国际结算课件

Internationalpaymentsandsettlements（国际支付与结算）ChapterOne

BriefIntroductiontoInternationalTrade1.1TheConceptofInternationalTrade1.1.1DefinitionInternationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountryforthoseproducedinanothercountry.Inmostcasescountriesdonottradetheactualgoodsandservices.Rathertheyusetheincomeormoneyfromthesaleoftheirproductstobuytheproductsofanothercountry.1.1.2Majorparticipants+Thebuyer.+Theseller.+Banks.1.1.3Majorprocesses+Businessnegotiation.+Salescontract.+Settlementoftheproceeds.1.2TradeTerms1.3BasicMethodsofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements1.3.1Keyfactorsdeterminingthepaymentmethod+thebusinessrelationshipbetweenthesellerandthebuyer+thenatureofthemerchandise+industrynorms+thedistancebetweenthebuyerandtheseller+thepotentialforcurrencyfluctuation+politicalandeconomicstabilityinboththebuyerandtheseller’scountry1.3.2RelativesecurityofpaymentmethodsInternationalbusinessoftenrequiresacompromiseonthepartofthesellerandthebuyerthatleadstorelativesecurityforbothparties.1.3.3Settlementoncommercialcredit+PaymentinadvanceThebuyerplacesthefundsatthedisposalofthesellerpriortoshipmentofthegoodsorprovisionofservices.+OpenaccountAnarrangementbetweenthebuyerandsellerwherebythegoodsaremanufacturedanddeliveredbeforepaymentisrequired.+RemittanceAbank(theremittingbank),attherequestofitscustomer(theremitter),transferacertainsumofmoneytoitsoverseasbranchorcorrespondentbank(thepayingbank)instructingthemtopaytoanamedpersonorcorporation(thepayeeorbeneficiary)domiciledinthecountry.+CollectionAnarrangementwherebythegoodsareshippedandtherelevantbillofexchangeisdrawnbytheselleronthebuyer,anddocumentsaresenttotheseller’sbankwithclearinstructionsforcollectionthroughoneofitscorrespondentbankslocatedinthedomicileofthebuyer.1.3.4Settlementonbankcredit+LetterofcreditAletterofcreditisanundertakingissuedbyabankfortheaccountofthebuyer(theapplicant)orforitsownaccount,topaythebeneficiarythevalueofthedraftand/ordocuments,providedthatthetermsandconditionsofthedocumentarycreditarecompliedwith.+BankguaranteeAbankguaranteeisawrittenpromiseissuedbyabankattherequestofitscustomer,undertakingtomakepaymenttothebeneficiarywithinthelimitsofastatedsumofmoneyintheeventofdefaultbytheprinciple.Notes:Internationaltrade补充资料第一部分、贸易术语与国际惯例一、价格术语，又称贸易术语、价格条件等。它是指用一个简短的概念或外文缩写的字母来表明货物的价格构成和买卖双方各自承担的责任、费用、风险以及货物所有权转移的界限。例：“每公吨600美元ClF波士顿”(USD600PerM/TClFBoston)。二、作用简化交易程序、缩短谈判时间、减少谈判费用三、产生与发展1936年国际商会制定，13种分成4组四、有关贸易术语的国际惯例（一）国际惯例的性质1、国际贸易惯例在国际贸易实践中，逐步形成的有较普遍指导意义的一些习惯做法或解释。国际组织制定的规则港口的传统习惯行业惯例典型案例2、性质（1）不是法律，对买卖双方无强制约束性。（2）如果合同中明确采用某种惯例，则该惯例对买卖双方有约束力。（3）如果合同中明确采用某种惯例，但又在合同中规定了相抵触的条款，只要这些条款与本国法律不矛盾，则以合同条款为主。（4）如果合同中即未对某一问题做出明确规定，也未明确采用某一惯例，当提交仲裁机构或法律诉讼时，可引用惯例作为判决或裁决的依据。（二）有关贸易术语的国际惯例1、《1932年华沙—牛津规则》(Warsaw-OxfordRules1932)2、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》(RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941)3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS2000)第二部分、主要国际贸易术语一、FOB术语（一）FOB术语的含义

FreeOnBoard(…namedportofshipment)，船上交货(……指定装运港)，习惯称为装运港船上交货。(1)卖方义务①在合同规定的时间和装运港口，将合同规定的货物交到买方指派的船上，并及时通知买方。②承担货物交至装运港船上之前的一切费用和风险。③自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并且办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。④提交商业发票和自费提供证明卖方已按规定交货的清洁单据，或具有同等作用的电子信息。(2)买方义务①订立从指定装运港口运输货物的合同，支付运费和保险费，并将船名、装货地点和要求交货的时间及时通知卖方。②根据买卖合同的规定受领货物并支付货款。③承担受领货物之后所发生的一切费用和风险。④自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并办理货物进口所需的海关手续。

（二）使用FOB术语应注意的问题1、风险划分问题惯例：船舷实际业务：装完船—大副收据—提单2、船货衔接问题（1）问题买方按时派船，卖方未备妥货买方未按时派船（2）解决卖方代办租船定舱定派船通知条款3、装船费用问题（1）问题惯例规定不明确运输方式不同港口习惯不同（2）FOB的变形解决装船费用由谁负担的问题而产生的：

FOBLinerTerms(FOB班轮条件)

FOBUnderTackle(FOB吊钩下交货)

FOBStowed(FOB理舱费在内)

FOBTrimmed(FOB平舱费在内)

FOBStowed&Trimmed(FOB并理平舱）4、装船通知问题装船与保险衔接问题5、个别国家对FOB的不同解释（1）交货地点（2）风险划分（3）办理出口手续二、CIF术语（一）CIF术语的含义CostInsuranceandFreight(…namedportofdestination)，即成本加保险费、运费(……指定目的港)。(1)卖方义务①签订从指定装运港承运货物的合同；在合同规定的时间和港口，合同要求的货物装上船并支付至目的港的运费；装船后须及时通知买方。②承担货物在装运港越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。③按照买卖合同的约定，自负费用办理水上运输保险。④自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。⑤提交商业发票和在目的港提货所用的通常的运输单据或具有同等作用的电子信息，并且自费向买方提供保险单据。(2)买方义务①接受卖方提供的有关单据，受领货物，并按合同规定支付贷款。②承担货物在装运港越过船舷之后的一切风险。③自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并且办理货物进口所需的海关手续。（二）使用CIF术语应注意的问题1、保险问题险别问题保险金额2、租船订舱问题3、卸货费用问题

CIF的变形

CIFLinerTerms(CIF班轮条件)

CIFLanded(CIF卸至码头)

CIFExTackle(CIF吊钩下交接)

CIFExShip’sHold(CIF舱底交接)三、CFR术语（一）CFR术语的含义

CostandFreight(…namedportofdestination)，即成本加运费(……指定目的港)。(1)卖方义务①签订从指定装运港将货物运往约定目的港的合同；在买卖合同规定的时间和港口，将合同要求的货物装上船并支付至目的港的运费；装船后及时通知买方。②承担货物在装运港越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。③自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方证件，并且办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。④提交商业发票，及自费向买方提供为买方在目的港提货所用的通常的运输单据，或具有同等作用的电子信息。

(2)买方义务①接受卖方提供的有关单据，受领货物，并按合同规定支付货款。②承担货物在装运港越过船舷以后的一切风险。③自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并且办理货物进口所需的海关手续，支付关税及其他有关费用。（二）使用CFR术语应注意的问题1、卖方的装运义务2、装船通知的重要作用三种贸易术语的异同四、FCA术语1．FCA术语的含义

FreeCarrier(…namedplace)，即货交承运人(……指定地点)。FCA术语适用于各种运输方式，包括公路、铁路、江河、海洋、航空运输以及多式联运。无论采用哪种运输方式，卖方承担的风险均于货交承运人时转移。风险转移之后，与运输、保险相关的责任和费用也相应转移。(1)卖方义务①在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同规定的货物置于买方指定的承运人控制下，并及时通知买方。②承担将货物交给承运人控制之前的一切费用和风险。③自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。④提交商业发票或具有同等作用的电子信息，并自费提供通常的交货凭证。(2)买方义务①签订从指定地点承运货物的合同，支付有关的运费，并将承运人名称及有关情况及时通知卖方。②根据买卖合同的规定受领货物并支付货款。③承担受领货物之后所发生的一切费用和风险。④自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并且办理货物进口所需的海关手续。五、CPT术语1.CPT术语的含义CarriagePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)，即运费付至(……指定目的地)。根据《2000通则》的解释，CPT适用于包括多式联运在内的各种运输方式。在CPT条件下，卖方交货的地点，可以是在出口国的内陆，也可以在其他地方，如边境地区的港口或车站等。不论在何处交货，卖方都要负责办理货物出口报关的手续。可见，CPT在交货地点、风险划分界限方面与FCA相同，但在CPT条件下，从交货地点至指定目的地的运输责任与费用转由卖方承担。(1)卖方义务①订立将货物运往指定目的地的运输合同，并支付有关运费。②在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同规定的货物置于承运人控制之下，并及时通知买方。③承担将货物交给承运人控制之前的风险。④自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续，支付关税及其他有关费用。⑤提交商业发票和自费向买方提供在约定目的地提货所需的通常的运输单据，或具有同等作用的电子信息。(2)买方义务①接受卖方提供的有关单据，受领货物，并按合同规定支付货款。②承担自货物在约定交货地点交给承运人控制之后的风险。③自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并办理货物进口所需的海关手续，支付关税及其他有关费用。

六、CIP术语1.CIP术语的含义

CarriageandInsurancePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)，即运费保险费付至(……指定目的地)。(1)卖方义务①订立将货物运往指定目的地的运输合同，并支付有关运费。②在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同规定的货物置于承运人的控制之下，并及时通知买方。③承担将货物交给承运人控制之前的风险。④按照买卖合同的约定，自负费用投保货物运输险。⑤自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续，支付关税及其他有关费用。⑥提交商业发票和在约定目的地提货所需的通常的运输单据或具有同等作用的电子信息，并且自费向买方提供保险单据。(2)买方义务①接受卖方提供的有关单据，受领货物，并按合同规定支付贷款。②承担自货物在约定地点交给承运人控制之后的风险。③自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并且办理货物进口所需的海关手续，支付关税及其他有关费用。两组贸易术语的区别FCACPTCIPFOBCFRCIF其他贸易术语1．EXW术语2．FAS术语FreeAlongsideShip(…namedportOfshipment)，船边交货(……指定装运港)。3．DAF术语DeliveredAtFrontier(…namedplace)，边境交货(……指定地点)。4．DES术语DeliveredExShip(…namedportofdestination)，船上交货(……指定目的港)。5．DEQ术语DeliveredExQuay(…namedportofdestination)，码头交货(……指定目的港)。6．DDU术语DeliveredDutyUnpaid(…namedplaceofdestination)，未完税交货(……指定目的地)。7．DDP术语DeliveredDutyPaid(…namedplaceofdestination)，完税后交货(……指定目的地)。表1-1贸易术语的对比贸易术语交货地点风险转移界限出口报关的责任、费用进口报关的责任、费用适用的运输方式EXWFCAFASFOBCFRCIFCPTCIPDAFDESDEQDDUDDP商品产地、所在地出口国内地、港口装运港口装运港口装运港口装运港口出口国内地、港口出口国内地、港口两国边境指定地点目的港口目的港口进口国内进门国内买方处置货物后承运人处置货物后货交船边后货物越过船舷货物越过船舷货物越过船舷承运人处置货物后承运人处置货物后买方处置货物后买方在船上收货后买方在码头收货后买方在指定地点收货后买方在指定地点收货后买方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方卖方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方买方卖方任何方式任何方式水上运输水上运输水上运输水上运输任何方式任何方式任何方式水上运输水上运输任何方式任何方式ChapterTwo

IntroductiontoInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.1DefinitionofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.1.1ThegeneralimplicationInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhichpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherinordertosettleaccounts,debts,claims,etc.,emergedinthecourseofpolitical,economicorculturalcontractsamongthem.2.1.2Thespecialimplication+Internationaltradesettlement+Internationalnon-tradesettlement2.2EvolutionofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.2.1Fromcashsettlementtonon-cashsettlement2.2.2Fromdirectpaymentmadebetweeninternationaltraderstopaymenteffectedthroughafinancialintermediary2.2.3Frompaymentsundersimplepricetermstopaymentsundermorecomplexpriceterms2.2.4Internetera2.3CharacteristicsofModernInternationalPaymentsandSettlements+facilitate+Currenciesaremorediversified.+highefficiencyofbanks+internationalleading2.4MajorPointsConcerningInternationalPaymentsandSettlements+methods+instruments+documents+currencies+rulesandregulations2.5CorrespondentBankingRelationshipAbankhavingdirectconnectionorfriendlyservicerelationswithanotherbank.Notes:InternationalpaymentsandsettlementsChapterThree

CreditInstruments3.1NegotiableInstruments3.1.1DefinitionAnegotiableinstrumentisachoseninaction,thefullandlegaltitletowhichistransferablebydeliveryoftheinstrument(possiblewiththetransferor’sendorsement)withtheresultthatcompleteownershipoftheinstrumentandallthepropertyitrepresentspassesfreelyfromequitiestothetransferee,providingthelattertakestheinstrumentingoodfaithandforvalue.3.1.2Functions+Asameansofpayment+Asacreditinstrument(promise)+Asatransferableinstrument3.1.3Classifications3.1.3.1Negotiation（流通转让）Negotiationmeansthatthetitlecanbetransferredmerelybydeliveringthecertificateoftitleorbyendorsementonthecertificatecompletelybydelivery.Ithasthreevitalsignificantfeatures:First,thetransfereeingoodfaithandforvaluecanacquireabettertitlethanthatheldbyallhispriorparties;Second,theholdersneednotgivenoticeofthetransfertopriorparties,especialtooriginaldebtor,toestablishtheirtitle;Third,theholderscansueintheirownnames.3.1.3.2Semi-negotiation（准流通转让)Thetransfereecannotacquireabettertitlethanhispriorparty,i.e.anydefectinthetransferor’stitleisalsotransferred.Forexample,billoflading,notnegotiablecrossedcheque.3.1.3.3Assignment（过户转让)Assignmentiseffectedbysendingtheappropriatetransferformsignedbythetransferorandtherelevantcertificatetotheorganizationwhichissuedthesecuritiesfordetailsofthenewownershiptobeenteredontheregister.Forexample,share,lifepolicies,debenture.3.2BillofExchange(Draft)3.2.1DefinitionAbillofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyoneperson(thedrawer)toanother(thedrawee),signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressed(thedrawee,whowhenhesignsbecomestheacceptor)topayondemand,oratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney,toortotheorderofaspecifiedperson,ortobearer(thepayee).3.2.2Parties+Thedrawer,usuallytheexporter+Thedrawee(payer),usuallytheimporterortheappointedbankerunderaletterofcreditininternationaltrade.+Thepayee,usuallytheexporterhimselforhisappointedbanker.3.2.3Essentials+theword“exchange”+anunconditionalorderinwriting+nameandaddressofthedrawee+drawer’ssignature+dateandplaceofissue+nameandaddressofpayee+tenor+placeofpayment+amountinfiguresandinwords+numberofbillofexchanges+reasonofissuing3.2.4Acts+Issuance:draw,signanddeliver+Endorsement++blankendorsement++orderendorsement++restrictiveendorsement+Presentment+Acceptance++generalacceptance:withoutanyqualification++qualifiedacceptance+++conditionalacceptance+++partialacceptance+++localacceptance+++timeacceptance+Payment+Dishonor+Noticeofdishonor+Protest+Recourse3.2.5Classifications+Accordingtothedrawer+Accordingtotheacceptor+Accordingtothetenor+Accordingtowhethercommercialdocumentsareattached+Accordingtothecurrencydenominated+Accordingtotheplaceofacceptanceandplaceofpayment+Accordingtotheplaceofissueandplaceofpayment3.3PromissoryNote3.3.1DefinitionApromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyoneperson(themaker)toanother(thepayeeortheholder)signedbythemakerengagingtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonorbearer.3.3.2Essentials+theword“promissorynote”+anunconditionalpromisetopay+nameofthepayee+maker’ssignature+placeanddateofissue+tenor+amountinfigureandinwords3.3.3ActsAllofthelegalactsexceptforacceptancedescribedinsectionofbillofexchangeapplytopromissorynote.3.3.4Classification+Accordingtothemaker,itcanbeclassifiedasbankpromissorynoteandtradepromissorynote;+Accordingtothetenor,itcanbeclassifiedassightpromissorynoteandtimepromissorynote.3.3.5Differencebetweenapromissorynoteandabillofexchange本票汇票基本当事人签发人、收款人出票人、付款人、收款人性质无条件支付承诺无条件支付命令有无承兑行为无有主债务人签发人承兑前是出票人、承兑后是承兑人表3-1本票与汇票的区别3.4Check3.4.1DefinitionAcheckisanunconditionalorderinwritingaddressedbythecustomer(thedrawer)toabank(thedrawee)signedbythatcustomerauthorizingthebanktopayondemandaspecifiedsumofmoneytoortotheorderofanamedpersonortobearer(thepayee).3.4.2Essentials+theword“check”+anunconditionalorderinwriting+nameofthepayingbank+drawer’ssignature+placeanddateofissue+addressofthepayingbank+amountinfiguresandinwords+nameofthepayee3.4.3Parties+Drawer+Drawee+Payee3.4.4Processofcheckclearing3.4.5Classification+Crossingcheckandnon-crossingcheckThecrossingimplicatesthatthepayeecancollectthecheckproceedsonlythroughabankinstitutioncalledcollectingbankratherthanaskforpaymentincashdirectlyoncounterofthedraweebank.Incontrast,anuncrossedchecknamely,opencheck,doesnothavetobepaidthroughabankaccount,paymentcanbemadeoverthecounter,i.e.incash.Thusthecrossingissaferthantheother.+Ordercheck（记名支票）andbearercheck（来人支票)+Confirmedcheck（保付支票）3.4.6ActsAllofthelegalactsexceptforacceptancedescribedinsectionofbillofexchangeapplytocheck.3.4.7Differencebetweenacheckandabillofexchange支票汇票付款人银行银行或商人期限即期即期或远期有无承兑行为无有转帐方式须划线无须划线主债务人出票人承兑前是出票人，承兑后是承兑人表3-2支票与汇票的区别Notes:negotiableinstrument;billofexchange;promissorynote;checkChapterFour

InternationalbankRemittance4.1DefinitionInternationalremittancehappenswhenaclient(payer)askshisbanktosendasumofmoneytoabeneficiaryabroadbyoneofthetransfermethodsatitsoption.Thebeneficiarycanbepaidatthedesignatedbank,whichiseithertheremittingbank’soverseasbranchoritscorrespondent.4.2Parties+remitter+remittingbank+payee+payingbank4.3Procedures4.3.1Classifications+M/T+T/T+D/D4.3.2Procedures+proceduresforM/TandT/T+proceduresforD/D4.4Advantagesanddisadvantages(seeTab.4-1)4.5Cancellationoftheremittance4.5.1CancellationofM/TorT/T+cancellationbeforepaymentismade+theremitterhimselfmaycontactthepayeetoclaimbackthepayment4.5.2CancellationofD/D+thebankisreluctanttocancelthedraftthathehasissued.4.6Functionsofremittanceininternationaltrade4.6.1Paymentinadvance方式利弊成本速度T/T+极为安全，可通过银行付给指定收款人+汇款人可充分利用资金，减少利息损失+银行不能占用资金+汇款人要多付手续费高最快M/T银行占用客户资金有可能在邮寄中延误或丢失较低较慢D/D+汇入行不必通知取款+背书后可流通转让+银行占用客户资金可能丢失或被窃最低最慢表4-1T/T,M/T,D/D的比较4.6.1.1Itisusedinthefollowingsituations:+Whenthebuyer’screditisdoubtful;+Whenthereisanunstablepoliticaloreconomicenvironmentinthebuyer’scountry,and/or+Ifthereisapotentialdelayinthereceiptoffundsfromthebuyer,perhapsduetoeventsbeyondhiscontrol;+whendemandforcommoditiesisgreaterthansupplyinmarket.4.6.1.2Advantagestotheseller+Canimmediatelyusethefundtoruntheoperation;+Helpthesellerwiththeshortageoffunds;+Havenoanyfinancialrisks.4.6.1.3Disadvantagestothebuyer+Tyinguphiscapital+Havenoassurance4.6.1.4Elementsconsideredbythebuyer+Creditstandingoftheseller+Potentialandeconomicenvironmentintheseller’ecountry+Buyersshouldhavesufficientbalancesheetliquidity+Permissioninthebuyer’scountry4.6.2Openaccountbusiness4.6.2.1Advantagestothebuyer+thebuyerpaysforthegoodsorservicesonlywhentheyarereceivedand/orinspected;+thepaymentistermedandregulatedonsuchissuesaspolitical,legal,andeconomicissues.4.6.2.2Disadvantagestotheseller+thesellerreleasesthetitletothegoodswithouthavingassuranceofpayment+thereisapossibilitythatpoliticaleventswillimposeregulationswhichdeferorblockthemovementoffundstoseller+theseller’scapitalistiedupuntilthegoodsarereceivedand/orinspectedbythebuyeroruntiltheservicesarefoundtobeacceptableandpaymentiseffected4.6.2.3Elementsconsideredbytheseller+hisownfinancialstanding+thebuyerwilleffectpaymentattheagreeddate+theauthorityofthebuyer’scountryNotes:Internationalremittance;D/DChapterFive

Collection5.1Introduction5.1.1DefinitionCollectionisanarrangementwherebythegoodsareshippedandarelevantbillofexchangeisdrawnbytheselleronthebuyer,and/orshippingdocumentsareforwardedtotheseller’sbankwithclearinstructionsforcollectionthroughoneofitscorrespondentbanklocatedinthedomicileofthebuyer.5.1.2Parties+theprinciple+theremittingbank+thecollectingorpresentingbank+thedrawee+thecaseofneed5.1.3Typesofcollection+documentarycollection++documentsagainstpayment(D/P)+++D/Patsight+++D/Paftersight+++D/PbyT/R（远期付款凭信托收据交单）Inthiscase,inordertopushsalesofthegoodsintime,theimportermayconsultwiththecollectingbanktoborrowthebillsofladingbeforethematurityofthedraftsagainstthetrustreceipt(T/R),andmakepaymentontheduedateofdrafts.Theso-called“trustreceipt”isawrittenguarantyprovidedbytheimportertothecollectingbankforthepurchaseofborrowingB/Lfromthelatter,inwhichtheimporterdeclaresthathewilltakedeliveryofthegoodsandpushsalesofthegoodsastheconsigneeofthecollectingbank,andacknowledgethetitletothegoodsandproceedsofthesalebelongingtothecollectingbankandwithguaranteetomakepaymentonthedatedue.++documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)+cleancollectionItisoftenusedtocollectremainingfunds,advanceincash,sampleexpenses,etc.ininternationaltradepayment.5.2DocumentaryCollectionPractice5.2.1Procedure+procedureforD/P+procedureforD/A5.2.2Collectionorder+importanceofcollectionorder+specificinstructions+keyelements++thepaymentperiod++thenameandaddressofthebuyer++thebuyer’sbank++instructions,ifany,aboutwhattodowiththeacceptedbillofexchange.++notationconcerningpaymentofchargesforthedocumentarycollection.++instructionsforlodgingofaprotestintheeventofnon-acceptanceornon-payment.++instructionsfornotificationofagentorrepresentativeinthebuyer’scountry.5.2.3Outwardcollection5.2.4Inwardcollection5.3RiskProtectionandFinancingUnderCollectionMethods5.3.1riskinvolved+riskforexporterandmeasuresagainstrisks+riskforimporterandmeasuresagainstrisks5.3.2Financingunderthecollection+billpurchased+trustreceiptNotes:collection;caseofneed;documentarycollection贴现押汇必须有汇票不一定有汇票，货运单亦可必须是远期汇票远期和即期均可汇票须经承兑议付是不可能被承兑汇票可再贴现无次级市场扣息天数短扣息天数长汇票在贴现行所在地支付汇票在外国支付付款人或承兑人在贴现行所在地有良好声誉付款人或承兑人是国外的当事人银行风险小银行风险大表5-1贴现与押汇的区别ChapterSix

LetterofCredit6.1Introduction6.1.1DefinitionLetterofcreditisanundertakingissuedbyabankfortheaccountofthebuyer(applicant)orforitsownaccount,topaythebeneficiarythevalueofthedraftand/ordocumentsprovidedthatthetermsandconditionsofthedocumentarycreditarecompliedwith.6.1.2Characteristics+bank’screditinsteadofcommercialcredit+independentofthesalescontract+banksdealswithdocumentsandnotwithgoods.+bank’sresponsibilityistoseewhetheritappearsonthefacetobeincompliancewiththecreditterms.6.1.3Parties+applicant+issuingbank+advisingbank+beneficiary+confirmingbank+negotiatingbank+payingbank+acceptingbank+reimbursingbank6.1.4Basicprocedure6.1.5SomecommonsenserulesaboutL/C+aboutL/C+aboutdocuments6.2TypesofCredit+accordingtowhetheritcanberevokedornot++revocableL/C++irrevocableL/C+accordingtotheaddingofconfirmation++confirmedL/C++unconfirmedL/C+accordingtothetenor++sightL/C++timeL/C++usanceL/Cpayableatsight+accordingtowhetherthecreditcanbetransferredornot++transferableL/C++non-transferableL/CBuyerintermediarySellerIssuingBankNegotiatingBankTransferringBank(7)payment(6)documents(2)payment(1)documents(3)payment(4)documents(5)payment(3)paymentFigure6.1ProcedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsExplanations:(1)Intermediary(firstbeneficiary)presentsdocumentstothenegotiatingbank.(2)Negotiatingbankpaysintermediaryanyfundsnotassignedtotheseller(secondbeneficiary).(3)Negotiatingbankpaystransferringbankwhotheninturnpaystheseller(secondbeneficiary).theassignedfunds.(4)Negotiatingbankpresentsdocumentstotheissuingbank.(5)Issuingbankpays/reimbursesthenegotiatingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.(6)Issuingbankpresentsdocumentstothebuyer.(7)Buyerpays/reimbursestheissuingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.+accordingtothemodeofavailability++paymentL/C++acceptanceL/C++deferredpaymentL/C++negotiationL/C+accordingtospecialfunctionclause++revolvingL/C++back-to-backL/C++reciprocalL/C++redclauseL/C++standbyL/C+combinedfunctioncredits++irrevocablestraightL/C++irrevocablenegotiationL/CSeller(firstbeneficiarySecondissuingbankSecondadvisingbankadvisingbankBuyer(applicant)issuingbanksecondbeneficiary1.application2.L/C3.advising4.applicationforback-to-backL/C5.back-to-backL/C6.advisingback-to-backL/CFigure6.2Proceduresforback-to-backL/C背对背信用证可转让信用证其开立是受益人的意旨，申请人和开证行与其无关其开立是申请人的意旨，开证行同意方可开出两证同时存在其全部或部分权利被转让出去，该证就失去那部分金额第二受益人得不到原始信用证开证行的付款保证第二受益人可得到原始信用证开证行的付款保证开立此信用证的银行就是该证的开证行转让行地位不变，仍是转让行表6-1背对背信用证和可转让信用证的区别+备用信用证（StandbyL/C），又称商业票据信用证（CommercialPaperL/C），是指开证行代表开证申请人向受益人承担某项义务的凭证。在此凭证中，开证行承诺在开证申请人未履约时，保证为其履行义务，其中包括支付货款，偿还借款，以及其他约定的义务。另外，它与一般信用证不同的是，买卖双方，债权人与债务人都可以互相开立备用信用证。+备用信用证最早产生于19世纪后期的美国银行界。最初的使用范围很窄，仅限于美国银行为其国内客户提供担保。+备用信用证具有单据化、独立性、银行信用的特点。+备用信用证与跟单信用证的不同：++受益人行使权力的前提。++适用范围。例如：保证投标人履行职责；保证借款人到期还款；保证赊购人到期付款等。++付款依据。+备用信用证的业务流程：++申请开立备用信用证++开立备用信用证，并向受益人通知。++若开证申请人履行了义务，备用信用证就备而不用；否则，受益人可提交有关单据向开证行索赔。++开证行审核无误后，应无条件向受益人付款。++开证行向开证申请人索赔。+《国际备用证惯例》(InternationalStandbyPractices,简称《ISP98》)，1999年1月1日开始实行。+同时依据<ISP98>,<UCP500>开立时，<ISP98>应优于<UCP500>，只有当<ISP98>未涉及或另有明确规定时，才可根据<UCP500>。ChapterSeven

L/CPractice7.1ImportCreditOperation7.1.1Documentarycreditapplication7.1.2Securityarrangement7.1.3Issuanceofthecredit7.1.4Amendmentofthecredit7.1.5Examinationofdocumentsanddishonor7.1.6Accepting/Paying/Reimbursing7.2ExportCreditOperation7.2.1Reviewthecredit7.2.2Advising/Confirming7.2.3Examinationofdocuments+单据审核的基本原则++合理小心审单原则++单证表面相符原则++审核单据化条件原则++银行独立审单原则+合理时间审单原则+常见的单据不符点++时间方面的不符++装运方面的不符++金额方面的不符++汇票方面的不符++发票方面的不符++保险方面的不符++提单方面的不符++单据与单据之间的不符++信用证方面的不符7.2.4Discrepanciesinthedocuments7.2.5Accepting/Paying/Negotiating7.2.6Claim7.3CreditasaMeansofFinance7.3.1Pre-shipmentadvances7.3.2Cessions/assignmentsundercreditsThewholeprocedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsisshownasfollows.7.4RiskProtection+进口商面临的风险及对风险的防范++风险+++虚假单据+++货物与合同不符+++预付款+++对开信用证++防范+++开证前对出口商的了解+++开证时在信用证中加列有关货物状况的条款+++对开信用证+++预支信用证+出口商面临的风险及风险的防范++风险+++货物的品质要求+++时间方面+++海运提单的收货人+++正本提单自寄开证申请人+++信用证的有效期及有效地点+++银行费用的负担+++货物检验证书+++签字样式+++暂不生效条款++防范+++对开证行的了解+++认真审核信用证+++通过单据来控制货物+++出口信用保险BuyerintermediarySellerIssuingBankNegotiatingBankTransferringBank(7)payment(6)documents(2)payment(1)documents(3)payment(4)documents(5)payment(3)paymentFigure7.1ProcedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsExplanations:(1)Intermediary(firstbeneficiary)presentsdocumentstothenegotiatingbank.(2)Negotiatingbankpaysintermediaryanyfundsnotassignedtotheseller(secondbeneficiary).(3)Negotiatingbankpaystransferringbankwhotheninturnpaystheseller(secondbeneficiary).theassignedfunds.(4)Negotiatingbankpresentsdocumentstotheissuingbank.(5)Issuingbankpays/reimbursesthenegotiatingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.(6)Issuingbankpresentsdocumentstothebuyer.(7)Buyerpays/reimbursestheissuingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.ChapterEight

DocumentsUndertheCredit8.1Introduction8.1.1Importanceofdocumentsininternationaltrade8.1.2Someissuesrelatingtodocumentsunderthecredit8.2DocumentList8.3Invoice8.3.1Commercialinvoice8.3.2Customsinvoice8.3.3Manufacturer’sinvoice8.3.4Consularinvoice8.3.5Legalizedinvoice8.4TransportDocuments8.4.1BillofladingDifferenttypes(1)ShippedonboardB/LversusreceivedforshipmentB/LAshippedonboardB/Lisoneevidencingthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyshippedonanamedvessel,whilethereceivedforshipmentB/Ljustmeansthatthegoodshavebeenhandedovertotheshipownerandareinhiscustody,notyetbeenshippedonavessel.(2)CleanB/LversusuncleanB/LAcleanB/Lisonewherethecarrierhasnoted-mostlypre-printedonabilloflading-thatthemerchandisehasbeenshippedorreceivedinapparentgoodcondition(noapparentdamageorloss,etc.)anddoesnotbearsuchnotationsas“shipper’sloadandcounts”.Onthecontrary,anuncleanB/Lreferstothatcarrieraddsclausesspecificallystatingunusualconditionsofthegoodsandrelatedpackages,suchasinadequatepackaging,wet,orstainedcartons,cartonmissing,etc.(3)StraightB/LversustransshipmentB/LAstraightB/Lisissuedwhengoodsareshippedbyonevesseldirectfromtheloadingporttothedestinationportwithouttransshipmentontheroute,whiletransshipmentB/