冠层，所以它们的结构没那么复杂。结构对栖息在一个地方的动物的生活有很大的影响。它构成了动物觅食、在周围活动、生活和繁殖的空间环境。它甚至会通过影响光照强度、湿度以及最高温度和最低温度来影响当地气候（“小气候”）。例如，结构简单的草地，它在地面的微气候就和上层的树冠层不同。接近地面的地方，风速较低，白天气温也低（但夜间比较高），相对湿度更大。小气候的复杂性与植被结构的复杂程度密切相关，一般而言，植被的结构越复杂，在此生活的动物种类就越多。热带地区庞大的生物量导致了环境的更大的空间复杂度，也就使得住在这个区域的生物的多样性可能更高。高纬度地区的气候条件一般不利于大量生物的集聚，因此，植被结构更简单些，动物的多样性也相应较低。《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》，包括TPO1-20,21-34,40-48全部重点词汇，按原文顺序罗列，带你秒懂TPO原文。Wechat:geeqi0805AmphibianThermoregulationIncontrasttomammalsandbirds,amphibiansareunabletoproducethermalenergythroughtheirmetabolicactivity,whichwouldallowthemtoregulatetheirbodytemperatureindependentofthesurroundingorambienttemperature.However,theideathatamphibianshavenocontrolwhatsoeverovertheirbodytemperaturehasbe