英文介绍中医

PAGEPAGE45TraditionalChinesemedicine(alsoknownasTCM,simplifiedChinese:TraditionalChinesemedicine(alsoknownasTCM,simplifiedChinese:中医;traditionalChinese:中医;pinyin:zhōngyī)includesarangeoftraditionalmedicalpracticesoriginatinginChina.ItisconsideredaComplementaryorAlternativeMedicalsysteminmuchofthewesternworldwhileremainingasaformofprimarycarethroughoutmostofAsia.TCMpracticesincludetreatmentssuchasherbalmedicine,acupuncture,dietarytherapy,TuinaandShiatsumassage;oftenQigongandTaijiarealsostronglyaffiliatedwithTCM.TCMtheoryisextremelycomplexandoriginatedthousandsofyearsagothroughmeticulousobservationofnature,thecosmos,andthehumanbody.MajortheoriesincludethoseofYin-yang,theFivePhases,thehumanbodyChannelsystem,ZangFuorgantheory,sixconfirmations,fourlayers,etc.0RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY历史悠久的中国传统医学TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigin 中医有着几千年的历史,canbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity.In起源可追溯至远古时代在长期与alongcourseofstrugglingagainst 疾病的斗争中中医演化并形成了diseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueand一套独特且完整的理论体系2000integratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.It多年前出现《黄帝内经是中国isanimportantpartofChinese现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和Morethan2,000yearsago,cameout 《灵枢两部分组成每部分包含Huangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDi9卷每卷又有9章总计162章Neijing),whichistheearliestmedical该书对人和自然的关系人体的生classicextantinChina.Itconsistsof理及病理疾病的预防和诊治等方twoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)and面进行了系统全面的说明同时它MiraculousPivot(LingShu),each 运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了comprising）ninevolumes,eachofwhich,因时因地因人而异辩证论治的inturn,containsninechapters,totaling原则并且表达了整体观念的思想upto162chapters.Thebookgivesa 即把人体看作一个整体把人与其completeandsystematicexpositiontothe周围的环境看作一个整体这为中followingvarioussubjects:the 医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。relationshipbetweenmanandnature,the继《黄帝内经》之后东汉时期之physiologyandpathologyofthehuman 前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中body,andthediagnosis,treatmentand医的基础理论如生理病理和疾病preventionotdiseases.Italsouses的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》theoriesofyin-yangandthefive 的不足自此许多不同的学派及经elementstodealfullywiththe 典著作相继出现，各抒己见。principlesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions,geographicallocalitiesindividualconstitution.givingexpression）totheholisticconcepttakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforeEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosistreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(Cao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabout 《神农本草（亦称“本草经theQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorship或“本草”）是中国最早的药物学unknown.Notonlydoesitlist365 专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不medicinalitem—amongwhich252are祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物（其herbs,67areanimals,and46are 中草药252种动物类药67种矿minerals,butalsodividestheminto物类药46种而且依药物性质及功threegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalso该书简述了方剂的基本原则（givesabriefaccountofpharmacological臣、佐、使）theories—principal(jun),adjuvant五味相和的原则。(chen),assistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).IntheHanDynasty(3rdcentury （3的张AD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstanding仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤physician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileand该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术booksbylatergenerations,oneis 数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发entitledTreatiseonFebrileDiseases", 展奠定了基础。ShangHanLuntheotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS（TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技术数据系统）,therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.IntheWesternJinDynasty.Fumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion 西金时期的著名医家皇浦(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsists谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷of12volumeswith128chapters, 128章组成，包括349个穴位。它including349acupoints.Itisthe 是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针earliestextantworkdealingexclusively灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。withacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandTheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyand 隋唐时期形成了自己封建culture.In610AD,ChaoYuanfanetal.的经济文化制度。公元前610年compiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiology巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对andSymptomology.Thebookgavean 种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广extensiveandminutedescriptionofthe泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早etiologyandsymptomsofvarious 病因及症状学著作公元前657年diseases.Itistheearliestextant 苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了classiconetiologyandsymptomsin《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方China.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上20otherscholars,compiled 最早的药学著作。孙思邈（公元前Newly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiu581－682年倾其一生精力撰写了BenCao),whichisthefirst 两部著作分别《备急千金药方pharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina,andtheearliest 论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸pharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.Sun方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分Simiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislif支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代towritingoutthetwobooks:Valuable作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药PrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJi 之祖”。QianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsvariousbranchesofmedicine.BotharerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine".IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperial MedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringing政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格upqualifiedTCMworkers.In1057AD,a1057organnamed"BureauforRevising殊的组织－校正医书局成立了，其MeidicalBooks"wassetupinorderto目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正proofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooks并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书fromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.Thebooksrevisedhave流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界beenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM.

学习中医的重要经典著作。IntheJinandYuanDynasties, 金元时期出现了四个医学thereappearedfourmedicalschools学派代表人物分别为：刘完素（公representedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),元前1120－1200）、张从正（公ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao前1156－1228李（公元前1180(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng －1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansu1358）believedthat"fireandheat"werethecausesofavarietyofdiseases,andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwitdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewas侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用knownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylatergenerations,ZhangCongzheng以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派believedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvading病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要thebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGao阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用heldthat"Internalinjuriesofthe“滋阴泻火”的方法。spleenandstomachwillbringvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarminvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearththefiveelements.Sohewasregardedthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschoolwasknownasthe"schoolofnourishingyin"byfoundedZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice.LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).The 李时珍（1518－bookconsistsof52volumeswith1,8921593是汉朝著名的内科医生及medicinalherbs,includingover10,000and1,000illustrationsof521892medicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbook1000alsodealswithbotany,zoology,书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质mineralogy,physics,astronomy,monumentalworkinMateriaMedica.Iti它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展agreatcontributiontothedevelopment出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，ofpharmacologybothinChinaandallover灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历theworld.Duringthesameperiod, 的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发acupunctureandmoxibustionreached 展。theirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheweresummarizedanddeveloped.SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoanddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.Aseriesof中医药发展的方针政策和措施。policiesandmeasureshavebeentakenfor1986年，国家中医药管理局成立developingTCM.In1986,theState 了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展AdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine.SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM中医的独特性与深刻意义TCM,oneofChina'ssplendidculturalheritages,isthesciencedealingwithhumanphysiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChineseintheirlongstruggleagainst 中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之diseasesand,undertheinfluenceof一它是一门涉及人体生理病理ancientnaivematerialismand 断治疗和疾病预防的科学它是在dialectics,evolvedintoaunique,代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下integralsystemofmedicaltheory 对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总throughlongclinicalpractice. 结，并在长期的临床实践中演化成了Duringseveralthousandyearsithas一套独特完整的医学理论在过去的madegreatcontributionstothe 千年里中医为中华人民健康水平的promotionofhealth,the 高民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰proliferationandprosperityofthe及发展做出了巨大的贡献中医理论Chinesenation,andtheenrichmentand统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和developmentofworldmedicineaswell.辩证法的极大影响这套理论系统以Theformationofthetheoretical 腑经络的生理病理为基础以辨证论systemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluenced为其诊断特色。byancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnostictherapeuticfeatures.TCMhasitsownspecific 中医在对人体的生理功能、病understandingbothinthe 理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见physiologicalfunctionsand 解它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络pathologicalchangesofthehumanbody互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外andinthediagnosisandtreatmentof界环境也是息息相关的中医高度重disease.TCMregardsthehumanbody内因即所谓的“七情”在疾病的发生itselfasanorganicwhole 和发展过程中所起的作用但也决不排interconnectedbyzang-fuorgans, 除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”在诊meridiansandcollaterals.AndTCM 断方面中医以四（望闻问切alsoholdsthatthehumanbodyis 为技术原则八纲辨证为指导总纲并把closelyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.脏腑辨证六经辨证卫气营血辨证作Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopment为其辨证论治的基础它强调“未病先ofadisease,TCMattachesgreat 防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、importancetotheendogenous “调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”（因时、pathogenicfactors,namelytheseven因地、因人制宜）的重要性。emotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesthepatient'sconstitution).Thesecharacteristicts,however, 然而，对以上的中医特点可canbegeneralizedastheholistic用“整体观念”和“辨证论治”加以conceptandtreatmentby 概括。differentiationofsyndromes(TDS)l.TheHolisticConcept 1.整体观念By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,unity）andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivities 整体观念的总思想是一方面认ofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehuman为人体是一个统一的整体另一方面认bodyisregardedasanorganicwhole为人体与其外界环境密切相关人体由inwhichitsconstituentpartsare不同的脏腑组织组成每个脏腑组织都inseparableinstructure, 有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行interrelatedandinterdependentin生命活动的组成部分中医把人体看作physiology,andmutuallyinfluential一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生inpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesin理上相互联系和相互独立在病理上相nature,andnatureprovidesthe 互影响同时因为人类生活在自然中conditionsindispensibletoman's 自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境所以survival.Soitfollowsthatthehuman人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境bodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectly变化的影响并产生相应的反应中医认orindirectlybythechangesof 为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规nature,towhichthehumanbody,in律和地理环境这便是中医为何在诊治turn,makescorrespondingresponses.疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthe体与自然环境相互作用的关系。lawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthebodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationof2.SyndromesTCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiation 中医的另一特色是辨证论治。meanscomprehensiveanalysis,while“辨证”即综合分析相关的症状因此syndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以Sodifferentiationofsyndromes 分析和总结确定疾病的病理病性病impliesthatthepatient'ssymptoms位和邪正关系，从而确定疾病的证型andsignscollectedbythefour “论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择diagnosticmethodsareanalyzedand相应的治疗总的来说辨证论治即在summarizedsoastoidentifythe 对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。etiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenaswhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns.Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfin

关于疾病和治疗的关系，中医differentsyndromesatdifferent

在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途stagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowards

的证候，因此，对同一疾病应根据患者differenttherapiesaccordingtothe的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的patient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Take

fluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-colwind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold,eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theothercalled"treatingdifferentwiththesametherapy",bywhichmeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesame

肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病，然syndromemaybetreatedwiththesame方法。therapy.Forexampleprolapseofrectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitbecomesobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones.Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferentcontradictionsinessence arehandledbydifferentmethodsin程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方thecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS.YINANDYANG-THELAWOFNATURE阴阳－自然界的法则Yinandyang,whichcomefrom 阴阳来自古代ancientChinesephilosophy,areageneral中国哲学，是自然界中相联系的termfortwooppositesofinterrelated 事物和现象中相互对立面的总thingsorphenomenainthenaturalworld.称。最初，它们的内涵很简单，Atfirst,theirconnotationswerequite指的是事物的对立两方。向阳为simple,referringtothetwooppositesides阳，背阳则为阴。在长期的观察ofanobject.Thesidefacingthesunisyang实践中，古代中国人民开始认识andthereversesideisyininthecourse到阴阳的对立和消长存在于一切oflongpracticeandobservation,the 事物中。《易传》曰：一阳一阴ancientChinesepeoplecametounderstand谓之道（道代表宇宙中对立统一thattheoppositionandwax-waneofyinand的基本规律）。换言之，“宇宙yangareinherentinallthings.YiZhuan中的每个事物都包含阴阳两方says,"YinandyangarewhatiscalledDao",面”。并且他们进一步认为阴阳(Daomeansthebasiclawoftheunityof不仅代表两个对立的事物而且可oppositesintheuniverse).Inotherwords,用于分析一个单独实体中存在的"Everythingintheuniversecontainsyin两个对立面。总之，动态的、明andyang."Andtheyfurtherbelievedthat亮的、热的、功能的事物或现象yinandyangcannotonlyrepresenttwo属于阳；反之静止的、黑暗的、oppositeobjectsbutalsobeusedtoanalyze冷的实质的事物和现象属于阴twooppositeaspectsexistinginasingle阴阳理论认为宇宙中一切事物的entity.Generallyspeaking,thingsor 变化发展来自于阴阳的对立统phenomenawhicharedynamic,bright,hot,一。《素问》曰：阴阳者，天地functional,etc...,pertaintothecategory之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父ofyang,whilethosethatarestatic,dark,母，生杀之本始。阴阳理论是cold,substantial,etc.,pertaintothat医理论系统的重要组成部分并ofyin.Theyin-yangtheoryholdsthatth穿于该系统的各个方面。它用developmentandchangesofeverythingin解释人体的生理和病理现象并theuniverseresultfromtheunityof 导临床的诊治。阴阳理论的基oppositesbetweenyinandyang.SuWen内容可总结为以下几方面。says:"yinandyangarethelawofheavenandearth,theprinciplesofallthings,theparentsofallchanges,theoriginofanddeath..."Theyin-yangtheoryisanimportantconstituentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMandrunsthrougheveryaspectofthesystem.Itisusedtoexplainphysiologyandpathologyofthebodyandtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thebasiccontentofyin-yangtheorycanbesummarizedasfollows.l.TheUnityofOppositionBetweenYinandYangBytheoppositionbetweenyinandyangismeantthatallthingsorphenomenainnaturehavetwooppositeaspects-yinand

阴阳的对立统一yang,suchasheavenandearth,motionquiescence,ascendinganddescending,nights,aswellassproutinginspring,growinginsummer,reapinginautunmandstoringinwinter,arealltheconcreteexitingandentering,dayandnight,heat 阴阳对立指的是自andcoldnessandsoon.Theformerbeing然界中所有的事物和现象都存在yangandthelatterineverypair对立两面—阴阳如天地动静above.Theunityistheoutcomeofmutual升降、进出、日月、寒热等等。oppositionandrestrictionbetweenyinand以上的每对现象中前者为阳，后yang.Withoutopposition,therewouldbeno者为阴。统一是阴阳对立制约的unity;Withoutmutualopposition,there结果。没有对立就没有统一，没wouldbenomutualcomplement.Itisonly有相互对立就没有相互补充。正throughthiskindofoppositionand 是这种对立统一，阴阳才能达到nights,aswellassproutinginspring,growinginsummer,reapinginautunmandstoringinwinter,arealltheconcretemanifestationsoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.TCMbelievesthatthenormalphysiologicalfunctionsofthehumanbodyresultfromtheoppositeandunifiedrelationshipbetweenyinandyang.Bothof 中医认为人体的themarealwaysinastateofdynamic 正常生理功能是阴阳对立统一balance.Evenundernormalphysiological结果。阴阳总是处在动态平衡conditionsofthehumanbody,yinandyan状态。甚至在人体正常的生理cannotbeinastateofabsolutebalance件下，阴阳也不可能达到绝对butinastateofrelativebalance.If,for衡，而是处于相对平衡的状态anyreason,therelativebalanceis 一旦阴阳的相对平衡被打破就destroyed,thereisboundtobeexcessor定会导致阴阳的偏实偏虚，疾deficiencyofyinoryang,andthena 也就随之产生了。正如《素问diseasewillarise.AsisstatedinSuWen,所指出的“阴胜则阳病，阳胜"Yininexcesscausingyang阴病”。也正是由于阴阳的对yanginexcessleadingtoyindisease."I统一万物才得以发展变化，自ispreciselyduetotheunityofopposite界才得以永生。betweenyinandyangthatallthingscandevelopandchangeceaselesslyandthenaturalworldisperpetuallyfulloflife.Interdependencebetweenyinandyang2.阴阳相互依存Yinandyangareopposedtoandyet, 阴阳是对立的但同时又atthesametime,dependoneachother.是相互依存的。缺了对立方，任Neithercanexistinisolationwithoutits何一方都不能独立存在换言之，Opponent'sexistence.Inotherwords, 无阴则阳无以生，反之亦然。所withoutyintherewouldbenoyang,andit's以无论阴或阳都是其对立方存在thesametheotherwayround.Soeitheryin的先决条件。这种共存关系中医oryangistheprerequisitefortheother's称为“独阳则阴无以化，独阴则existence.Andthiskindofcoexistent 阳无以生”。这种相互依存也可relationshipisstatedinTCM,"solitary在物质于功能的关系上被反映。yinoryangfailingtolive."This 物质对应阴，功能对应阳。功能interdependenceisalsoreflectedinthe是运动的结果，世上的万物都处relationshipbetweensubstancesand 于运动之中。从而，没有不能产functions.Thesubstancecorrespondstoyin生功能的物质，也没有不从物质andthefunction,toyang.Thefunctioni产生的功能。因此《内经》曰theresultofmaterialmotion,阴在内，阳之守也；阳在外，阴intheworldisnotinastateofmotion.之使也。“阴”指的是物质，是Thereby,thereisnotanysubstancewhich阳功能活动的基础；“阳”指的can'tproduceitsfunctionandthereisalso是功能活动。物质和功能之间是notanyfunctionwhichdoesn'toriginate相互依存、不可分离的。这仅仅fromthemotionofitssubstance. 是一种可以想象的、逼真的言语Therefore,Neijingsays:"Yininthe 表述。然而，当物质之间、动能interioristhebasisforyang;whileyan之间或物质和功能之间相互依存intheexterioristheactivityforyin."的关系异常时，正常的生命活动"Yin"referstothematerial，basisof 就会被破坏从而导致阴阳离绝、functionalactivityofyangand"yang" 元气损耗，甚至生命的终结。referstofunctionalactivity.Thesubstanceandfunctionareinterdependentandinseparable.Hereisjustanimaginableandvividfigureofspeech.However,theinterdependentrelationshipsbetweensubstances,betweenfunctionsaswellasbetweensubstancesandfunctionsareabnormal,lifeactivitieswillbebroken,thusbringingaboutdissociationofyinandyang,depletionofessence-qi.andevenendofone'slife.Waningandwaxingofyinandyang 3Yinandyangalwayscoexistinadynamiceqilibriuminwhichonewaxeswhiletheotherwanes.Inotherwords,waningofyinwillleadto（因果关系的词：causing，inducing，leadingto，bringon，giverise 阴阳总是共存于此消彼towaxingof长的动态平衡中。换言之，阴消yangandviceversa.Taketheseasonalandclimaticvariationsforexample,itgetswarmfromwintertospring,andhotfromspringtosumner.Thisistheprocessof

会导致阳长，反之亦然。以四季"yangwaxingandyinwaning,"Conversely,反，夏去秋凉、秋去冬寒是阴盛itgetscoolfromsummertoautumn,andcoldfromautumntowinter-theas"yinwaxingandyangwaning".Undernormnlconditions,thewaning-waxingrelationof围，阴阳的相对平衡就无法维持，yinandyangisinastateofrelative

结果就会导致阴或阳的偏盛偏衰balance.Ifthisrelationgoesbeyondnormal和疾病的发生，更甚者致危及生limits,therelativcbalanceofyinandyang命。willnotbemaintained,thusresultingineitherexcessordeficiencyofyinorandtheoccurrenceofdiseasc,sofarastoendangerone'slife.Transformationofyinandyang 4.阴阳转化Ingivenconditions,eitheryinor 在特定条件下阴或阳yangmaytransformintoitsopposite,i.e.可以向其对立方转化。如阴可以yinmaybetransformedintoyangandyang转化成阳，阳也可以转化成阴。intoyin.Ifthewaning-waxingofyinand如果说阴阳消长是个量变的过yangissaidtobeaprocessofquantitative程，那么阴阳的相互转化便属于change,thenthatoftheir 基于量变上的质变。这种过程大inter-transformationpertainstoa 多是由量变渐致质变的过程《qualitativechangebasedonthe 问》曰：重阴必阳，重阳必阴quantitativechang.Suchaprocessis 寒极生热，热极生寒。这就是mostlyagradualonefromquantitativeto极必反。在病理上，阴证可以qualitativechange.SuWenstates:"Extreme化成阳证，反之亦然。必须指yingivesrisetoyang,whileextremeyan的是阴阳相互转化的决定性因givesrisetoyin.""Extremecoldbringson是条件，包括内部和外部条件heat,whileextremeheatbringsoncold".不然，转化便不可能发生。Thisistermed"Thingswilldevelopintheoppositedirectionwhentheybecomeextreme."Pathologically,theyinsyndromescanbetransformmedintoyangsyndromes,andviceversa.Itmustbepointedoutthatthedecisivefactorofthemutualtransformationistheconditions,includinginternalandexternalconditions,withoutwhichsuchtransformationwillbebynomeanstooccur.Theabovestatementisthebasiccontentofyin-yangtheory,whichisalso 以上所述为阴阳理论的illustratedby"Taijitu"(Yin-Yang 基本内容，它也可以用以下的太Diagram)below.Inthediagramthewhite极图来说明。在图中，白色部分partindicatesyang,andtheblackpartyin.代表阳黑色代表阴他们之Therelationshipsbetweenthetwoarebothoppositeandcomplementarytoeachother.存在相互对立、相互补充的关系。Thewhitespotwithinyinshowstheyang

阴中的白点表示阴中之阳，黑点withinyin,whiletheblackspotdoesyin表示阳中之阴。同时，他们还包withinyang.Meanwhile,theycontainthepotentialforIntertransformationandinter-wane-waxbetweenyinandyang.Fromtheabove,wecanseethatthecontentofyin-yangtheoryiscomposedof

含了阴阳相互转化、此消彼长的意义。fouraspects,amongwhichtheopposition 从以上我们可以知道阴andwaxing-waningcontaintheoppositeof阳理论的内容由四部分组成。其contradiction;theinterdependenceand 中阴阳对立和消长代表矛盾对立transformationcontaintheunityof 面，阴阳的相互依存和转化代表contradiction;waxing-waningand 矛盾的统一面。消长和转化代表transformationcontainquantitativechange量变和质变前者为后者的前提andqualitativechange.Theformeristhe后者为前者的结果。preconditionforthelatter,thelatteristheoutcomeoftheformer.THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY阴阳学说的应用Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsof 阴阳理论渗thetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisdtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiological个方面。该理论可用于解functionandpathologicalchangesofthehuman释人体的组织结构、生理body.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguide功能和病理改变，也是指clinicaldiagnosis导临床诊断的原则之一。l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureofthe1.HumanBodyThehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnected 人体是一个andmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Interms结构都存在着有机联系，oftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthe并可被分为阴阳相反的bodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangand问》说：人生有形，不离theabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsofthe

阴阳。就解剖位置而言，extremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.人体上部为阳，下部为Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organs

阴；外为阳，内为阴；背storebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,为阳，腹为阴；四肢末端theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitand

为阳，躯干为阴。就脏腑组织而言，脏藏而不泄，transformfoodintoessence-qibutnotstoreit,and,forthisreason,theyareyang.Furthermore,故为阴；而腑泄而不藏，eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,

故为阳。再者，脏腑的每一部分又可分阴阳。例stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyin肾阳,胃阴和胃阳等等。andyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,there就经络系统之阴阳而言，aretwocategories:yinmeridiansandyang

可分为两类：阴经和阳经，阴络和阳络。以上都meridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofopposites

此而知，阴阳理论贯穿存betweenyinandyangexistintheupperandlower,在于人体的上下、内外、internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthe前后部分和内部组织之间。humanbody,andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell.2.ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody

解释人体的生理功能Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthe 阴阳理论normallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresult为人体的正常生命活动fromtheharmoniousrelationoftheunityof 来自于阴阳对立统一关oppositesbetweenyinandyang.Takethe 系的协调以功能和物质relationsh