2023年专升本英语重点语法及句型

专升本英语重点语法一、名词1、可数名词CountableNoun1.1规则名词的复数形式，如：①map——maps②box——boxes③story——stories1.2不规则名词的复数形式1）以-o结尾的名词多数加-es构成复数：hero——heroes英雄cargo——cargoes货品potato——potatoes土豆tomato——tomatoes西红柿**某些外来词以-o结尾，但只加-s：auto——autos汽车piano——pianos钢琴photo——photos照片kilo——kilos公里**以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的词也只加-s：zoo——zoos动物园radio——radios收音机bamboo——bamboos竹子studio——studios照相馆2）以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v再加上-es：thief——thieves小偷knife——knives刀wife——wives妻子life——lives生命shelf——shelves架子half——halves半**但有些只加-s：belief——beliefs信念roof——roofs屋顶3）常见特殊复数形式：child——children孩子foot——feet脚，英尺goose——geese鹅ox——oxen牛tooth——teeth牙齿mouse——mice老鼠basis——bases基础medium——media媒介man——men男人woman——women女人chairman——chairmen主席datum——data数据4）常见单复数形式相同：sheep绵羊deer鹿fish鱼fruit水果yuan元shark鲨鱼Chinese中国人Swiss瑞士人5）常见的只能用复数形式的名词：works工厂species种类crossroads十字路口means手段goods货品clothes衣服shoes鞋thanks感谢surroundings环境politics政治学physics物理学glasses眼镜outskirts郊区wages工资***此外一些集合名词如：cattle，mankind，police，people，staff等总是用作复数。2、不可数名词2.1单位词修饰不可数名词：apieceofbread一片面包abagofsand一袋沙abottleofbeer一瓶啤酒agameofchess一盘棋2.2度量词修饰不可数名词：akiloofrice一公斤大米ameterofstring一米带子2.3常见不可数名词：advice忠告bread面包chalk粉笔furniture家具meat肉damage损失progress进步paper纸news新闻rice大米money钱grass草luggage行李knowledge知识sugar糖work工作food食物information信息equipment设备baggage行李3、名词的所有格1）名词+'s：Mary'sbook2）名词s（复数）+'：theworkers'library特殊如：thechildren'spalace少年宫Women'sday妇女节3）如某物为两人所共有，只需在两个名词后加's：MaryandJane'scar共有否则为：Mary'sandJane'scars各自4）双重所有格：afriendofmyfather's/mine我（父亲）的一位朋友（部分概念）aphotoofTom's汤姆所拥有的一张照片，但照片上的未必是他本人***名词和数词组成复合结构：一个为期三天的假期①athree-weekholiday②athreeweeks'holiday③aholidayofthreeweeksDr.Joneshasafive-year-olddaughter.二、冠词1、不定冠词a、an：表泛指，用于单数可数名词前，表达任何一个/类。1.1以辅音音素开头的名词或词组前用a；以元音音素开头的名词或词组前用anauniversityaEuropeanabookanumbrellaanhouranerror***不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a/an，如：Shewasinspiredwithanewcourage.1.2常见使用不定冠词的固定搭配：haveacold患感冒asaresult因此，结果asarule通常haveagoodtimehaveawordwith与…谈话havearest休息一会inahurry匆忙地inaword总之onceinawhile偶尔takeawalk散步cometoanend结束allofasudden忽然makealiving谋生makeafire生火makeafortune发财acoupleof一对agreatdealof大量的alotof许多2、定冠词the：表特指，意为这（些）、那（些）。1）第二次提到，或双方都已知道的人或事物：Thereissomewaterinthecup.Thewaterishot.Closethedoor，please.（已知）2）单数可数名词前，表达种类：ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.Theearlybirdcatchestheworms.捷足先登3）世界上独一无二的事物，以及表达江河、海洋、山脉等地理名称：theearththeBible圣经theUniverse宇宙theYangtzeRiver长江thesuntheLord上帝thePacificOcean太平洋theSaharaDesert撒哈拉沙漠4）限定意味较强的定语：thebookyouboughtyesterdaythehistoryofChina5）用于具有鉴别意义的普通名词前，如：theplanetMercury水星theplay"KingLear"剧本《李尔王》6）其他用法：①西洋乐器前，表达演奏某种乐器：playtheviolin（piano）②某些形容词前，使其名词化，表达这一类人或事物：thepoor，thetrue③姓氏的复数形式和民族名称前，表达全家和整个民族：theTurners，theChinese④逢十的年份前，表达几十年代：inthe1980s⑥某些计量单位的名词前：Applesaresoldbythepound.7）常见使用定冠词的固定搭配：bytheway顺便说一句inthefuture未来inthemorning在上午intheend最终inthemeanwhile同时inthesun在阳光下ontheaverage平均onthealert警惕onthecontrary相反ontheright在右边ontheincrease增长onthespot当场playthefool做傻事keepthehouse居家不外出inthedark在暗处atthecostof以…为代价3、零冠词1）不可数名词表达泛指时：Withoutwatermancannotlive.2）复数可数名词表达泛指时：Teachersgenerallylikediligentstudents.3）专有名词前一般用零冠词：China，Asia，BeijingUniversity，HydePark（海德公园）4）其他用法：①季节名称前：Summeriscoming.②法定节日前：NationalDayNewYear'sDay③球类运动和棋类游戏前：playfootball，playchess（bridge）下棋（打桥牌）④餐名前：Whenwilllunchbeready？5）零冠词固定短语：atfirstatdesk（table）在办公（吃饭）atlastonpurpose故意onfoot徒步indebt负债introuble陷入困境atnightatsea在海上athomebyaccident偶尔inbed卧床bychance恰巧inorderof以…的顺序gotoschoolgotobedincommon相同的indetail具体地inhospital住院in/afterclasstakeplace发生inreturn作为回敬insightof看见onfire在燃烧makefriendswithkeepinmind记在心里三、代词1、人称代词主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey宾格meyouhim，her，itusyouthem1.1排序一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称：you，heandI；you，JohnandI1.2it的用法①代事物、动物、婴儿以及未知的人或事：Whoisthat？It'smyfriend.②用于引出非人称句，表达天气、时间和距离等：It'scloudytoday.③形式代词：Itisquiterightthatyoudidthat.④引导强调句：Itwashisfatherthatmadehimalawyer.2、物主代词形容词性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs2.1形容词性物主代词属限定词范围，注意避免人称和数的误用。2.2名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。Oursisasocialistcountry.Thisdictionaryismine.afriendofminenofaultofyours3、反身代词myselfyourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvesTakecareofyourself.HewasteachinghimselfEnglish.Themaninthephotoismyself.Sheherselfwasadoctor.4、指示代词：this、that、these、those4.1关于that的固定用法：（1）Jackhelpedfinishmyworkandthatwaskindofhim.杰克帮助我完毕了任务，他（那样做）真是太好了。（2）Hetoldmeonlypartofthestoryandthatwasthat.他只跟我讲了这个故事的一部分，就那些。4.2关于that和those：（1）It'sadifferentkindofcarfromthat（kindofcar）（which）I'musedto.这种汽车和我所习惯的那种不同。（2）Thepresidentandhiswifewereamongthose（whowere）presentattheceremony.出席那个典礼有总统和他的夫人。5、互相代词：eachother（两者）和oneanother（两者以上）（1）Thetwoparties，theDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicPartyoftenattackeachother.（2）Theboysinthisclassliketobullyoneanother.这个班上的男孩子喜欢互相打斗。6、不定代词6.1all和both（1）前者表达两个以上；后者表达两个。（2）都位于行为动词之前，be动词后：Theyall（both）agreedwithme.Theyareall（both）quitewealthy.6.2noone和none（1）noone只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。Noneof后接的谓语可用复数也可用单数。Noonetoldusthathewasthere.Iwantsomemilkbuttherewasnoneinthehouse.Howmanyelephantsdidyouseeatthezoo?----None.Noneofthemhave（has）arrivedyet.Noneofthismoneyismine.7、some/any/no/every+（thing，one，body…）7.1everyone和everyone前者意思为"每个人"，与everybody同义，用于泛指，不可跟of短语；后者意思是每个人或物，用于特指，可跟of短语。everyoneinthevillage村子里所有的人（泛指）everyoneofthechildren这些孩子中的每一个（特指）7.2anybody，everybody和"every（each）+单数名词"正式英语Anybodycandoitifheorshetries.平常英语iftheytryEverybodystartedwavinghisflag.theirflagsEverybodyhasarrived，hasn'the？haven'tthey***Everythingisallright，isn'sit？7.3something，anything，nothing等被形容词修饰时，该形容词后置：nothingwrong8、否认1）部分否认：当all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表达整体意义的代词与否认词连用时，一般只表达部分否认。Allofthestudentsdidnotturnup.不是所有的学生都出席。现代英语常用作：Notallofthestudentsturnedup.2）所有否认：none，noone，neither，nobody，nothing等对整体意义具有否认作用的代词或副词。Noneofthestudentsturnedup.没有一个学生出席。9、其他限定词1）常见修饰可数名词的限定词：（a）few，acoupleof，both，many，manya，agreatmany，several，anumberof2）常见修饰不可数名词的限定词：（a）little，much，a（large）amountof，agreatdealof，abitof3）some/any/noany：非肯定句（否认、疑问、条件句）no：否认句some：肯定句和具有肯定意味的场合，特殊如：CanIhavesomecoffee？请求或希望得到肯定回答时。Someidiotparkedhiscaroutsidemygarage.表达某一个=acertain4）many/muchmany接可数名词复数，much接不可数名词，在肯定句中常和so和too连用Ihavemet（so）manypeoplewhoshareyourview.（So）Muchtimehasbeenwasted.**manya+单数可数名词相称于many+复数名词ShehasbeentoBeijingmanyatime.（manytimes）Manyanaccidenthashappenedhere.5）each/everyeach用作名词或形容词，every用作形容词，后面必须跟名词。"我们中的每个人"应为everyoneofus或eachofus.6）both/eitherboth为两者都…，后接复数动词，either为两者中任何一个，接单数动词。两者的否认形式为neither.Truthmaylieonbothsides，oneitherside，oronneither（side）。7）either/anyeither为两者中的任何一个；any为两者以上中的任何一个。ComeonTuesdayorWednesday.EitherdayisOK.Youwillfindmeatmydeskatanyhouroftheday.***either后接end，side等词有时可指两个都：Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.=bothsides8）neither/none表达两者都不…，用neither；表达两者以上都不…，用none（of）。Neither接单数可数名词，noneof接复数名词。Neitherbookismine.Noneofthebooksontheshelvesbelongtome.（用复数动词，强调"都不是"）**Ofallthebooksontheshelves，nonebelongstome.（用单数动词，强调"没有一本是".）9）all/whole区别：①all可接复数可数名词或不可数名词，whole一般接单数可数名词。②语序：all用于冠词、所有格或其他限定词之前，whole只用于冠词等限定词的后面。Heateallthevegetables.Heatethewholepie.Thewholebookisinteresting.Allthechaptersareinteresting.10）another/otherThisbookistoodifficult.Showmeanotherone.Ofthethreebooksonthedesk，twoarewrittenbyDickens，theotheroneiswrittenbyMarkTwain.***other前面可带some，any，every，many，one，his等其他限定词。Willyoucomesomeothertime？改日Pleasewriteoneveryotherline.隔行***therestofthemoney不可数名词therestoftheworkers可数名词11）anumberof/thenumberof前者为：许多…，后接复数名词，谓语用复数。后者为：…的总数，谓语用单数。Anumberofcomradeswereabsentfromthemeeting.Thenumberofcomradesabsentfromthemeetingwassurprising.12）few/afewfew表否认，afew表数量不大，表肯定。quiteafew表相称多，为肯定。onlyafew表否认，同few.13）little/alittle用法同上四、介词1、介词短语accordingtoaheadofapartfrombymeansofbutforbecauseofduetoexceptforforthesakeofinadditiontoinsteadofinfrontofinspiteofinthenameofonbehalfofpriortowithregardtoowingto由于2、分词介词concerningincludingpastregarding3、介词用法比较3.1表达时间的介词at，on，in，after，for，since，by，till，until，during①at表达确切时间点或较短的一段时间；in表达一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间；on表达具体的某天或某天上午或下午；during表达一段时间，强调时间的延续。at4：30（noon，dawn，midnight……）onSunday（Oct.1……）onSaturdayafternoon（anautumnevening……）***intheafternoononSundayatChristmasin（during）1987（December，the19thcentury……）duringmymilitaryservice（thetrip）Thejobwasdoneinaweek.②Hewillbebackintwohours.Hewillbebackaftertwoo'clock.③IstayedinLondon（for）twodaysonmywaytoNewYork.since1950（then）④Bynoon，everybodyhad（willhave）arrivedthere.到中午的时候，大家都（将）到那儿了。from1985to1996⑤Hewaitedtill（until）5o'clock.Theystayeduntil（till）afterthemeeting.（肯定句中表达：直到…时候）UntilnowIknewnothingaboutit.Jackdidn'tcomehomeuntil/tillabout11.（否认句中表达：直到…才）3.2表达地点、位置的介词in，at，round，around，beyond，on，beneath，over，under，above，below，up，down，before，behind，between，among，amid（st）①Thecarpulledupatthegate.车停在大门口ShelivesatNo.52HazelAvenue.TheyhavearrivedinPeking.Whatisinthebox？②Heputanecklace（a）roundherneck.Heismakingatriproundtheworld.③beyond表达在…以外：Thereisavillagebeyondthehill.④on：在…（平面）上；beneath：在…（平面）下：Thereisabookonthedesk.Thesubmarinecanrunveryfastbeneaththesea.⑤over：在（垂直）上方；under：在（垂直）下方：Thereisalampoverthetable.Thepeasantsarehavingarestunderthetree.⑥above：在…上方；below：在…下方：Theplaneisflyingabovetheclouds.Thesunsankbelowthehorizon.⑦before：在…前面；after：在…后面（两者具有动态意义）Don'tputthecartbeforethehorse.莫本末倒置。Theobjectshouldbeplacedaftertheverb.***infrontof和behind表达静态意义的位置。Thecarwasparkedinfrontofthebuilding.Thereisagardenbehindthehouse.⑧between：在（两者）之间：Isthereanydifferencebetweenthetwowords？among：在（两者以上）之间：Theyvisitedthetempleamongthehills.amid（st）：在…之间（具有被不同之物包围之意），可接复数名词或不可数名词：Thesoldierschargedforwardamid（st）theenemybullets.3.3表达方向、方位的介词to，in，for，at①in在…面（包含在其中）：ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.to在…部（不包含在其中）：JapanliestotheeastofChina.on两地接壤：VietnamliesonthesouthofChina.②leave，start，depart等词后加for，表达目的地：HewillleaveforShanghaitomorrow.3.4表达空间运动的介词along，across，through，over，up，down，from，to，into，outof①along沿着：Theyaretakingawalkalongthestreet.across横过：Dareyouswimacrosstheriver？②through（从中间穿过）：Theydrovethroughthecity（tunnel）over越过：Theplaneflewoverthecity.③up向上方：Heranupthestairs.down向下方：Theshipissailingdowntheriver.④Hereceivedaletterfromabroad.Shestoodupandwalkedtothewindow.3.5表达工具、方法和手段的介词with，by，in，through，on1）with表达工具，方式（抽象），也可表达材料：Woodisoftencutwithasaw.Weshouldfacethesituationwithgreatcourage.2）by表达途径或手段：Babieslearntospeakbyimitation.Wecangetenergybyburningfuel.3）in表达方式：Canyoudotheexperimentinanotherway？Clothisoftenmeasuredinmetres.4）through表达途径，手段，与by接近：Hebecamerichthroughhardwork.3.6表达因素的介词becauseof，owingto，dueto（一般不位于句首），onaccountof，at，for，from，with，ofTheflightwascancelledduetothefog.Werejoicedattheirgreatachievements.Hewaspunishedforstealing.Theyaresufferingfromstarvationanddisease.Shewasredwithshame.Themandiedoflungcancer.直接因素Thesoldierdiedfromabadwound.间接因素3.7除了…：besides，except，exceptfor，but，apartfrom（意思较广）BesidesEnglish，theyalsostudymath，physicsandchemistry.Heansweredallthequestionsexcept（but）thelastone.Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.整体中除去一个细节Theenemyhadnochoicebuttosurrender.***butfor表达：要不是由于，倘若没有，常用于虚拟语气表达含蓄条件。3.8表达让步的介词inspiteof，despite，afterall，forall，withallThechildrencontinuedtoplayinthegardendespitetherain.Withallhisachievements，heremainsmodestandprudent.谦虚谨慎Forallhisfaults，westilllikehim.五、形容词和副词5.1系表结构，应用形容词作表语：Thedishsmellsgood.Helooksveryserious.Shefeltbadatthenews.5.2一些形容词与副词同形，如：cleandirectfirmlikelyquickcloseearlyhardlongslowclearenoughhighlowstraightdeadfarkindlymuchtightdeepfastlatenearwrongwideJohndrivesveryfast.HetookafasttraintoLondon.Youmustgostraighttobed.Theteacherdrewastraightline.5.3常见以-ly结尾的形容词daily天天的lonely孤独的lovely可爱的lively活泼的monthly每月一次的friendly和谐的kindly和蔼的early早的silly愚蠢的timely及时的likely很也许的ugly丑陋的deadly致命的deathly死一般的earthly世俗的其中early，kindly，likely也可用作副词。5.4某些形容词与副词只差一个词尾，但意义却大不相同：bad坏的badly非常practical实际的practically事实上hard坚硬hardly几乎不large大的largely重要地late迟的，晚的lately近来like像likely很也许scarce稀少的scarcely几乎不short短的shortly不久，不久bare光秃的barely仅仅I、形容词****Thisisatoughtask.作定语Thistaskistough.作表语1.1常见只作表语的形容词：asleep睡着的afraid胆怯的aware意识到的awake醒的alike相似的alone单独的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的content满意的glad快乐的unable不能的well健康的fond喜欢的sorry抱歉的1.2少数形容词作表语和作定语时意义不同：作表语作定语ill生病的邪恶的hard严厉的努力的certain有把握的某（一）个little少的小的present出席的当前的2.1几个形容词修饰名词时的常见顺序：限定词→一般描述性形容词→大小/形状→年龄/新旧→色彩→国籍/地区/出处→物质/材料→用途/类别→名词eg.ourgreat，socialistmother我们伟大的社会主义祖国thathungry，tired，sleepy，littlematchgirl那个饥饿的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、卖火柴的小女孩2.2同类形容词排列，较短的放在前面：akind，generous，oldman一个和蔼、慷慨的老人2.3同类的形容词之间也可用and连接：Thatisablackandwhitecat.Hewastall，darkandhandsome.3、比较：1）sleepy瞌睡的2）healthy健康的3）industrial工业的asleep睡着的healthful有益于健康的industrious勤奋的4）historic有历史意义的5）continual频繁的6）economic经济（上）的historical历史的continuous连续不断的economical节省的7）distinct清楚的8）respectable值得尊敬的9）everyday平常的distinctive有特色的respectful有礼貌的everyday天天（作状语）10）allready都准备好的11）popular流行的12）considerable相称的already（副词）已经populous人口稠密的considerate考虑周到的13）disinterested无私的14）honorary名誉上的15）practical实用的uninterested不感爱好的honorable可尊敬的practicable可行的16）defective有缺陷的17）alone独自的18）successful成功的deficient缺少的lonely孤独的successive连续的19）principal重要的20）pleasant令人快乐的21）desirable中意的principle原则n.pleased快乐的desirous渴望的22）imminent紧迫的23）live活的（作定语）24）like相象的eminent著名的lively活泼的alike相象的（作表语）alive活的（作表语）likely也许的25）dead死的26）sensitive敏感的27）efficient效率高的deadly致命的sensible明智的proficient纯熟的deathly死一般的sensory知觉的sufficient足够的28）imaginable可以想象的29）invaluable无价的30）eligible合格的31）stationary静止的imaginary想象中的valueless无价值的illegible笔迹不清的stationery文具imaginative有想象力的priceless无价的illegal非法的II、副词1.1常见差别较大的副词：high高高地highly高度地direct径直地directly立刻late晚，迟lately最近pretty相本地prettily优美地sharp忽然sharply严厉地short忽然shortly立即most最mostly大部分near近nearly几乎just正好justly公正地hard努力地hardly几乎不free免费地freely自由地1.2副词在句中的位置quicklyenoughdoeverythingcarefully1.3插入语①Frankly，thestudentsdidn'tworkhardenoughlastterm.表态度②Theclockisold；itis，however，ingoodcondition.表逻辑关系③Theraindidn'tlastlong，astheyhadexpected.表解释④Thataccident，Johnrecalled，occurredonasummermorning.表主次关系III、形容词和副词（比较）1.1肯定式原级比较：……像……那样：as+形容词或副词原级+as名词或代词（主格）Someofthestarsmaybeaslargeasthesunandashotasthesun.1.2否认式原级比较：……不如……那样：notso或as+形容词或副词原级+as名词或代词（主格）Themeltingpointofcopperisnotso（或as）highasthatofiron.1.3有时，否认式原级比较结构不表达比较，而是表达：与其说……不如说……Heisnotso（much）unintelligentasuneducated.与其说他不聪明，不如说他未受过教育。1.4more（less）……than结构有时表达：与其说……不如说……，用法同上。Heismorediligentthanclever.与其说他聪明，不如说他勤奋。Shewaslesshurtthanfrightened.与其说她受伤了，不如说被吓着了。Heismuchmoreanactorthanamusician.与其说他是音乐家，不如说是演员。2.1特殊比较级和最高级形式原级比较级最高级原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestbad/badly/illworseworstoldelder/oldereldest/oldestlatelater/latterlatest/lastnearnearernearest/nest***elder不与than连用2.2常见充当比较级限度状语的词有：much，many，far，byfar，still，even，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，threeyears，one-third，20%等。eg.Airinthecountryismuch（far…）cleanerthanthatinthecity.Heisthreeyearsolderthanhissister.Thismonth，theywillproduce20%morecoalthanlastmonth.many/farmoreopportunities可数much/farmoremoney不可数2.3表达倍数的表达方式：Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.这个房间的大小是那个房间的三倍。Ourtradeunionmovementwouldbeathousandtimesstrongerifitwerebetterorganized.假如组织得好一些，我们的工会运动将会（比现在）强一千倍。2.4"the+more……，the+more……"表达："越……，越……"Theearlieryoustart，thesooneryouwillbeback.Themorebooksonereads，themoreknowledgeablehebecomes.2.5有时比较级也用"the+比较级+of+比较范围（通常两者）"结构：Heistheclevererofthetwoboys.OfMaryandJane，whoisthesmarter？2.6notmorethan和nomorethan的区别notmorethan：不超过，不及；nomorethan：转义为只但是，仅仅。=onlyTherearenotmorethan500studentsinthisschool.这个学校的学生不超过五百。Therearenomorethan500studentsinthisschool.这个学校里的学生只有五百。类似的尚有：notlessthan不少于nolessthan有……之多notbetterthan不比……好nobetterthan同样的不好3.1有些形容词及其-ly副词由于自身意义的因素，不可用于比较级，也不能被其他限度副词如very等修饰。absolute绝对的sole唯一的eternal永恒的total总的first第一的ultimate最终的true真实的unique独特的wrong错误的final最终的correct对的的last最后的only仅有的perfect完美的primary首要的unanimous一致的3.2少数以-or结尾具有比较意义的形容词，后面规定接to来引导比较对象。常见的有：inferior劣等的junior年幼的superior优越的senior年长的六、动词1、动词分类（一）：连系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。1.1常用的连系动词有：appearbebecomecomefallfeelgetgogrowkeeplieremainrestrunsmellsoundstandstaytastelook1.2实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分1.3助动词无实际意义，只起语法作用：Doyoureadnewspapereveryday？Thejobwillbefinishedsoon.1.4情态动词不能单独作谓语，增长谓语的情态、语气等色彩。2、动词种类（二）2.1界线性动词（不能与表达连续一段时间的状语连用），如：catchcomediefindgivejoinkillloseleavemarryrealize2.2非界线性动词（所表达的动作或状态可以一直进行下去）①动态动词：live，sit，stand，study，talk，work，write等②状态动词：be，belong，consist，exist，feel，hate，have，hope，love，want等3、常跟双宾语的动词有：askbringbuychoosedodenyfetchgetgivegranthandleavelendmakeofferorderpaypasspromisesellsendshowtaketeachtellwrite常见动词搭配：1、动词+介词：listento听amountto等于longfor渴望callon号召operateon为……动手术consistof由……组成resistin坚持accountfor解释lookat看carefor照顾objectto反对sendfor派人去请relyon依靠dependon依靠standfor代表laughat嘲笑waitfor等待lookinto调查applyfor申请believein信仰playwith玩comeacross碰见gothrough通过2、动词+副词：giveup放弃carryout执行lookup查找pointout指出bringup抚养findout查明handin上交makeout认出thinkover考虑puton穿wipeout消灭pickup拣起throwaway抛弃setup建立takeoff脱掉turndown拒绝giveaway暴露handout分发calloff取消turnoff关掉knockoff停工standup起立breakdown出毛病lookout小心takeoff起飞runout耗尽catchup赶上givein让步growup长大hangaround逗留passaway去世showoff炫耀dropout退出getup起床goon继续3、动词+副词+介词：cutdownon减少getalongwith与…相处runoutof用光lookupto尊敬datebackto追溯getthroughwith完毕keepupwith跟上makeupfor补偿comedownwith患病sitinon旁听doawaywith抛弃lookforwardto盼望putupwith忍受standupto反对lookdownupon瞧不起4、动词+名词+介词catchsightof看见findfaultwith挑…毛病keepaneyeon照看makefunof取笑makefriendswith与…交友payattentionto注意shakehandswith与…握手takeadvantageof运用takepartin参与getridof摆脱giveriseto引起losesightof看不见makeuseof运用takecareof照料throwlighton阐明putastopto结束七、时态时态：一般进行完毕完毕进行时间be+现在分词have+过去分词havebeen+现在分词现在worksworkisam+workingarehashave+workedhashave+beenworking过去workedwaswere+workinghadworkedhadbeenworking将来willshall+workwillshall+beworkingwillshall+haveworkedwillshall+havebeenworking过去将来wouldshould+workwouldshould+beworkingwouldshould+haveworkedwouldshould+havebeenworking1、一般现在时1.1表习惯性动作；人或事物的特性或状态；客观真理等Everyoneisinhighspirits.Lighttravelsmorequicklythansound.1.2用于时间和条件状语从句，代替一般将来时Ifitisfinetomorrow，wewillgoonapicnic.Whenyoucomenexttime，bringmesomemagazines.1.3与具有"出发，到达"含义的动词连用，表达按计划将要发生的动作ThedelegationarrivesinBeijingthisafternoon.Thereisanewfilmtonight.2、一般过去时（表达过去某时间的动作或状态）Thechildrenwentoutjustnow.Shediedtenyearsago.Ilostmywalletatthetheatre.3、一般将来时3.1will/shalldo：Nextmonth，mysisterwillbenineteen.Ishall/willreturnyouthebooktomorrow.3.2begoingtodo：Thewallisgoingtobepaintedgreen.Itisgoingtorain.3.3betodo表达按计划要发生的事：Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.3.4beabouttodo即将（正要）做某事：Autumnharvestisabouttostart.4、一般过去将来时Hesaidthathewouldgetmarriedsoon.Iaskedhimwhenhewouldcomehereagain.5、现在进行时5.1表达说话时，或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。Theyaremakinganexperimentnow.5.2计划即将发生，如go，come，leave，arrive：HeiscomingherenextweekandisstayinghereuntilAugust.6、过去进行时Weweretalkingaboutyouamomentago.Iwasplayingthepianowhenshecamein.7、将来进行时Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow？Ibelievehe'llbecomingsoon.8、现在完毕时8.1过去发生但对现在有影响的动作，常跟时间状语already，yet，never，before，recently，just，ever，once连用。IhavebeentoPekingmanytimes.Theyhavealreadypublishedtheresultsoftheirexperiments.8.2从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在（也许还要继续下去）的动作，常跟时间状语since，fortwoyears，sofar，inrecentyears等（使用延续性动词）Hehaslivedheresince1984.IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears.1）他参军已有十年了。①Hehasbeenanarmymanfortenyears.②Itis（hasbeen）tenyearssincehejoinedthearmy.③Hejoinedthearmytenyearsago.2）Itis（hasbeen）…since：Itis（hasbeen）alongtimesincetheylastmeteachother.3）Thisisthefirst（second）timethat…：ThisisthesecondtimethatIhavebrokenacupthisyear.9、过去完毕时JohnhadlearnedsomeChinesebeforehecametoChina.Hefoundthebookthathehadlost.Bytheendoflastyear，Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears.***nosooner………than，hardly（scarcely）……when（before）Wehadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadwereachedhomethanitbegantorain.Hehadhardlyenteredtheofficewhen（before）thephonerang.10、现在完毕进行时（常跟forhours，sincethismorning等表达一段时间的状语连用）TheyhavebeenwatchingTVfortwohours.Hehasbeenworkingonthisessaysincethismorning.11、时态呼应特殊规则Keplerprovedthatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystem.客观真理Ididn'tgototheballbecauseIamnotfondofdancing.意义需要被动语态一般时态进行时态完毕时态现在amiswrittenareamisbeinggivenarehasbeenwrittenhave过去waswerewrittenwaswerebeinggivenhadbeenwritten将来shallwillbewrittenshallwillhavebeenwritten过去将来shouldwouldbewrittenshouldwouldhavebeenwritten***有些动词表达状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态：cost花费fit适合have有hold容纳lack缺少own占有possess拥有resemble像suit适合last连续Theboyresembleshisfather.Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.***少数短语动词通常只用被动语态：①betakenin被骗，上当②besupposedtodosomethin