2021年考研真题2021年考研英语真题和答案

第第2页共30页第第页共30页Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44..HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.Alsointheearly1900s,Frenchsociologist?mileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesaspletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.Fore_le,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:Readthefollowingte_tcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnotthee_pressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovinge_perience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,fore_le,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld＇sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionasparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoacplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinamonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2)maketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing“instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB52.Directions:Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)e_plainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)答案SectionIUseofEnglish1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAACSectionIIReadingprehensionPartA21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDACPartB41—45CEABGPartC46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。47.一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。48.在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。49.既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。50.因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。SectionIIIWritingPartA51.应用文参考范文Deareditor，Iamwritingthislettertoadviseyouofthepressingsituationwearefacingnow.Asweknow,beingaccustomedtousingplasticbaginourdailylife,someofusstilltakethe“whitepollution”forgranted.Plasticbaghasbeetheindispensiblepartofourlife,andthe“whitepollution”nowisaubiquitousphenomenon,whichgreatlyworsensourenvironment.Tosavethesituationfromfurtheraggravating,Iwouldliketosuggestthat:firstly,ourgovernmentshouldmakeasetoflawstopunishthegroupsandindividualswhoarestillpollutingtheenvironment;secondly,newtechnologiesshouldbeusedtoproducedegradableandrenewablematerials;thirdly,thelocalmediacanmakefulluseofitsowninfluencetointensifythepublicityinordertoenhancepeople'sawarenessofenvironment.Ihopethatmysuggestionsarehelpful,thankyouforyourattention!Sincerelyyours，LiMingPartB52.短文写作参考范文Inthedrawing,whatfirstappearsinfrontofusisahugespiderweb,onwhichinnumerablepeopleareattached,likethecatchoftheowneroftheweb.Whatismoreironicistheyareimprisonedinrespectivecabins,choosingcontactingonlineratherthanmunicatingfacetoface.ThereisnodoubtthattheInterprovidesuswithconsiderableconvenience.However,itdrivestoomanyindividualstobeaddictedtothefictionale_perience,andhenceforgetthetraditionalandmostefficientmunicationmethod.Indifferencehasbeeanotunmonphenomenoninthemodernworld.Thefollowingrea