追寻幸福：董仲舒的哲学思想中英文对照清华大学韦正翔教授制作

ZhengxiangWeiPh.D.inPhilosophyProfessorTsinghuaUniversityweizhx@/参考书目11、中国哲学史（上下册）冯友兰著，华东师范大学出版社2011年版2、中国哲学简史，冯友兰著，赵复三译生活.读书.新知三联书店2009年版、CompanyLogo参考书目23、AHistoryofChinesePhilosophy,Vol.1&2,by

Yu-lanFung

(Author)

,

DerkBodde(Translator)，PrincetonUniversityPress(August1,1983)4、AShortHistoryofChinesePhilosophy

byYu-lanFung

(Author),

DerkBodde

(Editor)CompanyLogoContentsIntroductionOneHundredSchoolsComfucius,MenciusLaoTzu,ChuangTzuXunTzu,MoTzu,HanFei6.ThesoledominatingpositionofConfucianism7.TungChung-shu8.Neo-Taoism9/10.Buddhism(1)(2)11.Neo-Confucianism12.MarxisminChina13.

IslamandChristianityinChina(TBD)CompanyLogo123

谁？Who?学术地位？Academicstatus?追寻幸福？

Afterhappiness?CompanyLogo追寻幸福？

Afterhappiness?董仲舒的幸福观回顾

(ReviewofTungChung-shu’sViewsonHappiness)学术地位？Academicstatus?谁？Who?3.1阴阳家的宇宙构架？3.2董仲舒的构架？3.2.1人副天数?3.2.2灾异?3.2.3性与情?3.2.4道德与伦理?3.2.5王以治之?3.2.6三统?3.2.7影响如何?1231.1生活于？1.2来自？1.3生活经历？1.4主要作品？1.1Lived?1.2Fromwhere?1.3Lifeexperience?1.4Mainworks?3.1Thecosmologicalsystemof

theYin-yangschool?3.2ThesystemofTungChung-shu?3.2.1Thecorrelationofmanwithnumericalcategories

ofHeaven?3.2.2Visitationsandprodigies?3.2.3Natureandfeelings?3.2.4Moralityandethics?3.2.5Theinstruction?3.2.6Thethreesequences?3.2.7Howinfluential?EndingCompanyLogoTungChung-shu(179-104B.C.?),livedforabout75yearsold,wastheleaderoftheliteratiintheFormerHanperiod,andwasconsideredasanerudite(ascholarofwidelearning).董仲舒为西汉群儒之首，被称为博士。享年约75岁。

CompanyLogo出生于广川，现在的河北省境内，具体地点有争论。HewasanativeofGuangChuan，nowinHebeiProvince.Thespecificspotisundetermined.CompanyLogoInhisyouth,hedevotedhimselftotheSpringandAutumnAnnals.Heexpoundedhisteachingsfrombehindacurtain.Foraboutthreeyearshedidnotevenlookintohisgarden.Inhisconduct,bearing,andmanner,therewasnothingthatdidnotconformtopropriety.Hisabilitieswerethoseofaministerofkings.Hehadeverbeenanofficial,buthehadneverheldapositionofmuchpoliticalimportance.少治《春秋》。后下帷讲诵，盖三年不窥园，进退容止，非礼不行，有王佐之才，曾为官，但不曾任过重要的官职。

CompanyLogo他是位多产的作者，但是他的多数著作已经失传，现存的主要著作是《春秋繁露》。Hewasaprolificwriter,butmuchofwhathewrotehasbeenlost.HismajorsurvivingworkistheCh’un-ch’iuFan-luorLuxuriantDewoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals.CompanyLogo在思想上，他的影响是巨大的。他提出的“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”为汉武帝刘彻采纳,并设五经博士，立太学，由博士授五经，即：《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》。他首次采用阴阳家的学说解释儒家学说，提出了天人感应的观念。为今文经学的领袖。儒家自此成为中国传统社会的正统思想，孔子由师进为王。CompanyLogoIdeologically,hisinfluencewasenormous.Hissuggestionthat“Confucianismshouldbeexclusivelyrespected,whileotherschoolsshouldbebanned”wasadoptedbytheWuEmperorofHannamedLiuChe，whoestablishedthefirstgovernmentalcollegenamedTaiXueinChinaanderuditescholarswhounderstoodtheFiveClassicstaughtatthecollege.TheFiveClassicsaretheBookofOdes,theBookofHistory,theBookofPropriety,theBookofChange,andtheCh’unCh’iu.Forthefirsttime,headoptedthedoctrineoftheSchoolofYin-yangtoexplainConfuciandoctrineandputforththeideaofthecorrelationbetweenHeavenandman.HewastheleaderoftheNewTextSchool.ConfucianismhadbecometheorthodoxtheoryoftraditionalChinasincethen,andConfuciusbecameakinginsteadofateacher.CompanyLogoWayofpursuinghappiness:ManisasgreatasHeavenandEarth.

幸福之路

◎与天地参（叁）

CompanyLogoDifferentpersonsenjoysdifferentsortsofhappinessaccordingtotheorderofHeaven.Manisloftierthanbirdsandbeasts;sageisloftierthananaverageperson;anaveragepersonisloftierthanapersonwiththenatureofasmallbamboobasket;andakinggetshispowerfromHeaventoinstructaveragepeoplewithvirtues.Theyangisloftierthantheyin,sopeopleshouldbehaveaccordingtothe“threebonds”,namely,therulerrulesthesubject,thefathertheson,andthehusbandthewife.人按天的秩序而享有不同层次的幸福。人贵于禽兽，中民之性之人贵于斗筲之性之人，圣人之性之人贵于中民之性之人，王接天命以教化中民，中民可为教为圣人。阳贵阴卑，因此人应依三纲行事：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲。CompanyLogo阴阳家的宇宙构架?ThecosmologicalsystemoftheYin-Yangschool?

3.1CompanyLogoThecosmologicalsystemoftheYin-yangschoolisbasedoncorrelationsmadeamongtheFiveElements,thefourseasons,theten“heavenlystems”,thetwelve“earthlybranches”,thetwelvemonths,thefourcompasspoints(plusthecenterasafifthdirection),thefivenotesofthescale,thetwelvepitchpipes,thefivecolors,andvariousothernumericalcategories,whentheyinandyangoperateamongthevariouscategories.TsouYenwasconsideredasitsfounder.

阴阳家的宇宙构架以五行、四时、天干、地支、十二月、四方、五音、十二律、五色、数目等相配，阴阳流行于其中为基础来构成。阴阳家的创始人是邹衍。CompanyLogoGenerallyspeaking,thedifferencesbetweentheYin-yangschoolandTaoismare:HeaveinTaoismisamaterialone,whileitmaybeacognitiveandconsciousoneintheYin-yangschool;andTaoismtriestogetridofregulations,whiletheYin-yangschooltriestoestablishregulations.TheYin-yangschoolwasmoreinfluentialindesigningroyalpalacesandgardens,whileTaoismwasmoreinfluentialindesigningfolkgardens.阴阳家的学说与道家学说的区别主要在于：道家的天是自然的天，而阴阳家的天可以是有认知能力和有意识的天；道家去规则，阴阳家立规则。阴阳家对皇家园林影响比较大，而道家对民间园林的影响比较大。CompanyLogo五行相生相克?MutualproductionandovercomingoftheFiveElements?

3.1.1CompanyLogo五行:木、火、土、金、水TheFiveElements:Wood,Fire,Earth，Metal,Water.CompanyLogo五行与其他?

TheFiveElementsandothers?

3.1.2CompanyLogo五行

theFiveElements木wood火fire土earth金metal水water五方

thefivedirections東east南south中央

center西west北north五季

thefiveseasons春spring夏summer長夏thethirdmonthofsummer秋autumn冬winter五気

thefiveethers風windy暑hot湿moist燥dry寒cold五色thefivecolors青green赤red黄yellow白white黒blackCompanyLogo五音是指宫、商、角、徵（读zhǐ音）、羽即:CDEGA或doremisolla其中没有fati这两个半音。五音逆行，始于金传于火，火传于木，木传于水。[五音不全]

Thefivenotesofthescaledenotekung,shang,chiao,chih,yuorCDEGAordoremisolla.Faandtiwerenotincluded.Thefivesnotesactreversely,startingfrommetal,passingtofire,firetowood,woodtowater.(cannotsingthefivenotes)CompanyLogo十二律thetwelvepitch-pipes孟thefirstmonth仲thesecondmonth季thethirdmonth春spring太簇（cu)t’ai-ts’ou夹钟chia-chung姑洗

(xiǎn)ku-hsien夏summer中吕

chung-lu蕤（ruí）宾jui-pin林钟

lin-chung秋autumn夷则

yi-tse南吕

nan-lu无射(yi)

wu-yi冬winter应钟

ying-chung黄钟

huang-chung大吕

ta-luCompanyLogo五行thefiveelements

木wood火

fire土earth金metal水water数numbers8eight7seven5five9nine6sixCompanyLogo甲chia乙yi丙ping丁ting戊wu己(ｊǐ)chi庚keng辛

hsin壬(rén)jen癸(guǐ)

kuei天干HeavenlystemsCompanyLogo子tzu丑ch’ou寅yin卯mao辰(ｈéｎ)ch’en巳(sì)Ssu午wu未wei申shen酉(yǒu)yu戌xūhsu亥hai地支EarthlybranchesCompanyLogo东二月木春甲乙卯角夹钟青八eastFeb.woodSpringchiayimaochiaochia-chunggreeneight南五月火夏丙丁戊徵蕤宾赤七southMayfireSummerpingtingwuchihjui-pinredseven西八月金秋庚辛酉商南吕白九westAug.metalAutumnkeng-hsinyushangnan-luwhitenine

北11月水冬壬癸子羽黄钟黑六northNov.waterWinterjenkueitzuyuhuang-chungblacksix中土戊己宫黄五centerearthwuchikungyellowfive十二月丑大吕Dec.ch’outa-lu一月寅太簇

Jan.yint’ai-ts’ou三月辰姑洗

Marchch’enku-hsien四月巳中吕

Aprilssuchung-lu六月未林钟

Juneweilin-chung七月申夷则

Julyshenyi-tse九月戌无射

Sept.hsuwu-yi十月亥应钟

Oct.haiying-chungCompanyLogo董仲舒的构架?

ThesystemofTungChung-shu?

3.2CompanyLogo人副天数?

ThecorrelationofmanwiththenumericalcategoriesofHeaven?

3.2.1CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinkstheuniverseisformedbyHeaven,Earth,theyinandyang,andwood,fire,earth,metalandwater,andman.TheOriginisthegreatbeginningofallthings.Wood,fire,metal,andwatereachpresideoveroneofthefourseasons,whileearth,occupyingthecentralposition,givesassistancetoallofthem.Thealternationofgrowthanddecayasoneseasonpassesintoanotherresultsinayearlycycleofchange.Thisalternation,furthermore,iscausedbytheoperationsoftheyinandyang.董仲舒认为自然由天、地、阴、阳、木、火、土、金、水、人这十者组成。万物始于元。木、火、金、水各主四时之一气，土居中以策应之，四时之气的盛衰因阴阳使然。CompanyLogo董仲舒认为天与人为同类，从其生理上也能见之。天地之精，所以生物者，莫贵于人。人受命乎天也，故超然有以倚。物旁折取天之阴阳以生活耳，而人烂然有其文理。此见人之绝于物而参天地。人内有五脏(心、肝、脾、肺、肾），副五行数也。CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinksthatHeavenisthesameinkindwithmanisalsoevidentinthefieldofhumanphysiology.Ofthecreaturesbornfromtherefinedessence(ching)ofHeavenandEarth,noneismorenoblethanman.ManreceivestheDecree(ming)ofHeaven,andthereforeisloftierthanothercreatures.OthercreaturesderivetheirlifefromHeaven’syinandyanginarecumbentposition,whereasmanbrilliantlybearsitsmarkings.Hereinmaybeseenman’sdistinctionfromothercreaturesandhowheistobeequatedwithHeavenandEarth.Within(thebody)therearethefivevisceras（Heart,liver,spleen,lungs,andkidneys),whichcorrespondinnumbertotheFiveElements.CompanyLogo灾异与天人感应?

ThevisitationandprodigiesandtheinteractionbetweenmanandHeaven?

3.2.2CompanyLogo因为天人之间紧密相关，若人之行为有不当，则阴阳之气受感应而有非常的现象出现，此现象则为灾异。天地之物，有不常之变者谓之异。小者谓之异，灾常先至而异乃随之。灾者，天之谴也；异者，天之威也。CompanyLogoSinceanintimaterelationshipexistsbetweenHeavenandman,theoccurrenceofunharmoniousandabnormaleventsinthehumanworldinevitablystirstheyinandyangofHeaventomanifestcorrespondingabnormalphenomenainthenaturalworld.Suchphenomenaarevariouslyknownas“visitations”and“prodigies”.WhenthingsinHeavenandearthundergoabnormalchanges,therearecalled“prodigies”;lesseronesarecalled“visitations”.Visitationsalwaysappearfirstandarethenfollowedbyprodigies.VisitationsarethereprimandsofHeaven;prodigiesareitswarnings.CompanyLogo性与情的关系？Therelationbetweennatureandfeelings?3.2.3CompanyLogo董仲舒认为就心理而言，人有性情二者与天之阴阳相当。性表现于外为仁，情表现于外为贪。人之质中有性有情，故有仁有贪，故未可谓其为善。善如米，性如禾。禾虽出米，而禾未可谓米也。以性禁情为教。此论盖就孔孟荀之说而融之合之。CompanyLogoTungChung-shuthinksthathumanpsychologyembracestwoaspects:thatofman’snature(hsing)andthatofhisfeelingsandemotions(ch’ing),whichareequatedwiththeyangandyinrespectively.Theoutwardmanifestationofman’snatureistobefoundinthevirtueofloveorjen,andthatofhisfeelingsinthequalityofcovetousnessort’an.Withinman’s“basicstuff”,thereexistnatureandfeelings,whichcanresultinjenandcovetousness,soitcannotbesaidtobeoriginallygood.Goodnessislikeakernelofgrain;thenatureislikethegrowingstalkofthatgrain.Thoughthestalkproducesthekernel,itcannotitselfbecalledakernel.Instruction(chiao)meanstheprocessofrestrainingthefeelingsbymeansofthenature.ThetheoryseemstobeanattempttoharmonizethoseofConfucius,Mencius,andHsunTzu.CompanyLogo个人道德与社会伦理?

Personalmoralityandsocialethics?3.2.4CompanyLogoInallthingstheremustbecorrelates,inwhichtheremustbeupperandlower.Inthecorrelatesoftheyinandyang,theyangisdominating,whiletheyinisassisting.Therefore,therearecorrespondingthreebonds,namely,therulerrulesthesubject,thefathertheson,thehusbandthewife,whichcorrespondtothreevirtues,thatis,loyalty,filialpiety,andchastity.凡物必有合，合必有上下。阴阳之合，阳主阴辅，故有君臣、父子、夫妻之三纲，对应有忠、孝、贞节之德。CompanyLogo王以治之?

Theinstructionofkingship?3.2.5CompanyLogo人之性未能全善，故需王以治之。王承天意以治。王字中的三画为天地人也，而连其中者，通其道也。人主之喜怒哀乐、庆赏刑罚，应以四时为法。庆副暖而当春，赏副暑而当夏，罚副清而当秋，刑副寒而当冬。设官之职，均应法天之数。应均贫富，因大富则骄，大贫则忧，忧则为盗，骄则为暴。CompanyLogoItisbecausemen’snaturesarenotwhollygoodinthemselves,thattheinstructionofkingshipisnecessary.Theking,followingHeaven’spurpose,acceptsashischargethetaskofgivingcompletenesstothepeople’snature.Thecharacterkingareformedbythreehorizontallineswhichareconnectedbyaverticalstroke.ThethreelinesmeanHeaven,Earth,andMan,whilethestrokemeansthepersonwhoknowstheprinciples.Theruler’sjoy,anger,grief,andpleasure,andhisbeneficence,rewards,punishments,andexecutions,shouldbemodeledonthefourseasons.Withhisbeneficenceheduplicateswarmthandaccordswithspring,withhisconferringofrewards,heduplicatesheatandaccordswithsummer,withhispunishmentsheduplicatescoolnessandaccordswithautumn,andwithhisexecutionsheduplicatescoldnessandaccordswithwinter.CompanyLogoTheestablishmentoftheofficialhierarchycannotbemadehaphazardly,butmustbecarefullymodeledonHeaven’snumericalcategories.Therulershouldequalizerichesandpoverty,sincewherethereisgreatwealththereisarrogance,whilewherethereisgreatpovertythereisanxiety.Anxietyleadstobrigandage,andarrogancetooppression.设官之职，均应法天之数。人主应均贫富，因大富则骄，大贫则忧，忧则为盗，骄则为暴。CompanyLogo三统与红?

Threesequencesandredcolor?

3.2.6CompanyLogo历史的变化亦随天道之规律。道之大原出于天，天不变，道亦不变。历史按三统或称三正周而复始地循环变化。三统为黑统、白统、赤统。就实际的历史而言，夏为黑统，以寅月(一月）为正月，色尚黑。商为白统，以丑月（十二月）为正月，色尚白。周为赤统，以子月（十一月）为正月，色尚赤。儒家崇周，故崇赤。CompanyLogoAsimilarrelationshiplinksthecourseofhumanhistorywiththelawsofHeaven.ThegreatsourceofrightprinciplesderivesfromHeaven;Heavendoesnotchange,nordotheseprinciples.Historycontinuinglycyclesaccordingtothe“ThreeSequences”,sometimesalsoknownasthe“ThreeBeginnings”,consistedofblackness,whitenessandredness.Equatedwithactualhistory,thedynastyofHsiaconstitutedtheBlackSequence;itsyearbeganwiththeyinorthefirstm