阅读理解之词意推断与代词指代

阅读理解词意推断与代词指代词义猜测是什么？词义猜测是指在阅读中根据对语篇的信息，背景，知识，语言结构等的综合理解，去猜测或推断某一生词的意思。此外，猜测是一种非常有用的阅读技巧，掌握这些技巧后，考生能够很快地运用其推断出词义，从而提高阅读速度和能力。如何做好词义猜测题？要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》中规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累词汇，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心。还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。提问方式1.Theword“…”refersto/probablymeans__________.2.Bysayingthat“...”inthefirst(second...)paragraph,theauthormeansthat________.3.Theunderlinedword“...”canbebestreplacedby“______”．提问方式4.Themeaningof“...”inParagraph...isrelatedto________.5.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(Paragraph...)？6.“…”asusedinthepassagecanbebestdefinedas________.提问方式7.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphprobablymeansthat________.8.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“…”方法1）通过选项中词汇的词性判断划线单词的词性（目的是确定与这个词相关的成分）2）观察原文该词附近是否有连接词（说明前后的逻辑关系）、破折号或同位语结构（解释说明的作用）3）如果划线部分是一个句子，那么该句前或后通常有一个句子与它的意义几乎一样或有强烈的逻辑关系Definition定义法来猜词义作者常常会通过标点符号：破折号（—）、冒号（：）、分号（；）后的内容，引号（“”）或括号中的内容等方式进行解释说明，定义法通常会采用的谓语动词有：be,mean,referto,becalled/named,bedefinedas,represent,beconsidered等。有的也会采用定语从句（尤其注意which后的非限制性定语从句）和同位语从句，以帮助考生理解词义。此类猜词题尤其在一些科普类或说明类文章中出现。Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles(自动驾驶车辆):thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers’roleisnotclear.冒号后面的内容是对deathvalley的解释：deathvalley指的是半自动驾驶和全自动驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明，难以界定的领域)，即“驾驶员角色不明确的部分”，故选D项。利用同位或列举来猜词义同位标志词：or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely等列举标志词：forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,includingIamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A．providerB．deliveryman

C．collector

D．medicaldoctor“avolunteerstemcellcourier”是“PeterHodes”的同位语；根据文中“Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittlebox”可知，PeterHodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。（1）转折对比关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义转折词：but,however,otherwise,though对比词：unlike,incontrast,while,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,insteadofGraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?A.testedB.separated.C.forcedout.D.trackeddown.画线词的前一分句说“曾经灰狼在黄石地区和大部分美洲大陆上随处可见”，由but话锋一转，“但是由于人类的发展，它们渐渐地_____”。渐渐地怎么了？由后句可知“到20世纪20年代灰狼在黄石地区几乎消失了，它们去了人口稀少的加拿大森林了”，可见灰狼是因人类的发展而“被迫离开(forcedout)”美国大陆去了更远的北方加拿大，利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。（2）比较并列关系：根据画线词的近义词猜测词义标志词：similarly,like,or,justas,andalso,aswellas,thesameas,as…as,and等“TheYongleEmperorimprovedtheporcelaintechniquesandelevatedtheimportanceofporcelainfrombeinganordinarybowlintoatrueworkofart.Thissmallbowlhasbothpracticalandartisticvalue,”McAteersaid.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“elevated”inParagraph6probablymean?A．foresaw. B．promoted.C．assessed. D．acknowledged.根据第六段第一句中的“TheYongleEmperorimprovedtheporcelaintechniques”（永乐皇帝改进了制瓷技术）和下文的“frombeinganordinarybowlintoatrueworkofart.（从普通的碗变成真正的艺术品。）。当然利用关键词“and””可知，elevate和improve意思一致，此处是指提高了瓷器的重要性，所以elevated意为“提高”。故选B。利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。（3）根据因果关系猜测词义表原因：because,becauseof,for,since,asaresultof表结果：so,therefore,sothat,so/such…that…,leadto,resultin,contributeto根据上下文语境和线索猜测词义利用上下文提供的语境和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，从而推断词义，这是近几年考试重点，这种题型更能检查学生英语综合能力。Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.personnelsafety. B.assistancefromdrones.C.inspectionandrepair. D.constructionofinfrastructure.根据第三段第二句…sendingmaintenancestaff…toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspectionandrepair与句中的inspectandrepair对应。因此答案为C。根据构词法猜测词义通常的词形变化有名词动化，动词名化以及形容词动化。此外，派生词也是帮助猜测词义的有效方法之一。我们常用的反义前缀有：un-,im-,dis-,il-等，反义后缀有：-less，改变词性后缀的有：-ful,-ly,-ment,-ness等。当然合成词有时也会对我们猜词大有裨益。…Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubttheoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,“Isuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseeforthemselves.”…Theunderlinedword“outcome”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A.value B.resultC.performanceD.connection运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组comeout的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果，因此答案为B。代词指代是什么？代词词意的猜测即找出人称代词，指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断所划线代词的类型，接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词，及相当于名词的表达。代词指代做题步骤第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置第二步：熟悉代词的含义第三步：替换核实再比较（1）用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。（2）比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。1.通过代词本身判断它所指代的名词单复数2.回到原文判断这个代词指代的是人还是物还是事3.通常从划线代词位置向前找离它最近的符合上述要求的名词、短语或句子4.个别情况下（尤其是it作形式主语或形式宾语的情况）可能需要向后找5.找到后把这个名词代入代词所在的位置，根据句意进行进一步判断Forexample,abirdcalledthebar-tailedgodwitmigratesfromitsbreedinggroundsintheArctic.ItfliesallthewaytoAustraliaandNewZealand.Theproblem,accordingtoinvestigators,isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.Thereisnoplacetorestoretheirenergyforthenextpartoftheirjourney.“Theysimplyperishalongtheway,”saysoneofthescientists.题：Whichofhefollowingisclosetinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“perish”intheparagraph?A.Continue B.Die C.Settle D.Migrate首先通过选项可以判断划线单词为动词，回到原文发现该动词有alongtheway这个状语成分修饰，因此我们在前文找到相同的地点状语修饰…manyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigration可知这种鸟类会在迁徙途中因为没有吃东西和休息的地方会导致死亡。故选BThecleanerwrasse(濑鱼)livesoncoralreefsandprovidesaservicebybitingparasites(寄生虫)offthescalesofbiggerfishgently——adelicaterelationshipthatmayrequireinsightsintothemindsofitsclients.Such“theoryofmind”haslongbeenseenasanothercornerstoneofhumanmentalsuperiority.Thepossibilitythatfishpossessitisnot,however,theonlythreattoourhumanexceptionalism(例外主义).Itmaynotbelongbeforecomputersgiveusarunforourmoney,too.题：Theunderlinedpartinthisparagraphprobablymeans().A.bringushugeprofitsB.costusalotofmoneyC.havegreatcontroloverusD.challengehumanexceptionalism由划线句后的too可知，前文有与划线短语内容相近的事例，根据本段倒数第二句中的…isnottheonlythreattoourhumanexceptionalism可知鱼类拥有自我意识的可能性威胁了人类例外主义理论。WiththerightamountofCNFsmixedin,thedessertlastedlongerinitsfrozenstatethanthetraditionalicecream,extendingtheamountoftimethetreatcanbeenjoyed.Whatwasevenmoreexcitingwasthatthefiberincreasedthestickinessofthelow-faticecreamtolevelshigherthanthefull-fatone.Sincethisiswhatdeterminesthefrozentreat’screaminessandtaste,CNFscouldhelpcreatethehealthiericecreamwithoutinfluencingthetasteofit.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthisparagraph?A.TheicecreamB.ThefiberC.ThefatD.Thestickiness根据划线代词所在句可知，CNFs可以在不影响冰淇淋的口感同时让它更加健康。故选A。1.IgottoknowyouasIvolunteeredinthelunchroom.Youmadesureyourstudentswereallreadyforlunchbeforeyouwentonyourownlunchbreak.Youkepttrackoftheirbigthingsandsmallthings,becauseasaveterankindergartenteacher,youmadeeachstudentfeelspecial.Youhelpedthemfallinlovewithschool,whichissoimportantatthestart.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“veteran”inthisparagraphmean?A.BeautifulB.Generous C.Skillful D.Humorous首先根据选项可以判断划线单词为形容词，在原文中该形容词修饰幼儿园老师，又通过上下文内容得知这个老师在工作过程中把学生照顾的很好，C选项skillful有技巧的符合题意。2.Oneareawheresharingwouldspeedupthedevelopmentofasafetystandardis“edgecases”—rareeventsthattaxthecapabilities（能力）ofautonomoussystems,suchasunexpectedbehaviorbyotherdrivers,plasticbagsblowinginfrontofavehicleandsoon.Becausesucheventsoccuroccasionally,andcomputerslackcommonsensetodecidehowtorespond,trainingAVstohandleedgecasesishard.Butbysharingwitheachotherdatafromedgecasesthathaveactuallyhappened,AVfirmscantesttheirsystemsinsimulator（模拟装置）toseehowtheywouldrespond,andadjustthemwhereneeded,benefitingfromeachother’sexperience.题：Whatdo“edgecases”inthisparagraphreferto?A.Vital（重要的）situations B.CommonsituationsC.Infrequentsituations D.Emergencysituations由文中“edgecases”后的破折号可知，破折号后的内容rareevents(稀有事件)就是对“edgecases”的解释，C选项infrequentsituations不经常发生的情况符合题意。3.Stuckinalift?Theseholescanhelpyou.Yes,thattinyholeyouseeontheliftdoor.Itmightjustsaveyourlife.Saytheliftyouareinstopsatafloorandthedoorsdon’topen.Itcouldbeapowerfailureoranequipmentconk-out.Butgettingoutisn’teasy.Liftsareequippedwithlotsoffeaturestopreventthedoorsfromopeningfreelyorwhentheyarebetweenfloors.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conk-out”inthisparagraphmean?A.Upgrade B.Repair C.Breakdown D.Check根据文中划线单词前的连词or可知，划线单词conk-out与failure意思相近，C选项故障符合题意。故选C。4.Sincethe1980s,however,peoplehaveachievedsomeoftheseobservablemilestonesatlaterages.Increasedaccesstoeducationhasdelayedyoungpeopleleavinghomeanddevelopingromanticrelationships.Economicchangeshavealsoresultedinunstableemploymentmarketsandincreasesincostofliving,promptingmanyyoungpeopletoremainathomeanddependentonparents.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedwordprobablymean?A.Encouraging B.Advising C.Forbidding D.Persuading根据句子结构可知，划线单词在句中作结果状语，即前后有因果关系。根据前半句中经济改变导致不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加这个原因可以推测出结果是促使年轻人待在家里依靠父母，A选项encouraging促使符合题意。5.Besides,languagelearningappsalsocreateanenvironmentwheremistakesareonlyknowntotheusers,andthiscanaddresstheperformanceanxietythatmanylearnerssufferfromwhenaskedtospeakaforeignlanguage.Solanguageteachersshouldencouragetheirstudentstousethemtodothegrammarwork,leavingpreciousclasstimeformorelanguagecommunication.题：Whichofthefollowingcanprobablyreplacetheunderlinedword“address”?

A.Dealwith B.Writedown C.Turnto D.Speakof首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，再根据文中这个动词的主语this——languagelearningappscancreateanenvironmentwheremistakesareonlyknowntotheusers——和宾语anxiety可知，语言学习app能够为用户提供一个安全的学习环境这件事情能够解决用户的焦虑问题。故选A6.Akeyfeatureofsocialmedia,however,isitsvolatility.Trendscomeandgo,disappearingalmostasquicklyastheyappeared.So,whatwerethekeysocialmediatrendsof2018?题：Theunderlinedword“volatility”possiblymeans“being()”.A.Changeable B.Steady C.Promising D.Violent首先根据选项得知化划线单词为形容词，修饰社交媒体的特点，再根据文中划线单词后一句trendscomeandgo,disappearingalmostasquicklyastheyappeared可知，社交媒体的特点是趋势来了又走，消失的和出现的速度一样快，A选项变化的符合题意。7.DespitethenegativeinternationalheadlinesthathavehitHuaweioverthepastfewmonths,itscustomerbusinesscontinuestothrive.TheChinesetechnologygiantreplacedAppleasthesecondlargestsmartphoneplayerbyglobalmarketsharelastyear.It’sfirmlythebiggestvendor（销售商）inChina.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“thrive”probablymean?A.Reduce B.Remain C.Threaten D.Increase首先根据划线单词所在句子中的despite(意为尽管，表示弱转折)可知，主句与从句之间关系相反，故根据从句中的negative(消极的)一词可以推测出thrive应该是积极意义的词，再根据后文中的secondlargestsmartphoneplayer和thebiggestvendor可知，D选项增长符合题意。8.Thecleanupsystemalsocomeswithlightspoweredbythesun,cameras,andotherspecialdevices（设备）,sothesystemcancommunicateitspositionatalltimes.Thatwayasupportshipcanfinditeveryfewmonthstoremovetheplasticthathasbeencollected.题：Whichdoestheunderlinedword“it”referto?A.Thesupportship B.ThefloatingbarriersC.Theplastictoberecycled D.Thepositionofspecialdevices首先根据代词it本身可知其指代单数概念，故可首先排除B选项，再根据句意可知，it指代前文提及的position。故选D9.Afewyearsago,afterIfinishedareportonatightdeadline,Icontinuedtobejustasbusy.IenteredmysocialmediaaccountswhenIshouldhavebeenworking.Icheckednewemailsconstantly.IfeltguiltywhenIwasn’tbusy,andIalleviatedthisguiltbyfillingmytimewithbusywork.题：Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplain“alleviated”underlinedinthisparagraph?A.Forgot B.Researched C.Deepened D.Eased首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，且有byfillingmytimewithbusywork这个方式状语进行修饰，由前半句可知，当我不忙的时候我会有愧疚感，因此可以推断我通过让自己忙起来的方式去减轻这种愧疚感。故选D。10.ForthepasttwoyearsIhavebeentravellingandlivingabroad.Homehasbecomemoreofafeelingthanaplace.IfeelathomewhenIamwithmyfamilyinLondon,butIalsofeelathomeinItalywithmyfriendsIlove.Homeisnolongerapictureofahousewithafrontdoorandsomewindows.Itismorecomplicatedthanthat.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“It”referto?A.Family B.LivingabroadC.Home D.Stayingwithfriends根据本句中的morecomplicated这个比较级可知，it指代前文讨论的内容,从文中可知前一句在讨论家的概念，因此it指代的是home。故选C。11.OysermanandLewisdecidedtotrytofindawaytomake“PresentMe”imagineexactlyhow“FeatureMe”wouldfeelthenightbeforeabigpaperwasdue,though“PresentMe”hadn’tstartedyet.Theymade“PresentMe”thinkaboutafar-offeventanumberofdaysaway,notmonthsoryears.Thinkingabouteventsinthiswaymeantthatsomethinglikeafriend’sweddingseemed16.3dayssoonerwhenconsideredindaysratherthanmonthsand11.4monthssoonerwhenconsideredinmonthsratherthanyears.题：Theunderlinedpart“thisway”refersto().A.Settinguptoughdeadlines B.FollowingschedulesstrictlyC.Countinginsmallerunitsoftime D.Imagininghowyourfutureselfwillbe根据文章可知inthisway指代上文提及的方法，因此答案在其上一段，再根据上一段的最后一句话可知，他们以天为单位为不是月或年为单位去思考一个事件，C选项用更小的事件单位去计数符合题意。故选C。12.“NowthatwehaverecordedanddocumentedInuitknowledgeofsnowgeese,”saysRon,“whenfacingthecrisisotherpeoplewillbeabletousetheinformationtohelpmanagethespecies,whichisfundamentaltodealingwithiteffectively.”题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”referto?A.Thespecies B.InuitknowledgeC.Thecrisis D.Inuitresearch根据句意可知，当面临危机时，其他人将能够利用这些信息来管理这个物种，这是有效解决危机的基础。故选C13.NicoleSmith,aneconomist,notesthatwiththeriseofartificialintelligence,companiesproducingtheseintelligentmachinesneedhelpteachingthemhowtothinkmorelikeandinteractwithhumanbeings.Theyneedhelpsellingproductsandsolvingproblems,whichareskillsthatcomefromaliberalartseducation.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”referto?A.Machines B.Graduates C.Companies D.Skills首先根据代词them可知其指代复数内容，文章中代词前的复数名词有companies和machines;再根据句意可知，生产这些只能机器的公司应该教会这些机器如何更像人类一样思考以及与人类互动。故选A。14.ButhumansputmoreandmoreCO2intotheatmosphereeveryyear.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,theEarthcouldreach1,200ppmwithin100to150years.Thiscouldhappenifoursocietydoesn’tfollowthroughonanyofitscommitmentstoreduceemissions（排放物）,Wolchoverreported.Andevenifitdoes,theresultwouldbeanother8degreesCelsiusofheataddedtotheglobalanaverage,ontopofthedangerouschangesalreadyunderwayduetogreenhousegases.题：Whatdoes“it”refertointhisparagraph?A.Theatmosphere B.Theearth C.Oursociety D.Theresult根据本句句首的And可知前后两句并列，因此由上一句中的Thiscouldhappenifoursocietydoesn’tfollowthrough…可知，it指代oursociety。故选C。15.Weareallhumans.Andwealljustwantachance:achanceatlife,achanceineducation,achanceatafuture,really.AndatCLF,ourmissionistoimpactasmanylivesaspossible,butitstartswithjustone.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“one”referto?A.Achance B.Alife C.Atask D.Anorganization根据句意可知，我们的任务是影响尽可能多的生命，但它是从(影响)一个生命开始的。故选B。16.ArecentMissEarthpageanthadtwoVenezuelanmodelswhocompetedforothercountries,includingJessicaRusso.RussorepresentedPerujustoneyearaftermovingtothecountry.Shesaid,“MydreamofbeingabeautyqueenisnotgoingtostopjustbecauseIarrivedinanewcountry.”The22-year-oldcompetitordidnotmakeitintotheMissEarthfinals.Butsheisnotgivingup.ShesaysshehopestoonedaywinacompetitionforPeru,thecountrywherehermotherwasborn.题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”meaninthisparagraph?A.Herdreamofbeingabeautyqueen B.NotgivingupC.Theplacewherehermotherwasborn D.Movingtoanewcountry根据句意可知22岁的参赛者在世界小姐决赛中没有成功，因此it指代的是一件事情，排除C选项；再根据前一句这个参赛者的话可知她的梦想是成为选美女王。故选A。17.BuiltbyMIT’sComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory(SCAIL),thesnow-whiteremote-controlledrobotcloselyemulatesarealfish,completewithaflexibletailandtwo“fins”.Thoughitisnotthefirstautonomousunderwatervehicle(AUV)createdtoobservetheocean,SoFisolvesthemanyoftheissuethathavehindered(阻碍)theusefulnessofpreviousrobots.题：Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“emulates”inthisparagraph?A.Feed B.Catches C.Protects D.Imitate首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，再根据后面completelywithaflexibletailandtwo“fins”这个状语的修饰可知，应该是这个可可遥控的机器能够用一个灵活的尾巴和两个鱼鳍来模仿真正的鱼。故选D。18.Previousscholarship(学术研究)hasdealtmostlywithexerciseinnature:A2015studyoutoftheUniversityMichiganfound90-minutegroupnaturewalkswereeffectiveatcombatingdepressionandrelievingothermooddisorders.Butforpeoplewhostrugglewithaccessibilityordon’thavetimefora90-minutewalk,thisnewstudysuggestsjustlookingou