英语的发展历史

ThehistoryofEnglishOldEnglishistostartfromthe449a.d，inthattimethechiefJitishlandinginBritishkent.古代英语是从公元449年日耳曼的首领Jitish在不列颠的肯特郡登陆时开始的BC,theCeltslivedontheislandofGreatBritain,infiveandsixthCenturytheAngloSaxonsbegantomove.公元前，大不列颠岛上住着克尔特人等，公元五到六世纪盎格鲁撒克逊人开始移入。AroundtheseventhCentury,therewere7AngleSaxonKingdom,thewordEnglishisevolvedfromAngle.公元7世纪先后出现了7个Angle—Saxon王国，English一词就是从Angle演变而来的OldEnglish

TherearethreekindsoflanguagehadagreaterimpactontheancientEnglish.1.Celt.TheruinshasAvon,Kennet,DoveandLondon.凯尔特语。遗迹有Avon,Kennet,Dover和London2.Latin.Thesurvivingwordsare:ancor(anchor),flasce(flask),mil(mile),altar(altare),papaandetc.拉丁语。幸存的词语有：ancor(anchor),flasce(flask),mil(mile),altar(altare),papa等等3.Aperiodoftimeafter1013,theDanishruledallofEngland,so,OldNorsehasinfluenceonOldEnglishasthethirdlanguage.1013年后的一个时期，丹麦人统治了全英格兰，所以，古北欧语是对古英语有影响的第三种语言

Thethreelanguageswith/sk/audiogenerally,suchas:sky,skin,skull,scare,skill.TheearliestEnglishliteraturecanbetracedbackto750years,whichiscarvedinstoneonthe"DreamoftheRood"(十字架之梦)，thantheChinese"bookofsongs"inlate1000years.它们的影子多带/sk/音，如：sky,skin,skull,scare,skill。最早的英语文学作品只能追溯到750年，即是刻在石碑上的“DreamoftheRood”（十字架之梦）。比中国的《诗经》晚了1000多年。*NormansconqueredEnglandfortheBritishkingHaroldisnotofroyalbloodgroundsduringtwocentury.诺曼人以英国国王哈罗德不是王室血统为由，对英国进行长达两个世纪的出兵。*SotheFrenchleftdeepmarkinEnglish.Theprefixde-,dis-,in-,inter-,pre-,pro-,ad-,andthesuffix-able,-ment,-essareborrowedfromfrench.英语中留下了法语的深深的烙印，前缀de-,dis-,in-,inter-,pre-,pro-,ad-,-和后缀-able,-ment,-ess都是从法语中借来。*EarlyintotheEnglishFeenchwords：bacon,castle,market,prison,service，paradise,fruit。AndFrenchusuallyusedtodescribethelifeintheuppersociety.Forexample,EnglishmenliveinhouseswhileFrenchmenliveintowers.MiddleEnglishButafterthehundredyears'War(1337-1453)ofEnglishandFrench.EnglandreturnedtotheEnglishpeople,EnglishhasrediscoveredasMandarindignity.但是英法百年战争（1337—1453）结束后，英格兰回到了英吉利人手中，英语又找回了国语的尊严。After1489,FrenchisonlyusedforwritingthelawandtheCongressionalrecord.In1500,Londondialecthasbeenupgradedtoastandardenglish.

1489年后，法语只用于书写法令与国会记录。到了1500年，伦敦方言已升格为标准英语。1350-1500isagreatmasterofliteratureofthetimes,courtpoetChaucer's"Canterburytales",LanGelun's"thePearce"of"theBible",WycliffehadarevolutionaryimpactonEnglish.1350—1500年是一个文学巨匠时代，宫廷诗人乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》，兰格伦的《农夫皮尔斯》，威克立夫的《圣经》对英语都产生了革命性的影响。

*OldEnglishandMiddleEnglishalmostlydescribethebirth,changeanddevelopmentofEnglish,whichresultsinthemcontainedbyBritishEnglishage(英国英语时期).Andthen,wewillseehowEnglishwalktowardstheworld.In1492theKolumbdiscoveredthenewcontinent,theBritishestablishedmanyoverseacompany,suchasEastAfrica,Ltd.(1579),(1588),EastIndiaCompany(1600),reachingouttotheworld.东陆公司（1579），非洲公司（1588），东印度公司（1600）,

In1517MartinLuther'sreligiousreformprovidesarareopportunityforEnglishdevelopment.

AtthebeginningoftheseventeenthCentury,Britainestablishedacolonialstrongholds(殖民据点)inAsia,Africa,NorthAmerica,theWestIndiessuccessively.Renaissancewritersusemethodofborrowing,creationandsoontoexpandtheEnglishvocabulary,theEnglishriverisconstantlyinjectedinvariouscountriesandregionsofthelanguage.文艺复兴的作家们用外借和造字等方法扩大了英语词汇，各个国家地区的语言不断地注入英语的河流。ModernEnglish近代英语Thisisthecentury(1800--1900)Englishspreadextensivelyandwontheworld.

AfterthemidnineteenthCentury,Britaingraduallybecamethe"empireofthesun",andEnglishisusedbytheworld.America.Englishbegantoform美国英语开始形成。ModernEnglishstartedin1900.Duringthisperiod,theUnitedStatesdefeatedSpaintobecomeaworldpower.AndintheAngloBoerWar,theBritishroutedtheBoers,establishedtheunionofSouthAfrica.Intheresult,EnglishreplacedFrenchasadiplomacy

language,hasbecomeaninternationaltrademedia.而在英布战争中，英国击溃了布尔人，建立了南非联邦。结果，英语取代法语作为外交用语，成了国际贸易的媒介。Fromthegeographicalpattern,Englishkingforcehasbeenformed.从地理格局上看，英语的王者之势已经形成。ContemporaryEnglishIntheSecondWorldWar,therearesomeuncomprehendingvocabularyinBritishandAmericanlanguages,causeingalotofmisunderstanding.

Inordertoreduceunnecessarytrouble,1942U.S.militaryissueda"AshortGuidetoGreatBritain",theBritishRoyalAirForcealsocompiledthe"NotesforYourGuidance".第二次世界大战时期，英美两国的语言里都有一些互不了解的词，曾给双方造成了不少的误会。为了减少不必要的麻烦，1942美军印发了《AshortGuidetoGreatBritain》，英国的皇家空军也编制了《NotesforYourGuidance》Publishedin1951,"ADictionaryofAmericanisms"collectealargeofAmericanEnglishwords.1951年出版的《ADictionaryofAmericanisms》，收集了大量的美式英语单词。InAnalysis,AmericanEnglishwordsderivedfromthefollowingfouraspects:1.oldwordnew,suchasSwan(claims),Bluff(cliff)...旧词表新意，如swan（宣称），bluff（悬崖）...2.Composite,suchasterrainVocabulary:backwoodswatershed.Spokenwords:Almightyhighbrow,paleface......复合，如地形词汇backwoodswatershed,口语词汇：almightyhighbrow,paleface......3.Borrowedwords.BorrowingthemeaningoftheEnglishInmanyparts.FromtheIndianlanguagewords:totem,persimmon,pone(cornbread),FromtheSpanishwords:ranch,patio(courtyard).....借用词。对许多地区的语言和意思的借用。来自印地安语的词汇有：totem,persimmon,pone（玉米面包），来自西班牙词汇有：ranch,patio（天井）......4.Newwords(neologism),suchas:PEP(劲头),chunky(矮胖的),blurb(newbook)......新创词（neologism），如：pep（劲头），chunky（矮胖的）,blurb（新书简介)......Whatneedpointsoutis:aftertheSecondWorldWar,thespreadofEnglishismainlycarriedbytheUnitedStates.Television,newspapersandothernewsmediareportedtheUnitedStatesofAmericaalldaylong,theclassroom,music,tourism,commerceandtrade,everywherecanheartheUnitedStates.AmericaEnglishlanguagewasofficiallyformed.电视、报纸等新闻媒介整天都少不对美国的报道，课堂上、音乐里、旅游、商贸到处可以听到美国的声音，美语正式形成。Since1900,thedeepstructurerulesofEnglishalmostnochange.Changeseemstobeactiveonvocabulary,vocabularygrowrapidlyinarateabout5000wordsayear.自1900年以来，英语的深层结构规则几乎没有发生变化。词汇方面的变化似乎要活跃的多，词汇以每年5000左右的新词迅猛增长。ThroughoutthehistoryofEnglishforthousandsofyears,theriseofEnglishhasa"threejump".In1588,theBritishdefeatedtheSpanishArmada,tookafirmfoot

intheEuropean,whichisthefirstjump;1640-1660theBritishbourgeoisrevolutionandtheendoftheeighteenthCenturytothebeginningofthenineteenthCentury,capitalismdeveloprapidly,totheendofnineteenthCentury,theBritishbecametheworld'slargestcolonialempire--"daydoesnotfalltheEmpire",whichisthesecondjump;afterthetwoWorldWar,theUnitedStatesanewforcesuddenlyrises.English,tookthebaton,completedthethirdle