2001年历年考研英语真题

2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题<br/>PartIClozeTest<br/><br/>Directions：<br/>Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage，therearefourchoicesmarked[A]，[B]，[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（10points）<br/><br/>Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases<u>1</u>thetrialofRosemaryWest.<br/>Inasignificant<u>2</u>oflegalcontrolsoverthepress，LordIrvine，theLordChancellor，willintroducea<u>3</u>billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses<u>4</u>andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof<u>5</u>thatcanbegiventoacase<u>6</u>atrialbegins.<br/>InalettertoGeraldKaufman，chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee，LordIrvinesaidhe<u>7</u>withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot<u>8</u>sufficientcontrol.<br/><u>9</u>ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda<u>10</u>ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe<u>11</u>ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges<u>12</u>toParliament.<br/>TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill，which<u>13</u>theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally<u>14</u>inBritain，laiddownthateverybodywas<u>15</u>toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.<br/>“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands<u>16</u>ourBritishjudges，”hesaid.<br/>Witnesspaymentsbecamean<u>17</u>afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere<u>18</u>tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised<u>19</u>witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto<u>20</u>guiltyverdicts.<br/><br/>1.［A］asto ［B］forinstance ［C］inparticular ［D］suchas<br/>2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening<br/>3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft<br/>4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper<br/>5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity<br/>6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as<br/>7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed<br/>8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate<br/>9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure<br/>10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash<br/>11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration<br/>12.［A］betterthan ［B］otherthan ［C］ratherthan ［D］soonerthan<br/>13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns<br/>14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining<br/>15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified<br/>16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by<br/>17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue<br/>18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told<br/>19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that<br/>20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guarantee<br/><br/>PartIIReadingComprehension<br/><br/>Directions：<br/>Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefouranswersmarked[A]，[B]，[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（40points）<br/>Passage1<br/> Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.<br/>Noclear－cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience：exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless，theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand，inparticular，maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury，withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger，morecomplextraining，impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining，andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.<br/> AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch，butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus，inthenineteenthcentury，localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright；but，inthetwentiethcentury，localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate，andreflecton，thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs，ontheotherhand，havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs，aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing，firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment，separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties，whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.<br/> AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury，itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally，however，thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.<br/>21. Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas_______.<br/>[AJsociologyandchemistry [B]physicsandpsychology<br/>[C]sociologyandpsychology [D]physicsandchemistry<br/>22. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.<br/>[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation<br/>[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience<br/>[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity<br/>[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones<br/>23. Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.<br/>[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation<br/>[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy<br/>[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications<br/>[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs<br/>24. Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis_______.<br/>[A]thedevelopmentincommunication [B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation<br/>[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge [D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties<br/><br/>Passage2<br/> Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso－calleddigitaldivide－thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo（information）richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen，however，werethenew，positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.<br/> Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized，itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess－afterall，themorepeopleonline，themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments，afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind，wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo，onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenettedtogether.Asaresult，Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.<br/> Ofcourse，theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.<br/> Totakeadvantageofthistool，someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti－colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure（thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety）intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure，itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure－includingroads，harbors，highways，portsandsoon－werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish，theGermans，theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow？TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure，whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure，thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled，orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.<br/><br/>25. Digitaldivideissomething_______.<br/>[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet [B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor<br/>[C]theworldmustguardagainst [D]consideredpositivetoday<br/>26. GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_______.<br/>[A]offerseconomicpotentials [B]canbringforeignfunds<br/>[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty [D]connectspeopleallovertheworld<br/>27. ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_______.<br/>[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas [B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol<br/>[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure [D]acceptingforeigninvestment<br/>28.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon______.<br/>[A]howwell－developeditiselectronically [B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants<br/>[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern [D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations<br/><br/>Passage3<br/> WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers？TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself－analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.<br/> Sadtosay，thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow－levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes，combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.<br/> Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates（patterns）intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords，thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready－madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.<br/> Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey，questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry，plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.<br/> RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans，journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods，havemaids，ownMercedeses，andtradestocks，andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch，dovolunteerwork，orputdownrootsincommunity.<br/> Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite，sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.<br/> Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry，particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid，itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram，nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender，andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook，values，education，andclass.<br/><br/>29. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout？<br/>[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.<br/>[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.<br/>[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.<br/>[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.<br/>30. Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe______.<br/>[A]quitetrustworthy [B]somewhatcontradictory<br/>[C]veryilluminating [D]rathersuperficial<br/>31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.<br/>[A]workingattitude [B]conventionallifestyle<br/>[C]worldoutlook [D]educationalbackground<br/>32. Despiteitsefforts，thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits_______.<br/>[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem [B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters<br/>[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting [D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender<br/><br/>Passage4<br/> Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying："Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti－competitiveforce？"<br/> There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast－growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina，forinstance，afterthereformsoftheearly1990s，multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms，ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.<br/> IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess：fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts，lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial，notdetrimental，toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows，theworld'swealthincreases.<br/> Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre－createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.，whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies，suchasWorldCom，hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary，thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars，too，concentrationisincreasing－witnessDaimlerandChrysler，RenaultandNissan－butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.<br/> Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago，AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise，regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated？Won'tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition？Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations，asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase？<br/><br/>33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday？<br/>[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds. [B]toinvestmoreabroad.<br/>[C]tocombineandbecomebigger. [D]totradewithmorecountries.<br/>34. Accordingtotheauthor，oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______<br/>[A]thegreatercustomerdemands. [B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.<br/>[C]agrowingproductivity. [D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.<br/>35. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.<br/>[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers<br/>[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts<br/>[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous<br/>[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition<br/>36. Towardthenewbusinesswave，thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe_______.<br/>[A]optimistic [B]objective<br/>[C]pessimistic [D]biased<br/><br/>Passage5<br/> WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough，inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister，Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.<br/> Curiously，sometwo－and－a－halfyearsandtwonovelslater，myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”，preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine，intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.<br/> Ihavediscovered，asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch－publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild－upofstress，thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”，andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed：12－hourworkingdays，pressureddeadlines，thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.<br/> InAmerica，themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler，lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell－establishedtrend.Downshifting－alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”has，ironically，evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself－helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives；therearenewsletter's，suchasTheTightwadGazette，thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling－filmtomakingtheirownsoap；thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid－'90sequivalentofdroppingout.<br/> WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline——afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s——andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift，inBritain，atleastamongthemiddle－classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance，wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.<br/> Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s，downshiftinginthemid－'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife——growingyourownorganicvegetables，andriskingturningintoone——asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.<br/><br/>37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1？<br/>[A]Full－timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.<br/>[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.<br/>[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull－timeemployment.<br/>[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.<br/>38.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting____<br/>[A]enableshertorealizeherdream [B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife<br/>[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus [D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine<br/>39.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_____.<br/>[A]non－materialisticlifestyle [B]abitofeverything<br/>[C]extremestress [D]anti－consumerism<br/>40.Accordingtothepassage，downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof_____<br/>[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife [B]man’sadventurousspirit<br/>[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences [D]theeconomicsituation<br/><br/>PartIIIEnglish－ChineseTranslation<br/><br/>Directions：<br/>ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（15points）<br/><br/>Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments，allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.<br/>41）<u>Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend</u>.42）<u>Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips，computerswithin－builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools，relaxationwil