个体的依恋风格在沙盘游戏中的表现研究,心理学论文

个体的依恋风格在沙盘游戏中的表现研究,心理学论文本篇论文目录导航：【题目】个体的依恋风格在沙盘游戏中的表现研究【前言第一部分】【第二部分-3】【4.1】【4.2】【4.3】【4.44.5】【以下为参考文献】摘要依恋是指个体与特定对象建立强烈情感联合的倾向。根据依恋理论，个体依恋风格通过童年早期与最初的主要抚养者之间的互动得以构成并具有一定的稳定性。依恋风格作为内部工作模型提供了个体感悟环境并与之产生关联的认知图式，个体在认识自个、别人和环境时会持续受其早期依恋关系的影响。因而，对个体依恋风格的研究有助于理解和预测个体行为的发展。在大量的依恋研究中，Bartholomew和Horowitz于1991年根据个体对自个和别人的评价积极或者消极两个维度出发提出的依恋风格模型遭到广泛关注。该模型将依恋风格划分为安全型、拒绝型、沉溺型和恐惧型四类。华而不实安全型依恋风格的个体对自个和别人都有比拟积极的看法，他们能够享受与别人亲密的接触，也并不惧怕独处；拒绝型依恋风格的个体对自个评价比拟积极，对别人的评价倾向于负性，对于亲密的情感关系是冷淡的，他们更看重独立自主的感受；沉溺型依恋风格个体对自个的评价较低，对别人评价较高，他们渴望与人亲密相处、获得别人的认同，特别担忧别人的否认和疏远；恐惧型依恋风格个体对自个和别人的评价都是较低的，他们需要亲密关系，但是更为惧怕与别人相处会遭到伤害，因而回避与人过于亲近的接触。对于依恋风格的研究通常采用问卷法和访谈法，近年来，考虑到依恋风格的内隐特征，以沙盘游戏、绘画等为代表的投射测验方式逐步引起研究者的关注。沙盘游戏是当前国际上应用最为广泛的非言语心理治疗工具，研究者为被试提供了一个安全与自由的空间，被试运用沙具、沙子和水将自个的内心世界以有形的方式投射在沙盘之中。关于沙盘游戏的研究表示清楚，不同心理特征的被试在沙盘游戏的内容、制作经过和叙事等方面表现出显着的区别，沙盘游戏作为研究被试心理特征和功能的工具，其作用已经得到心理学研究者尤其是临床心理学家的普遍认可。本研究试图讨论个体的依恋风格在沙盘游戏中的表现。当前，大学生的心理健康普遍遭到重视，对大学生依恋风格的研究与评估有助于理解和预测大学生的心理问题，并提供必要的引导。本研究通过公开招募的方式，采用(修订版成人依恋问卷〔ASS〕〕和(依恋风格原型自我报告〔SASP〕〕对被试进行挑选和分类。最终选择40名大学生为被试〔华而不实安全型13人、拒绝型5人、沉溺型12人、恐惧型10人〕，分别进行个体沙盘的制作。研究者对每个被试的沙盘游戏内容、制作经过和叙事部分进行编码分析，得到下面结论：1.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏的内容上存在一些差异性的表现。在沙盘游戏主题特征上，安全型依恋风格的被试较之不安全型依恋风格被试，会表现更多的治愈主题和更少的创伤主题。详细而言，安全型被试大多使用沙具数量适中，沙盘画面和谐、统一；拒绝型被试大多使用较少的沙具，沙盘画面显得空洞，缺乏内容；沉溺型被试在四类被试当中摆放沙具数量最多，沙盘画面中呈现的情景最复杂和混乱；恐惧型被试使用沙具数量也较为适中，沙盘画面大多表现出一种隔离封闭感。2.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏制作经过中的表现存在差异。就制作沙盘的时间和连贯性而言，拒绝型被试用时最短，沉溺型被试用时最长，安全型被试和恐惧型被试居中。安全型被试与拒绝型被试挑选沙具更为果断，目的明确，摆放沙具经过中较少做出改动，恐惧型次之，沉溺型被试选取沙具则通常需要反复的挑选、比拟，在摆放经过中做出修改的频率也是四类被试中最高的。就制作沙盘经过中与研究者之间的互动而言，安全型被试与研究者发生直接目光接触，并进行一些言语沟通的情况最多，拒绝型与沉溺型被试次之，恐惧型最少。3.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏中的叙事风格存在差异。详细而言，安全型被试叙事简练，得当，逻辑性强、情感的表示出适中；拒绝型被试叙事显得简单，笼统，缺乏情感的表示出；沉溺型被试叙事较为繁冗，缺乏整体性，过度表示出的情况较多；恐惧型被试叙事简单，概括，会压抑情绪、情感的表露。本文关键词语：依恋风格沙盘游戏特征评估大学生AbstractAttachmentisthetendencytoestablishastrongemotionalconnectionbetweenindividualandthespecificobjects.Accordingtotheattachmenttheory,eachpersonsattachmentstylewasformedandfixedthroughtheinteractionbetweenchildandtheiroriginalmaincaregiversintheearlychildhoodandhascertainstability.Astheinternalworkingmodel,attachmentstyleprovidesindividualthecognitiveschematoperceptedtheenvironmentandassociatedwithit.theindividualintheunderstandingofthemselves,othersandtheenvironmentwillcontinuouseffectedbytheirearlyattachment.Therefore,thestudyofindividualattachmentstylewouldhelpstounderstandandpredictthefuturebehavioroftheindividual.Inmanyattachmentresearches,BartholomewandHorowitzaccordingtoanindividualspositiveornegativeevaluationtothemselvesandothersputforwardantwodimensionsattachmentstylemodelhasbeenwidelyconcerned.Thismodeldividedattachmentstyleintosecure、dismissing、preoccupiedandfearful.individualwithsecureattachmentstylehaveapositiveviewtothemselvsandothers,theycanenjoyanintimatecontactwithothers,alsoisnotafraidofbeingalone;individualwithdismissingstylearemorepositiveofevaluatingthemselves,buttheirevaluationtootherstendtobenegative,theyareindifferenttointimaterelationshipsandemphasizetheindependentfeeling;individualwithpreoccupiedattachmentstylehavelowevaluationtothemselvesandhighevaluationtoothers,theyareeagertobeclosetogetherandgettheapprovalofothers,andveryworriedaboutthedenyandalienationofotherpeople;Fearfulattachmentstylesindividualviewthemselvesandothersbothlow,theyneedcloserelationship,butmoreafraidtogetalongwithotherswouldbehurt,sotheyavoidtooclosecontactwithpeople.Studyofattachmentstyleusuallyadoptquestionnairemethodandinterviewmethod.Nowadays,takingintoaccounttheimplicitcharacteristicsofattachmentstyle,sandplay,paintingetc.astherepresentativeoftheprojectivetestgraduallyarousedtheconcernofresearchers.Sandplayisoneofthemostwidelyusednonverbaltherapytoolaroundtheworld,researcherprovidesasafeandfreeatmosphereforsubjects,thesubjectsusedtoys、sandandwatertoprojectedtheirowninnerworldintothesandboxinavisibleway.Somesandplaystudiesrevealedthatdifferentpsychologicalcharacteristicsofthesubjectsshowedasignificantdifferenceinthecontent|productionprocessandnarrativeofsandplay,sandplayasatooltoresearchsubjectspsychologicalcharacteristicsandfunction,itseffecthasgenerallyrecognizedbypsychologyresearchersespeciallyclinicalpsychologists.Thisstudyattemptstoexploretheindividualattachmentstyle,sperformanceinsandplay.Atpresent,thepsychologicalhealthofcollegestudentsbewildlyconcerned,studyandevaluationofcollegestudentsattachmentstylescanhelpunderstandandpredictcollegestudentspsychologicalproblems,andprovidethenecessaryguidance.Thisstudythroughopenrecruitmentbythesubjectsvolunteeredtoparticipatein,andthenusethe(revisedAdultAttachmentScale〔ASS〕〕and(Self-Reportattachmentstyleprototypes〕forsorting.Finallyselected40subjects〔secure13,dismissing5,preoccupied12andfearful10〕executeindividualsandplayrespectively.Thenresearcherscodingandanalyzeeachsandplay`scontent,processandoralnarrativepart,theconclusionis:1.Differentattachmentstylesubjectshavesomedifferencesinthecontentofsandplay.OnthethemecharacteristicsofSandplay,thaninsecureattachmentstylesubjects,secureattachmentstylewillshowmorehealingthemesandlesstraumathemes.specifically,mostsafestylesubjectsinthesandplaycanuseamoderateamountofstructuresproducedharmonyandunifiedsenseofthepicture;Dismissingstyleismostlyuselessstructures,sandscreenappeartobeempty,lackofcontent;Preoccupiedsubjectsinfoursubjectswhichusethelargestnumberofstructure,sandplayscreenshowingthemostcomplicatedandconfusing;fearfulsubjectsusedstructuresquantitygenerallymoremoderate,sandplaypicturemostlyexhibitaclosedisolatedfeeling.2.Differentattachmentstylesubjectshavesomedifferencesintheprocessofsandplay.Intermsofthetimeandconsistencyofsandplaymaking,thetrialofdismissingstylewastheshortest,thelongestbeingpreoccupiedstyle,andthesecuresubjectsandfearfulsubjectscentered.Secureanddismissingsubjectsselectedstructuresmoredecisive,goal-orientedandmakeafewchangesduringthecourse,followedbyfearfulstyle,preoccupiedsubjectsselectedstructuresusuallyrequiresrepeatedselectionandcomparison,andtherateofmakingchangesintheprocessalsoplacedinthetopinfourcategories.Fortheinteractionbetweensubjectsandresearcherintheprocess,securesubjectsdomostdirecteyecontactandspeechcommunicationwithresearchers,dismissingandpreoccupiedstylefollowed,fearfulstyledoleast.3.Differentattachmentstylesubjectshavedifferentnarrativestyleinsandplay.Inparticular,thesecuritystylesubjectsnarrativeconcise,appropriateandlogical,andhavemoderateexpressionofemotion;Dismissingstylesubjectsnarrativesimple,generalandlackofemotionalexpression;Preoccupiedsubjectsnarrativemoreburdensome,lackofintegrity,havemoreexcessiveexpression;Fearful