语言要素与文体学

1Stylisticfunctionsoflinguisticitems2FeaturesofEnglishVarietiesContentsIntroductiontothecourseProceduresofstylisticanalysisStylisticfunctionsoflinguisticitemsVarietiesinrelationtoregionsandsocialfactorsVarietiesinrelationtomediaandattitudeTheEnglishofconversationTheEnglishofpublicspeakingTheEnglishofnewsreporting(Ⅰ)TheEnglishofnewsreporting(Ⅱ)TheEnglishofadvertisingTheEnglishofscienceandtechnologyTheEnglishoflegaldocumentsTheEnglishofnovelTheEnglishofpoetry3ProceduresofstylisticanalysisLinguisticDescriptionTextualAnalysisContextualFactorsAnalysis4achecklistoflinguisticdescription

PhonologyGraphologyLexisSyntax/grammarSemantics

5TextualanalysistextlayoutreferencesubstitutionEllipsis（省略）logical

connectorscollocationinter-sentence

relationship6contextofsituation

Field

of

discourse

Tenor

of

discourseMode

of

discourse7StylisticfunctionsoflinguisticitemsSFsofSpeechSoundsSFsofGraphologicalItemsSFsofLexicalItems

SFsofSyntactic/GrammaticalItems

8SFsofSpeechSoundsStressPausePitchTempo9Stressa)ToshowemphasisMarycleanedtheclassroomyesterday.

b)Toshowsurprise,anger,doubt,horrororexcitementTomandMaryfailedtheexam.c)Todistinguishmeaningofsimilarwordsorphrases

suspectaFrenchteacher10Pausevoiced

orfilled

pausesandsilent

pauses

50%11pauseBattermyheart,/three-personGod,/foryouAsyetbutknock,/breathe,/shine,/andseektomend;ThatImayrise/andstand,/o’erthrowme,/andBendyourforcetobreak,/blow,/burn,/andmakemenew./

—JohnDonne12Battermyheart,three-person'dGod,foryou

Asyetbutknock,breathe,shine,andseektomend;

ThatImayriseandstand,o'erthrowme,andbend

Yourforcetobreak,blow,burn,andmakemenew.

I,likeanusurp'dtownto'anotherdue,

Laborto'admityou,butoh,tonoend;

Reason,yourviceroyinme,meshoulddefend,

Butiscaptiv'd,andprovesweakoruntrue.

Yetdearly'Iloveyou,andwouldbelov'dfain,

Butambetroth'duntoyourenemy;

Divorceme,'untieorbreakthatknotagain,

Takemetoyou,imprisonme,forI,

Exceptyou'enthrallme,nevershallbefree,

Noreverchaste,exceptyouravishme

—JohnDonne(abba

abba

cdcdee)13Pitch（语调）a)

Thefallingpitch

b)

Therisingpitch

c)

Thefall-risepitch

d)

Therise-fallpitch

e)

Thelevelpitch

f)

Thefall-plus-risepitch

14Thefallingpitch1)Welldone!.2)Wherehaveyoubeen?3)Isupposeso.15Therisingpitch1)Really?2)One,two,three,four,five…

3)Areyouastudent?

4)What!Youdidwhat?

5)Closethedoor,willyou?16The

fall-rise

pitch1)Youcancometomyofficeifyoulike.2)Unhappily,therearetimeswhenviolenceistheonlywaytosetmatterstorights.3)Don’tworry.Youwillbeallright.17The

rise-fall

pitch1)You’regreat.2)Heisanutterfool!3)Isthiswhatyoumean?18The

level

pitchHeworkedandworkedandfinallybecame

rich.affectedorexaggeratedtone

19The

fall-plus-rise

pitchIt’sbetterforallofyou.relativityofthetwowords20Tempoquick

VS

slow

excitement,surprise,agreement,happiness,indignation

confusion,emphasis,disagreement,hesitation,sadness,tiredness,low

spiritordisappointment

21SFsofGraphologicalItems

PunctuationCapitalizationItalicsParagraphing22Punctuation——dashtoindicateanabruptbreakinthestructureofthesentenceoranunfinishedstatementHeis–howshallIputit?—anutterfool.

tosetoffasummaryoralongappositive

Threecampusleaders—ShirleyMann,PresidentoftheAllStudentAssociation;BertFlynn,editorofthestudentpaper;andSusanSarachek,presidentofthestudentSenate—cameoutstronglyfortheproposal.

tosetoffstronglyparentheticalexpressions

Iwasoffended—no,enragedwouldbemoreaccurate—byhisactions.

23Punctuation——colonbeforealong,formalquotationtointroducelistsofitemsAllkindsofpeoplewerethere:doctors,clergymen,miners,shopassistants,andsoon.

24Capitalizationthefirst

wordofasentence;thefirst

wordinalineofverse（诗篇）;thefirst

wordinaquotation;thenamesofgodsorgoddesses;official

titles

beforethenamesofofficials;proper

nouns;namesoflanguages,nationalities;namesoftrade

marks;geographical

terms,etc.ELSEWHEREemphasis,stress,orstrongfeelings

25Italics（斜体字）a)fortitlesofbooks,magazines,newspapers,plays,movies,longmusicalcompositions,andnamesoftrains,planes,andships.b)toemphasizeawordorlongerelementinasentence,torefertoawordasaword:(ModerationandPragmatismarethekeytermstodescribeLincoln’sreconstructionpolicies.Thewordreceiveisoftenmisspelled.)c)toindicateaforeignwordorphrasewhichhasnotbeenAnglicized.(Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau.)

26Paragraphinglongandshort

complicatedorformal

subjectstransition,summaryoremphasizingapointofview27SFsofLexicalItemsGeneralorSpecificAnglo-SaxonorLatinate28GeneralorSpecificwalkVSwander,stagger（蹒跚）,hobble（跛行）,loiter（闲荡）,stride（大步）,march（行军）,pace（缓行）,trudge（跋涉）,strut（高视阔步）…noneedforspecificationleavethingsvagueforsomereason

moreinformativeindetailvividimagesinthereader’s/hearer’smind29Anglo-SaxonorLatinate

fire&conflagration

fear&trepiadation

small&diminutive

holy&consecrated

rise&ascend

eat&ingestscience,religionandofficialcommunicationeffectofcoolness,dignity,formalityandintellectualdistance

informal&formal30SFsofSyntactic/GrammaticalItems

ClauseTypesSentenceTypes31ClauseTypesAclauseformsasentenceorpart

of

a

sentence.Itisagroup

of

wordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainsasubjectandafiniteverb,andoftenfunctionsasa

noun,adjectiveoradverb.

32clauseconstituentsSV(A):Sheran(quickly).SVO(A):PeterstudiesEnglish(hard).SVCs:The

soup

tasted

delicious.SVOiOd:Mother

gave

Tom

some

money.SVOdCo:People

made

him

chairman.(S=subjectV=verbA=adverbialO=objectOd=directobjectOi=indirectobjectCS=subjectcomplementCo=objectcomplement)33structureoftheverbphrasesFiniteclausesHe

finishedhis

homeworkbeforeleavingtheclassroom.Nonfinite

clausesHefinishedhishomeworkbefore

leavingtheclassroom.Verbless

clauses

Hundredsofpeoplewerekilledinthefire,manyofthemchildren.

34functionsindependentclause

Iamateacher.subordinateclausePeoplewhosmoke

annoyme.Whendinnerwasover,wewenttothemovies.Whathesaidistrue.35SentenceTypesAsentenceis,grammatically,thelargestunitofgrammaticalorganizationwithinwhichpartsofspeechandgrammaticalclassesaretofunction.InEnglish,asentencenormallycontainsoneindependentclausewithafiniteverb.36complexityorthenumberofconstituentclausessimplesentence

(Asimplesentenceoftenshowsasingleconcept.)Irecentlyboughtahousewiththreebedroomsonthesecondfloortwosittingroomsonthefirstfloor,withonekitchenandtwolavatories,inthequietsuburbsofBeijing.Amultiplesentence

(Multiplesentencesoftenimplycomplicatedideas.)37multiplesentencecompound

sentence

Thestormisover,plex

sentenceAlthoughthestormisover,pound-complex

sentence

Althoughthestormisover,thegroundisstillwet,wecannotgooutforawalk.

38grammaticalitymajorsentence

Majorsentences——comparatively

formal

minorsentenceMinorsentences——comparatively

informal39Minorsentencesa)Aunitconsistingofadependentclause.

(Oh,ifIwereyou!)b)Anon-finiteconstruction.(TheEnglishDepartment.Offeringtrainingclassesofdifferentlevels.)c)Aphrase.(“Allaboard!”)d)Anellipticalsentence.(A:Iwillnotbebackagain.B:why?)40functiondeclarativesentencesinterrogativesentences（疑问句）imperativesentencesexclamatorysentences

（感叹句）41declarativesentencesafactortheopinionofthespeakernewsreports,EST,andlawTwopolicemenwerekilledinthefightlastnight.(afact)Tommayhavegonehomebynow.(anopinion)42interrogativesentencesgenenralquestionspecial

questionalternativequestionDisjunctive/tagquestion

aquestionordoubtsconversation,advertisementsandpublicspeeches

43imperativesentencesmainverb——theoriginalform

anorder,commend,request,orappealdailyconversationandadvertisements44exclamatorysentences

What…orHow….feelings——surprise,happiness,anger,etc.dailyconversation,publicspeeches,advertisements,andliterature

45sentence

lengthlong&short据英国媒体报道，立陶宛作家NigerTomm日前推出的最新作品TheBlahStory（第四卷）中有一个包含496375个英文单词的句子，该句已成为英语文学作品中最长的句子。Wethepeoplesoftheunitednationsdeterminedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwar,whichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsorrowtomankind,andtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalhumanrights,inthedignityandworthofthehumanperson,intheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmall,andtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintained,andtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedom,andfortheseendstopracticetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighbours,andtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,andtoensure,bytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethods,thatarmedforceshallnotbeused,saveinthecommoninterest,andtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionoftheeconomicandsocialadvanceme