动词不定式用法与专项练习

动词不定式:tO+dO （高二2016.2）动词不定式由“to+动词原形”组成，是动词的一种非谓语形式。动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、实补、主补。.动词不定式在句中的语法功能：⑴动词不定式（短语）作主语Toloveistobeloved.爱别人就是被人爱。 Toteachistogive.教书就是奉献。*todo和v-ing作主语时的区别：Smokingisabadhabit.（v-ing作主语表示习惯性动作）Tostayhomeonsuchacoldnightiscomfortable.动词不定式作主语表示偶然性或一次性的动作）*不定式作主语和目的状语时的区别。例如：Togetupearlydoesgoodtoone,shealth.早起对身体有好处。（作主语）Togetupearly,onemustgotobedearly.为了早起，必须早睡。（作目的状语）（2）动词不定式（短语）作宾语Iwillleaveittoyoutomakethefinaldecision.我将由你来做最后的决定。（it作形式宾语）Shedecidedtoquitherjobatlast.最后，她决定辞职。*"疑问词+动词不定式短语"作宾语：Idon'tknowwhattodo.我不知道该怎么办。Thechildrenarelearninghowtoplaythegame.孩子们在学做游戏。例如（NMET2000）:I,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhatinmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects （答案:B）（whattoexpect在句中作know的宾语，而what作不定式toexpect的逻辑宾语。）（四JII09）Hetolduswhetherapicnicwasstillunderdiscussion.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.had （答案：A）又如：ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit答案是Cowhattodowithit作knows的宾语。*注意:有些动词后面必须跟动名词作宾语，平时要注意区别，进行区分。*forget,remember,try,regret,mean,stop等动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词，须根据其习惯用法和语境进行取舍。例如（MET91）:一Thelightintheofficeisstillon.一Oh,Iforgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案是Coforgettodo意为"忘了做（某事「forget~。吨"忘了做过（某事remember有类似的区别。类似的还有：trytodo“尽力做”,trydoing“试着做”;regrettosay/tell“很遗憾地说"，regretdoing"后悔做了”；meantodo"意欲/想要做"，meandoing"意味着做"；stoptodo"停下来做另外的事情"，stopdoing"停止正在做的事情0-可编辑修改-（3）动词不定式（短语）作表语ThemostimportantthingfortheUnitedStatestodonowistorescuethewounded.现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。*注意：在“形容词+不定式”结构作表语、实补和定语时，其中形容词多为表示性质的词，如：easy,hard,good,difficult,interesting等,常常是主动式表被动。例如:Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.这些苹果很好吃。（作表语）Ifinditdifficulttounderstand.我发现这很难懂。（作实补）Heisamaneasytogetonwith.他是一^个容易相处的人。（作定语）Theboxislightenoughtocarry.这盒子轻得可带走。（作表语）Thefutureishardtotell.未来很难预测。（作表语）*注意：Allyouhavetodois（to）finishthejobquickly.如果主语部分有个表示不定式内容的do,用作表语的不定式可省略to。又如：Wehadnothingtodobut（watch）TVyesterday.（答案:watch）Wedidnothingbut（watch）TVyesterday. （答案:watch）（4）动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语。Sheaskedmetostayhere. Sheencouragedmetoworkhard.We'dloveyoutogiveusahand.我们想让你帮个忙。注意：1）在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号to要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词以及使役动词，如feel,spot,lookat,listento,observe,see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let,get等。但如果句子为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带to。IhadJohnfixmybike.我让约翰修理我的自行车。Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.——Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.Pauldoesn,thavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard.（答案:B）A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning辨析：Iheardhersingasonginthenextroomyesterday.（强调听歌的整个过程）（=Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroomyesterday.）IheardhersinningasongwhenIpassedby.（强调动作正在发生）（=ShewasheardsingingasongwhenIpassedby.）*see,heOmoice等的宾语后还可跟现在分词作补语，变成被动语态时仍保留分词的形式，表示正在发生的动作。例如：Themissingboyswerelastseenneartheriver. （答案：A）A.playingB.tobeplayingC.play D.toplay（5）动词不定式（短语）作定语：动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。*动词不定式作定语与分词作定语的区别：过去分词表示动作已经完成，现在分词表示动作正在发生当中，而不定式则表示将要发生的动作或状态。2辨析:Themeetingheldisimportant.（表示动作已经完成）Themeetingbeingheldisimportant.（表示动作正在进行当中）Themeetingtobeheldisimportant.（表示动作将要发生）注意：1）当被修饰的是不定代词如everything,anything,much,little等,或被修饰的名词前被形容词最高级,序数词,theonly等强调结构修饰时,非谓语动词作定语则用动词不定式。Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要说的吗？IamafraidIcannotattendyourparty,forIhavetoomanythingstodo.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.他是唯一了解真相的人。Whenthequestionwasout,hewasthefirstonetoraisehishand....他第一^个举起手。Hewasthelasttorealizetheimportanceofthisproblem.2）如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。Whoisthemantotalkto?要谈话的人是谁？Heisatoughteachertodealwith.他是个很难对付的老师。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支笔写字例如:Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearule.（上海高考题98）：A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebrokenC.nevertohavebrokenD.nevertobebreaking答案是B，在句中作定语；由于arule是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以不定式用了被动结构。又如：Therearefivepairs,butI,matalosswhichtobuy.（上海高考题99）A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing答案是B，这是“不定式+介词”作定语。题意是“从五双中选一双”,故须在choose后加上介词from。类似的如achairtositin,apentowritewith,atopictotalkabout等。（6）动词不定式（短语）作状语动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等。▲目的状语Thewholefamilycameouttoseemyperformance.全家人出来看我表演。Hecalledtosaygoodbye.他打电话来道别。▲结果状语 _Werushedtotherailwaystationonlytofind（表示出乎意料）thetrainhadjustleft.我们匆匆赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚离开了。Hestudiedhardonlytofail.他学习很努力，但却没及格。ShewenttoSouthChinafiveyearsago,nevertoreturn.她五年前去了华南，结果从未返回。*注意：doing也可以作结果状语，但表示自然而然的结果。Hisparentswerekilledintheaccident,makinghimanorphan.Theyallleft,leavingmealone.▲原因状语动词不定式（短语）常跟在一些形容词后面，说明产生这些情绪的原因。这类形容词有：-可编辑修改-happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。Iamsorrytointerruptyou.Thefatherwassurprisedtolearnthathissonspentmoneylikewater.得知儿子花钱如流水，父亲感到很吃惊。Wewillbeveryhappytoworkonthisprojectwithyou.和您一起合作这个项目，我们感到很高兴。（7）动词不定式（短语）作独立成分动词不定式（短语）可以用来作句子的独立成分。这些短语有：tobeginwith（首先），totellthetruth（truthtotell）（说实在的），tomakealongstoryshort（长话短说）,sotospeak（可以这么说），tobebrief（简言之），tobeexact（确切地说），tobefrank（坦率地说），todosb.justice（说句公道话），toconclude（总而言之）等。Tobeginwith,I'dliketointroducemyselftoyouall.首先我想给你们作一下自我介绍。Tobefrankwithyou,Idon'tloveyouanymore.老实对你说吧，我已经不再爱你了。Toconclude,energyisexhaustible,sowehavetopreserveitforourfuturegenerations.总而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我们必须为后代保留一些。2.动词不定式中原形动词的省略为避免重复，有时可用不定式的符号to来代表动词不定式。-Wouldyouliketohavesomecoffee?您要来点咖啡吗？-Yes,I'dliketo.Ifyoudon'twanttobuyit,youdon'tneedto.假如你不想买的话，你就不要买。注意：可以这样省略主要动词的动词不定式结构有:hopeto,agreeto,bewillingto,wantto,refuseto,failto,manageto,wouldliketo,offerto等。---What,sthematterwithDella?---Well,herparentswouldn,tallowhertogototheparty,butshestill.（江苏09）A.hopestoB.hopessoC.hopesnotD.hopesfor （答案：A）一般而言，在否定结构中to必须保留。例如（NMET95）:Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto（答案：A）.动词不定式的否定式:not必须置于整个不定式结构之前。Wedecidednottogothere.我们决定不去那儿了。Iwishednevertoseehimagain.我希望永不再见到她。.动词不定式的时态和语态时态▲动词不定式的一般式:todo:表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或将在其后发生的。Theyarelearningtosinganddance.他们在学习歌舞。WehavetogetsomemoneytobuyaTVset.我们得赚些钱来买台电视机。▲动词不定式的进行式:tobedoing:表示的动作是与谓语动词的动作同时发生的，而且正在进行中。该结构也常与always,constantly,rapidly,fast,slowly等副词连用。Theweatherseemstobeimproving.天气似乎在好转。Comeon,it'stimetobemakingfor（前往，走向）school.好了，是上学的时候了。Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.▲动词不定式的完成式:tohavedone:表示的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。不定式的完成式常用在besaid,bereported,beconsidered,appear,hope,pretend,seem等以及某些情态动词后表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设例如（NMET97）:IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone答案是B，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟愿望。Hewassaidtohavestudiedabroadforyears.据说他已经在外国留学多年了。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.很抱歉让你久等了。Hepretendednottohaveseenmewhenpassingbyyesterday.他昨天从我身边经过时假装没看到我。语态▲不定式的被动式:tobedone如：Heaskedtobesenttothefront.（他请求被派往前线。）Iwishtobeexcused.我请求原谅。Thisinfectiousdiseaseissaidtohavebeenwipedoutmanyyearsago.这传染病据说好多年前就已经灭绝了。Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen答案是B。因为不定式的逻辑主语it（指出国旅游这件事）与不定式是被动关系。LittleTomwouldlovetothetheatrethisevening.（NMET）92）A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking （答案A）It,simportantforthefiguresregularly.（北京2011）A.tobeupdatedB.tohavebeenupdatedC.toupdateD.tohaveupdated（答案:A）Heclaimed（声称）inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated根据题意，该用不定式的完成被动式，表动作发生在claimed之前，故答案是D。***值得注意的是，在下列场合通常用不定式的主动式表被动意义：▲主语+be+形容词+动词不定式当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。（阅P1）Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve.这个问题很难解决。-可编辑修改-▲there+be句型中中词不定式用主动式来表示被动的含义。Therearealotofpeople(forme)tovisit.Thereisnotimetolose.没有时间可以耽误。▲“have+宾语+动词不定式(作定语)”结构中当have表示“有“，而动词不定式与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子的主语是动词不定式动作的执行者时，动词不定式一般用主动式。Ihavealotofmeetingstoattendthisweek.本周我有许多会议要参加。▲在“too...to”,“…enoughto”结构中，动词不定式总是用主动语态。Thisproblemistooeasytodealwith.这个问题处理起来很简单。Thisproblemiseasyenoughtodealwith.这个问题处理起来很简单。巩固练习Heissaidtotohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopower.A.beallowedtoreturnB.allowtoreturnC.allowreturningD.beallowedreturningHespokeinsuchahighvoiceatthefurtherendoftheroom.A.astobeheardB.tobeheardC.astohearD.tohear---Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?---newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.TohaveselectThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.don'tmakeToplayfairisasimportantas.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell---WhereshouldIsendmyform?---ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace.A.forsendingitB.tosendittoC.tosentD.tosentitAcomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdoneTheboywanttoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto---Doyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?---No,butsometimes,IwishI.A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC.havetimetoD.havetimeI'lldowhateverIcanmyEnglish.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimprovingCouldyoutellmethewayyou'vethoughtof?A.todoitB.doingitC.doitD.hastodoitHewasoftenlistenedinthenextroom.A.singB.sungC.tosingD.tosingingWouldyoubeshutthewindow?It'ssocold.A.enoughkindtoB.kindenoughnottoC.kindenoughtoD.sokindenoughastoDon'ttakethemedicine,itcan'thelp_ridofyourcold.A.gettingB.togetC.togettingD.getsMygrandmotherseemstohavealot—.A.worryaboutB.toworryC.tobeworriedD.toworryaboutEveryminutesismadefullofourlessons.A.touse,studyB.use,studyingC.useful,tostudyD.use,tostudy17.IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggoneYoushouldn,tallowgamesneartheclassroom,forit,stoonoisy.A.studentplayingB.playC.studentstoplayD.toplayThewaiterwasmade_totheguest.A.apologizeB.apologizingC.toapologizeD.tobeapologizingWhomwouldyourather_thework?A.tohavetodoB.tohavedoC.havetodoD.havedoIhadmeantonyou,butIwassobusy.A.callB.tocall C.callingD.becalling---Doyouoftenhavesomeoneyourclothes?---Yes,IoftenhavethemA.wash,towashB.towash,washedC.washed,washD.wash,washedSheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended―.A.tohearnotB.nothearingC.tonothearD.nottoAllIwantistreatedasachildbytheteachersandparents.A.notbeB.beingc.nottobeD.tobenotThelastman_thedisappointingnewswasthepatient,ssickfather.A.knewB.knowsC.toknowD.knowing---Whydidheletyourepeathisinstructiontimeandtimeover?---thatIrememberwhatwas_afterhewentout.A.Tomakesure,todo B.Makingsure,tobedoneC.Toseeto（注意，留意,关照）it,tobedoneD.Seeingto,donePiecesofbambooorwoodbooksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD.A.usedtoformedB.usedtoformC.wereusedtoformD.usedtobeforming.Amiddle-agedwomancametothebusstoponlythebushadgone.A.torun,findingB.running,tofindC.andran,foundD.running,find29.Smithappearsalongtime.Heisimpatientformyarrival.A.towaitB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD.tohavebeenwaiting30.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseemshistripverymuch.A.toenjoyB.tohaveenjoyedC.tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying31.---WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnow?Anythingwrongwithhim?---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill.A.hopessoB.hopesthatC.hopestoD.hopesitThehousesarefortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.-可编辑修改-A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuiltThelastpersonthesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A.leftB.leaveC.toleaveD.tobeleaving---Whywashefined?---Hehappenedtoseveralflowersinthepark.A.beseenpickB.beseenpickingC.becaughttopickD.catchpickingItisimpossibleforanyonethesephotographsbefore,becauseMr.Newmanhadthemdevelopedtoday.A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.toseeD.seeing1-5AACBA6-10BAAAB11-15ACCBD16-20DBCCD21-25BDDCC26-30