高中英语新概念优美背诵短文50篇中英文对照

高中英语新概念优美背诵短文50篇中英文对照

Unit1:TheLanguageofMusic

Apainterhangshisorherfinishedpicturesonawall,andeveryonecansee

it.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.

Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibi1ities,forthecomposeris

utterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatraining

tobecomeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobecomeadoctor.Mosttraining

isconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiency

ofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheir

vocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayers

practicemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowto

andfrowiththerightarm—twoentirelydifferentmovements.

Singersandinstrumentshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.

Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waiting

forthem,anditisthepianotuner?sresponsibi1itytotunetheinstrumentfor

them.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties;thehammersthathitthestringhave

tobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosound

clear.

Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:

theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andthey

havetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundwithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.

Techniqueisofnouseunlessitiscombinedwithmusicalknowledgeand

understanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguage

ofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.

Unit2:SchoolingandEducation

ItiscommonlybelievedinUnitedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotoget

aneducation.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheir

educationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimplied

bythisremarkisimportant.

Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Education

knowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceanywhere,whetherintheshowerorinthejob,

whetherinakitchenoronatractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakes

placeinschoolsandthewholeuniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducation

canrangefromareveredgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,

fromachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschoolinghasacertain

predictability,educationquiteoftenproducessurprises.Achanceconversation

withastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.

Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,

inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestart

ofschool,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirelife.

Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneral

patternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,children

arriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaught

byanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon.Theslices

ofrealitythataretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstanding

oftheworkingofgovernment,haveusuallybeen1imitedbytheboundariesofthe

subjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattherenotlikely

tofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommunities

orwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimentingwith.Therearedefiniteconditions

surroundingtheformalizedprocessofschooling.

Unit3:TheDefinitionofPrice

Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhich

productsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.Theprice

systemoftheUnitedStatesisacomplexnetworkcomposedofthepricesofal1the

productsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,

includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.The

interrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe“system“ofprices.Theprice

ofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemof

pricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.

Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine“price”,

manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertotheseller

ofaproductorserviceor,inotherwordsthatpriceisthemoneyvaluesofaproduct

orserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,

validasfarasitgoes.Foracompleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticular

transaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththe

buyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwith

theamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplace

atwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoney

tobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytothetransaction,guarantees

ontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.

Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthat

comprisethetotal“package”beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoney

inorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.

Unit4:Electricity

Themodernageisanageofelectricity.Peoplearesousedtoelectriclights,

radio,televisions,andtelephonesthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbe

1ikewithoutthem.Whenthereisapowerfailure,peoplegropeaboutinflickering

candlelight,carshesitateinthestreetsbecausetherearenotrafficlightsto

guidethem,andfoodspoilsinsilentrefrigerators.

Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlya1ittlemorethan

twocenturiesago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillion

ofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivingworldmayhold

manyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.

Al1livingcellsendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsends

outpulsesofrecord;theyformanelectrocardiogram,whichadoctorcanstudyto

determinehowwelltheheartisworking.Thebrain,too,sendsoutbrainwavesof

electricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrents

generatedbymostlivingcellsareextremelysmall-oftensosmallthatsensitive

instrumentsareneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecells

havebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkasmuscle

cellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellarelinkedtogether,theeffectscan

beastonishing.

Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcanseedajoltofasmuch

aseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlive.(An

electrichousecurrentisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts.)Asmanyasfour-fifths

ofallthecellsintheelectriceel'sbodyarespecializedforgenerating

electricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlyto

lengthofitsbody.

Unit5:TheBeginningofDrama

TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theon

mostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.

Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewed

thenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andthey

soughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Those

measureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeated

untiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplained

orveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,

butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartand

drama.

Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoserites

containedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmost

alwaysused,Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesand

whentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymade

betweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium.〃Inaddition,therewereperformers,

and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesinthe

enactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksand

costumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,

andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevival

oftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswere

separatedfromreligiousactivities.

Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestin

storytelling.Accordingtothisviestales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)

aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,and

dialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbya

differentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatare

primarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsand

sounds.

Unit6:Television

Television-themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,marked

byrapidchangeandgrowth-ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinary

sophisticationandversati1ity,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.

Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsorts,madepossiblebythemarriageoftelevision

andcomputertechnologies.

Theword“television”,derivedfromitsGreek(tele:distant)andLatin(visi

sight)roots,canliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.Verysimply

put,itworksinthisway:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronics,television

providesthecapabilityofconvertinganimage(focusedonaspecialphotoconductive

platewithinacamera)intoelectronicimpulses,whichcanbesentthroughawire

orcable.Theseimpulses,whenfedintoareceiver(televisionset),canthenbe

electronicallyreconstitutedintothatsameimage.

Televisionismorethanjustanelectronicsystem,however.Itisameansof

expression,aswellasavehicleforcommunication,andassuchbecomesapowerful

toolforreachingotherhumanbeings.

Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdeterminedbyits

meansoftransmission.First,thereisbroadcasttelevision,whichreachesthe

massesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Second,

thereisnonbroadcasttelevision,whichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor

specificinterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques.

Traditionally,televisionhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliar

withbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyears

inaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyears,ithasbeencontrolled,

forthemostpart,bythebroadcastnetworks,ABC,NBC,andCBS,whohavebeenthe

majorpurveyorsofnews,information,andentertainment.Thesegiantsof

broadcastinghaveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitas

well.Wehavecometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainment,placing

ourroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepassiveviewer.

Unit7:AndrewCarnegie

AndrewCarnegie,knownastheKingofSteel,builtthesteelindustryinthe

UnitedStates,and,intheprocess,becameoneofthewealthiestmeninAmerica.

Hissuccessresultedinpartfromhisabilitytoselltheproductandinpartfrom

hispolicyofexpandingduringperiodsofeconomicdecline,whenmostofhis

competitorswerereducingtheirinvestments.

Carnegiebelievedthatindividualsshouldprogressthroughhardwork,buthe

alsofeltstronglythatthewealthyshouldusetheirfortunesforthebenefitof

society.Heopposedcharity,preferringinsteadtoprovideeducational

opportunitiesthatwouldallowotherstohelpthemselves.〃Hewhodiesrich,dies

disgraced,heoftensaid.

Amonghismorenoteworthycontributionstosocietyarethosethatbearhisname,

includingtheCarnegieInstituteofPittsburgh,whichhasalibrary,amuseumof

finearts,andamuseumofnationalhistory.Healsofoundedaschooloftechnology

thatisnowpartofCarnegie-MelIonUniversity.Otherphilanthrophicgiftsarethe

CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeacetopromoteunderstandingbetweennations,

theCarnegieInstituteofWashingtontofundscientificresearch,andCarnegieHall

toprovideacenterforthearts.

FewAmericanshavebeenleftuntouchedbyAndrewCarnegie'sgenerosity.His

contributionsofmorethanfivemilliondollarsestablished2,500librariesinsmall

communitiesthroughoutthecountryandformedthenucleusofthepubliclibrary

systemthatweallenjoytoday.

Unit8:AmericanRevolution

TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepolitical

andsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwere

alreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenot

breathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutright

revolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marrying

andplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,and

manyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.

America，sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.One

wasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulation

fromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.Anotherwas

Australia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailablefor

prisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedStates-baseditselfsquarely

onrepublicanprinciples.

Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.

Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifieda

colonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,were

replacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstitute

forkingandParliament.

Unit9:Suburbanization

Ifby"suburb“ismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalready

developedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceof

theindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethat

periodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedabouton

footandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltin

the1840'swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcities,

andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.

Intime,thefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartments

androwhousesthatabuttedtheolder,maincities.Asadefenseagainstthis

encroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbases,thecitiesappropriatedtheir

industrialneighbors.In1854,forexample,thecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmost

ofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandin

NewYork.Indeed,mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonly

byincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders.

Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcameacuteurbancrowdingand

accompanyingsocialstress-conditionsthatbegantoapproachdisastrousproportions

when,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictraction1inewas

developed.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectric

streetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanarea,fosteringa

waveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoa

dispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforced

bythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanMiddleClass,whosedesiresfor

homeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythe

developersofsingle-familyhousingtracts.

UnitlO:TypesofSpeech

Standardusageincludesthosewordsandexpressionsunderstood,used,and

acceptedbyamajorityofthespeakersofalanguageinanysituationregardless

ofthelevelofformality.Assuch,thesewordsandexpressionsarewelldefined

andlistedinstandarddictionaries.Colloquialisms,ontheotherhand,arefamiliar

wordsandidiomsthatareunderstoodbyalmostal1speakersofalanguageandused

ininformalspeechorwriting,butnotconsideredappropriateformoreformal

situations.Almostallidiomaticexpressionsarecolloquiallanguage.Slang,

however,referstowordsandexpressionsunderstoodbyalargenumberofspeakers

butnotacceptedasgood,formalusagebythemajority.Colloquialexpressionsand

evenslangmaybefoundinstandarddictionariesbutwillbesoidentified.Both

colloquialusageandslangaremorecommoninspeechthaninwriting.

Colloquialspeechoftenpassesintostandardspeech.Someslangalsopassesinto

standardspeech,butotherslangexpressionsenjoymomentarypopularityfollowed

byobscurity.Insomecases,themajorityneveracceptscertainslangphrasesbut

neverthelessretainsthemintheircollectivememories.Everygenerationseemsto

requireitsownsetofwordstodescribefamiliarobjectsandevents.Ithasbeen

pointedoutbyanumberoflinguiststhatthreeculturalconditionsarenecessary

forthecreationofalargebodyofslangexpressions.First,theintroductionand

acceptanceofnewobjectsandsituationsinthesociety;second,adiversepopulation

withalargenumberofsubgroups;third,associationamongthesubgroupsandthe

majoritypopulation.

Finally,itisworthnotingthattheterms"standard""colloquial"and"slang”

existonlyasabstractlabelsforscholarswhostudylanguage.Onlyatinynumber

ofthespeakersofanylanguagewillbeawarethattheyareusingcolloquialorslang

expressions.MostspeakersofEnglishwi11,duringappropriatesituations,select

anduseallthreetypesofexpressions.

Unitl2:Museums

FromBostontoLosAngeles,fromNewYorkCitytoChicagotoDallas,museums

areeitherplanning,building,orwrappingupwholesaleexpansionprograms.These

programsalreadyhaveradicallyalteredfacadesandfloorplansorareexpectedto

dosointhenot-too-distantfuture.

InNewYorkCityalone,sixmajorinstitutionshavespreadupandoutintothe

airspaceandneighborhoodsaroundthemorarepreparingtodoso.

Thereasonsforthisconfluenceofactivityarecomplex,butonefactorisa

considerationeverywhere-space.Withcollectionsexpanding,withtheneedsand

functionsofmuseumschanging,emptyspacehasbecomeaverypreciouscommodity.

ProbablynowhereinthecountryisthismoretruethanatthePhiladelphiaMuseum

ofArt,whichhasneededadditionalspacefordecadesandwhichreceiveditslast

significantfacelifttenyearsago.Becauseofthespacecrunch,theArtMuseum

hasbecomeincreasinglycautiousinconsideringacquisitionsanddonationsofart,

insomecasespassingupopportunitiestostrengthenitscollections.

Deaccessing-orsellingoff-worksofarthastakenonnewimportancebecause

ofthemuseum'sspaceproblems.Andincreasingly,curatorshavebeenforcedtojuggle

galleryspace,rotatingonemasterpieceintopublicviewwhileanotherissentto

storage.

Despitetheclearneedforadditionalgalleryandstoragespace,however,〃the

museumhasnoplan,noplantobreakoutofitsenvelopeinthenextfifteenyears,〃

accordingtoPhiladelphiaMuseumofArt*spresident.

Unitl4:ARareFossilRecord

Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisarateoccurrenceinthefossil

record.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersor

destroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigher

chanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,

theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,their

fossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,

littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackofswiftcurrentsandwavestojumble

andcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareas

havebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.

ThedepositsatHolzmaden,Germany,presentaninterestingcaseforanalysis.

Theichthyosaurremainsarefoundinblack,bituminousmarineshalesdepositedabout

190millionyearsago.Overtheyears,thousandsofspecimensofmarinereptiles,

fishandinvertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.Thequalityof

preservationisoutstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberof

ichthyosaurfossilscontainingpreservedembryos.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshave

beenreportedfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzmaden,

suggestingthataspecificsitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedly

overtime.Theembryosarequiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevelopment;their

paddles,forexample,arealreadywellformed.Onespecimenisevenpreservedin

thebirthcanal.Inaddition,theshalecontainstheremainsofmanynewbornsthat

arebetween20and30incheslong.

WhyaretheresomanypregnantfemalesandyoungatHolzmadenwhentheyareso

rareelsewhereThequalityofpreservationisalmostunmatchedandquarryoperations

havebeencarriedoutcarefullywithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.But

thesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobe

suchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceverycloseto

theirtimeofgivingbirth.

Unitl5:TheNobelAcademy

Forthelast82years,SwedenJsNobelAcademyhasdecidedwhowillreceivethe

NobelPrizeinLiterature,therebydeterminingwhowillbeelevatedfromthegreat

andtheneargreattotheimmortal.ButtodaytheAcademyiscomingunderheavy

criticismbothfromthewithoutandfromwithin.Criticscontendthattheselection

ofthewinnersoftenhaslesstodowithtruewritingabilitythanwiththepeculiar

internalpoliticsoftheAcademyandofSwedenitself.AccordingtoIngmarBjorksten,

theculturaleditorforoneofthecountry'stwomajornewspapers,theprize

continuestorepresent〃whatpeoplecallaverySwedishexercise:reflectingSwedish

tastes.〃

TheAcademyhasdefendeditselfagainstsuchchargesofprovincialisminits

selectionbyassertingthatitsphysicaldistancefromthegreatliterarycapitals

oftheworldactuallyservestoprotecttheAcademyfromoutsideinfluences.This

maywellbetrue,butcriticsrespondthatthisverydistancemayalsoberesponsible

fortheAcademyJsinabilitytoperceiveaccuratelyauthentictrendsintheliterary

world.

Regardlessofconcernsovertheselectionprocess,however,itseemsthatthe

prizewillcontinuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemost

highlypraise,andasanelusivegoalthatwritersseek.Iffornootherreason,

theprizewillcontinuetobedesirableforthefinancialrewardsthataccompany

it;notonlyisthecashprizeitselfconsiderable,butitalsodramatically

increasessalesofanauthor，sbooks.

Unitl6:TheWarbetweenBritainandFrance

Inthelateeighteenthcentury,battlesragedinalmosteverycornerofEurope,

aswellasintheMiddleEast,southAfrica,theWestIndies,andLatinAmerica.

Inreality,however,therewasonlyonemajorwarduringthistime,thewarbetween

BritainandFrance.Allotherbattleswereancillarytothislargerconflict,and

wereoftenatleastpartiallyrelatedtoitsantagonistJgoalsandstrategies.

FrancesoughttotaldominationofEurope.thisgoalwasobstructedbyBritish

independenceandBritain,seffortsthroughoutthecontinenttothwartNapoleon;

throughtreaties.Britainbuiltcoalitions(notdissimilarinconcepttotoday's

NATO)guaranteeingBritishparticipationinal1majorEuropeanconflicts.Thesetwo

antagonistswerepoorlymatched,insofarastheyhadveryunequalstrengths;France

waspredominantonland,Britainatsea.TheFrenchknewthat,shortofdefeating

theBritishnavy,theironlyhopeofvictorywastoclosealltheportsofEurope

toBritishships.Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingits

mi1itarydominationfromMoscowtLisbon,fromJutlandtoCalabria.Allofthis

entailedtremendousrisk,becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcesto

controlthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandmaintainorderathome.

Frenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipswouldprovidetheforce

necessarytodefeattheBritishnavy.SuchaforcewouldgiveFranceathree-to-two

advantageoverBritain.ThisadvantagewasdeemednecessarybecauseofBritain's

superiorseaskillsandtechnologybecauseofBritain,ssuperiorseaskillsand

technology,andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensivewar,allowing

ittowinwithfewerforces.Napoleonneverlostsubstantialimpedimenttohis

controlofEurope.Ashisforcenearedthatgoal,Napoleongrewincreasingly

impatientandbeganplanninganimmediateattack.

Unit17:EvolutionofSleep

Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareitwith

al1theprimatesandalmostal1theothermammalsandbirds:itmayextendbackas

farasthereptiles.Thereissomeevidencethatthetwotypesofsleep,dreaming

anddreamless,dependonthel