系统解剖学 上下肢骨

TheBonesoftheUpperandLowerLimbs上下肢骨李静DepartmentofAnatomy

目的和要求

ObjectionsandRequirements1.掌握上肢带骨、自由上肢骨、下肢带骨、自由下肢骨的位置和形态及上、下肢骨的重要体表标志(ImprotantLandmarksofBody)2.了解腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾骨的位置和排列Theappendicularskeleton(附肢骨）thebriefintroduction

Includethebonesofupperandlowerlimbs.Becauseoftheerectstanding,theupperlimbsarereleasedfromweightbearingandbecometheorgansoflabourwithgreateranddelicatedmobility.Sothatthebonesofupperlimbsarelighterandsmallerinshapeandsize,andaccordinglythebonesoflowerlimbsareveryheavierandstronger.So,Let'slearnthembyComparativeMethod.Bonesofupperlimbs（上肢骨）

Composition:Shouldgirdle

clavicle锁骨scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb

InarmHumerus肱骨InforearmUlna尺骨

Radius桡骨

InhandCarpals(8)腕骨

Metacarpals(5)掌骨Phalanges(14)指骨

Clavicle（锁骨）“S”shaped,innertwothirds(内2/3)convexforwardsandouterthird（外1/3）convexbackwardsSternalend胸骨端medially（cylindrical）andacromialend肩峰端laterally

(flatten)Superiorview上面观Inferiorview下面观Roughed窿凸不平的Smoothed光滑的Thetendentiousfracturepartoftheclavicleisatthejunctionofthemiddleandlateralthirdsinwreastlingandtrafficaccidents.

骨折部位TheFracturePartScapula

（肩胛骨）

Thescapulaisasomewhattriangularflatboneontheposterolateralofthethoraxbetweenthesecondandseventhribs.Twosurfaces:Anterior

(orcostal)surface:

subscapular

fossa

肩胛下窝Posterior

(ordorsal)surface:spineofscapula肩胛冈(sword)supra-andinfraspinous

fossa

冈上/下窝

acromion

肩峰Threeborders:Superiorborder:(上缘）

scapularnotch肩胛切迹

coracoidprocess喙突Medial

(vertebral)

border

脊柱缘Lateral(axillary)border

腋缘

Superior:oppositetothe2ndrib

Inferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalsspaceLateral:glenoidcavity关节盂supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles盂上、下结节Threeangles:SuperiorInferiorLateralAveryusefullandmark两面三缘三角Thestructureiseudipleuralinthehumanbody.Right?Left?

Thehumerusisthelongestandlargestboneoftheupperlimb.Ithasashaft

andtwoends

Upperend:headofhumerus肱骨头anatomicalneck解剖颈greaterandlessertubercles

大、小结节surgicalneck外科颈(易骨折)Thehumerus（肱骨）Shaft:

1.deltoidtuberosity

三角肌粗隆onlateralsurface2.asulcusforradialnerve桡神经沟

onposteriorsurface(肱骨中断骨折容易伤及桡神经引起垂腕)capitulum肱骨小头Trochlea肱骨滑车coronoidfossa冠突窝radialfossa桡窝

olecranonfossa鹰嘴窝

lateralandmedialepicondyles内、外上髁sulcusfor

ulnarnerve尺神经沟Lowerend:Radius(桡骨)(Lateral)Upperend:

headofradius桡骨头(articularcircumference)

neckofradius桡骨颈radialtuberosity桡骨粗隆Shaftinterosseousborder骨间缘Lowerend:

styloidprocess桡骨茎突

ulnarnotch尺切迹

carpalarticularsurface腕关节面Fractureofthedistalendoftheradius

Ulnar

尺骨(Medial)Upperend:

olecranon鹰嘴

coronoidprocess

冠突

trochlearnotch滑车切迹

radialnotch

桡切迹ulnartuberosity尺骨粗隆

Lowerend

:

styloidprocess尺骨茎突headofulna尺骨头AtoolofscratchinganitchveryliklyCarpalbones腕骨(8)

Metacarpalbones掌骨(5):Phalangesoffingers指骨(14):

Thebonesofhands(手骨)Iscomposedofbonesofthewrist,thepalm,andthefingers.Carpalbones腕骨(8)

:(lateraltomedial)

舟月三角豆;大小头状钩Metacarpalbones掌骨(5):base(proximally)底shaft体head(distally)头Phalangesoffingers指骨(14):base(proximally)底

shaft体trochleaofphalanx(distally)滑车BonesofLowerLimb

Composition:

Pelvicgirdle:hipbone髋骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb:inthighFemur股骨

(patella髌骨)inlegTibia胫骨

andfibula腓骨infootTarsals跗骨,metatarsals跖骨,phalangesoftoes趾骨threecomponents:

ilium髂骨ischium坐骨pubis耻骨Hipbone(髋骨)Fusedbythreebonesatabout16yearsold.Stereoscopicimpression!Newbornandbefore16yearsoldAdulthoodTheilium

髂骨iliaccrest髂嵴

anteriorsuperioriliacspine

髂前上棘anteriorinferioriliacspine髂前下棘

tubercleofiliaccrest

髂结节posteriorsuperioriliacspine髂后上棘

posteriorinferioriliacspine髂后下棘greatersciaticnotch

坐骨大切迹iliacfossa髂窝arcuateline弓状线

Theischium(坐骨)Bodyofischium

坐骨体

toformposteriorandinferior2/5ofacetabulumischialspine坐骨棘lessersciaticnotch坐骨小切迹Ramusofischium

坐骨支

ischial

tuberosity

坐骨结节

Thepubis

(耻骨)

Bodyofpubis

耻骨体―toformanteriorandinferior1/5ofacetabulum,iliopubiceminence髂耻隆起Superiorramusofpubis

耻骨上支:

pectenofpubis

耻骨梳pubictubercle耻骨结节pubiccrest耻骨嵴symphysialsurface耻骨联合面Inferiorramusofpubis耻骨下支:obturatorforamen闭孔Acetabulum(髋臼)formedbybodiesofischium,iliumandpubislunatesurface月状面acetabularfossa髋臼窝acetabularnotch髋臼切迹

Generaldescription:ThefemuristhelongestandheaviestboneinthebodyandconsistsofashaftandtwoendsThefemur(股骨)femoralhead股骨头neckoffemur股骨颈（易骨折）greatertrochanter大转子lessertrochanter小转子intertrochantericline转子间线intertrochantericcrest转子间嵴

Upperend:Fractureofthefemoralnecklineaaspera粗线glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆pectinealline耻骨肌线

poplitealsurface腘面

Shaftmedialcondyles内侧髁lateralcondyles外侧髁medialepicondyle内上髁lateralepicondyle外上髁adductortubercle

收肌结节intercondylarfossa髁间窝patellarsurface髌面

Lowerend

Tibia

胫骨Upperend:

medial

and

lateralcondyles内外侧髁

intercondylareminence髁间隆起fibulararticularsurface腓关节面

tuberosityoftibia胫骨粗隆

Shaft:

interosseousborder骨间缘solealline比目鱼肌线Lowerend:

fibularnotch腓切迹medialmalleolus

内踝

Fibula

(腓骨)Upperend:(circular)