词汇学期末复习题及答案

..PAGEPAGE32/32SupplementaryExercisesforME.LexicologyPartI Multiplechoices.Thedefinitionofawordincludes .A.aminimalfreeformthatcanfunctionalone B.aunitofmeaningC.asoundunityD.alloftheaboveAwordis ofalanguagethathasagivensoundandandsyntacticfunction.A.aminimalfreeformB.asmallestmeaningfulunitC.anelementwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedD.agrammaticallyformTheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyconsistof .allthelanguagesinEuropeandIndiaallthelanguagesinIndiaandsomelanguagesinEurope.mostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.SomeofthelanguagesofEuropeandallthelanguagesoftheNearEastThesymbolicconnectionofawordtoaparticularthingisalways .A.logical B.arbitrary C.inherent D.automaticTheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguageisthoughttobe .A. Ahighlyinflectedlanguage.B. Ahighlydevelopedlanguage.C. Averydifficultlanguage.D. Alanguageofleveledendings.Morethanonevariant,whichcanrealizesomemorphemesaccordingthepositioninaword,aretermed.A.phonemes B.allomorphs C.morphs D.phonesAffixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareknownas.A.morphemesB.derivationalmorphemesC.inflectionalmorphemesD.suffixesisdefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostem.Thisprocessisalsoknownas.A.derivation,affixationB.affixation,derivationC.derivative,affixationD.affixation,derivativeSometimes,themeaningofacompoundcanbeinferredfromitsseparateelements,forexample, .A.hotdog B.redmeat C.flowerpot D.fathead isuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,andsoonwhilebelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.A.meaning,concept B.concept,meaningC.sense,reference D.reference,senseWhenreaderscomeacrosstheword“home”inreading,theymayremindedoftheirfamily,friends,warmth,safety,love.Thatisbecauseofthe“home”has .A.collocations B.connotationsC.denotations D.perorationsWhichofthefollowingbelongstoasemanticfield?A.steed,charger,palfrey,plug,nagB.pony,mustang,mule,stud,mareC.policeman,constable,bobby,copD.domicile,residence,abode,homeWhichgroupofthefollowingareperfecthomonyms?dear(alovedperson)—deer(akindofanimal)bow(bendingtheheadasagreeting)—bow(thedeviceusedforshooting)bank(theedgeoftheriver)—bank(anestablishmentforbusiness)right(correct)—write(putdownonpaperwithapen)Thepartofapieceofwritingorspeechwhichsurroundsawordhelpstoexplainitsmeaningiscalled .A. LinguisticcontextB. GrammaticalcontextC. Extra-linguisticcontextD. Para-linguisticcontextmeansthroughalldifficultiesandtroubles.A.throughhighandlow B.throughthickandC.fromheadtofoot D.fromstarttofinishPartIITrueorfalsequestions.Aruleofword-formationisusuallyidenticalwithaWord-formationrulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochangesacertainextent.Affixeslike“-th”areveryproductiveincurrentEnglish.Thechieffunctionofprefixesistochangethewordclassofthestems.Theprimaryfunctionofsuffixesistochangethemeaningofthestem.Compoundsarewordsformedbycombiningaffixesandstems.“-age,-al,-ance,-ation,-ence”in“linkage,dismissal,attendance,protection,existence”canproducelargelyconcretenounsbybeingaddedtoverbstems.Themeaningofacompoundisusuallythecombinationofstems.Thefreephrasehastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandsecondarystress,ifany,onthesecond.Inbothcompoundsandfreephrasestheadjectiveelementcaninflectionalsuffixes.ConversionisonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofalexicalitemwithnolossofitsdifferentrangeofmeaningoriginallyAfullyconvertednounfromanadjectivehasallthefeaturesofnounsexcepttakinganindefinitearticleor,-(e)stoindicateorpluralnumber.Generally,conjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositionsbeconvertedtonouns.AlthoughblendsandbackformedwordshavealreadyachievedpopularityinEnglish,theyarenotadvisabletobeusedfrequentlyinwriting.Quiteanumberofderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.SimplewordsinEnglishareusuallynon-motivated.Lexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords.Componentialanalysishasnodisadvantages.Polysemicandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievinghumororirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.Inmostcases,thenativetermismoreliterarythantheforeignone.PartIIICompletethefollowingstatementswithproperwordsexpressionsaccordingtothecoursebook.Morphemesareunits,whicharerealizedinspeechdiscreteunitsknownasmorph .Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphoneme istoaphone.Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanone morph. Such alternative morphs are known asallomorphs .Awordisaminimalformofalanguagethathasasoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,arealsocalled_empty words.Accordingtosemantics,awordisaunitofmeaning.Boundmorphemesincludeboundrootsandaffixes.The most productivemeans of word formation affixation ,compounding andconversion .Onlywhenaconnectionhasbeen,establishedbetweenthelinguisticsignandareferent ,doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Mostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglewordslike"bird,tree,green",etc,Wordsofthesekindsarecalledmonomorphemic words.WithNorseinvasion ,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.PartIV Explainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.Explainwithexamplesmorpheme,morphandallomorphSemanticfieldPartVAnswerthefollowingquestions.Whatiscollocativemeaning?Giveatleastoneexampletoillustrateyourpoint.Studythefollowingsentence,payingspecialattentiontothewordsinitalics.Ifyoufindanythingwrong,pleaseexplainwhyandthenimprovethepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingmidnight.Analyzesthemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandoutthetypesofthemorphemes.unbearable,international,ex-prisonerAnswersforExercise1PartIMultiplechoices.1-5DACBA 6-10BCBCB 11-15BBCABPartIITrueorfalsequestions.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F14.T15.T 16.T 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.FPartIIIFillintheblanks.1.abstract,morph,phoneme,allomorphs 2.free 3.empty 4.meaning 5.bound,affixes 6.affixation,compounding,conversionreferent 8.monomorphemic 9.Norseinvasion 10.oppositionPartIVExplainthefollowingtermsInmorpheme-basedmorphology,amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathassemanticmeaning.Amorphemeisfreeifitstandalone,orboundifitisusedexclusivelyalongsideafreemorpheme.Morphsaretheactualphoneticrepresentationsofthesamemorpheme.Anallomorphisavariantformofthesamemorpheme,andallthemorphsofthesamemorphemearegroupedasbeingtheallomorphsofamorpheme.Theconceptoccurswhenaunitofmeaningcanvaryinsound(phonologically)withoutchangingmeaning.Englishexample:Theword"unbreakable"hasthreemorphemes:"un-",aboundmorpheme;"break",afreemorpheme;and"-able",aboundmorpheme."un-"isaprefix,"-able"isasuffix.Both"un-"and"-able"areaffixes.Themorphemeplural-shasthemorph"-s",/s/,incats(/kæts/),but"-es",/ɨz/,indishes(/dɪʃɨz/),andeventhevoiced"-s",/z/,in(/dɒgz/)."-s".Theseareallomorphsofthesamemorphemeplural-s.Theconceptisfromtheconceptof“field”inphysics,referringtotheclusteringofanumberofsemanticallyrelatedwords.Afieldisasetoflexemesinanamedconceptualareathatinterrelateanddefineeachotherinspecificways.Ageneraldescriptionisthatinasemanticfieldarenotsynonymous,butareallusedtotalkaboutthesamegeneralphenomenon.Forexample,thesemanticfieldof“bugs”mayincludebees,spiders,moths,wasps,fliesetc.Accordingtosemanticfieldtheoryameaningofawordisdependentpartlyonitsrelationotherwordsinthesameconceptualarea.Thekindsofsemanticfieldsvaryfromculturetoculture.PartVAnswerthefollowingquestions.Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbywordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.For'pretty'and'handsome'sharetheconceptualmeaningof'goodlooking',butaredistinguishedbytherangeofnounstheycollocatewith:handsome.Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingaboutmidnight.itisambiguousambiguitycausedbythestructurestopdrinkingcanbeunderstoodas1）policestopdrinkingbythemselves2）policestoppeopledrinkingimprovement1）Thepolicewereorderedtostoppeopledrinkingaboutmidnight.2）Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingbythemselvesaboutmidnight.MorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathassemanticThemorphologicalanalysisofthethreewordsareasfollows:Each of the three words consists of three morphemesunbearable(un+bear+able), international ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).Oftheninemorphemes,onlybear,nationandprisonarefreemorphemesastheycanexistbythemselves.Alltherestun-,-able,inter-,-al,ex-and-erareboundasnoneofcanstandaloneaswords.SupplementaryExercisesforME.Lexicology2PartIMultiplechoices.Fromthephrase“awhitepaper”,weknowthatthemeaningofword“paper”hereis“document”.Thisshowsthatthe contextcandefinethemeaningofaword.A.extra-linguistic B.grammaticalC.lexical D.situationalTheuseofonenameforthatofanotherassociatedwithitrhetoricallycalled .A.synecdocheB.metonymyC.substitutionD.metaphorHomophonesareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectsA.humorB.sarcasmC.ridiculeD.alltheaboveWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNotcorrect?AwordcanbeformedbytwofreemorphemesAwordcanbeformedbyafreemorphemeandaboundmorphemeAwordcanbeformedbytwoboundmorphemesAwordcanbeformedbyanytwoaffixes.Indifferentlanguages,thesameconceptscanberepresenteddifferentsounds,whichshows .therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningcannotbeestablished.therearedifferentlogicalrelationsbetweensoundandmeaningtherelationbetweensoundandmeaningisamatterofconventiontheconceptsarenotreallythesameThetwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaningare .A.historicalreasonandclassreasonB.historicalreasonanpsychologicalreasonC.class&psychologicalreasonD.extra-linguisticfactors&linguisticfactorsOldEnglishvocabularywasinessence withasmallofwordsborrowedfromLatinandScandinavian.A.Celtic B.Germanic C.Roman D.Irish isthebasicformofaword,whichcan'tbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.A.Stem B.Root C.Morpheme D.Affix isthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaninghastobeusedincombinationwithothermorphemestomakewords.A.Freeroot B.Boundroot C.Morpheme D.BoundmorphemeThemostproductivemeansofword-formationinmodernEnglisharethefollowingexcept.A.compounding B.affixationC.acronymD.conversion11.Themeaningsofmanycompoundsandderivativesarethetotalofthecombined.A.morphs B.allomorphsC.rootsD.morphemesTherelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningis .Mostcanbesaidtobe .A.prescriptive,motivated B.prescriptive,non-motivatedC.arbitrary,motivated D.arbitrary,non-motivated isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreword-meaning.A.Grammaticalmeaning B.DenotativemeaningC.Associativemeaning D.Connotativemeaning“parent/child,husband/wife,predecessor/successor”are .A.contraryterms B.contradictorytermsC.relativeterms D.complementaryterms“aurevoirandBye”isapairofsynonymsresultingfrom .A.borrowingB.dialectsandregionalEnglishC.figurative&euphemisticuseofwordsD.withidiomaticexpressionsFromthephrase“examinationpaper”,weknowthatthemeaningoftheword“paper”hereis“asetofquestionsattheendoftheterm”.Thisshowsthatthe contextcandefinethemeaningofaword.A.extra-linguistic B.grammaticalC.lexical D.situationalmeansdamagefromcontinuoususe.A.fairandspare B.toilandmoil C.wearandtear D.andkinMoreoftenthannot,functionalwordsonlyhave.A.lexicalmeaning B.associativemeaningC.collocativemeaning D.grammaticalmeaningItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute oftheEnglishvocabulary.A.50percent B.50percent C.80percent D.65percentFunctionalwordsdo workofexpressioninEnglishonthancontentwords.A.farmoreB.lessC.equal D.PartIITrueorfalsequestions.DifferencescanbefoundbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglishpronunciation,spelling,grammarandvocabulary.Whenaprefixisaddedtoaword,itsword-classisusuallychanged.Aspecialdictionarydealswithonesectorofthelexiconoflanguage.Wordsinthesamesemanticfielddonothaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.Awordisaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingasyntacticalfunction.Mostloanwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguageswithoutanychangeinsoundandspelling.Anallomorphisoneofthevariantformsofamorpheme.Conversionmeansthetransferofawordfromoneclasstoanother.Therelationbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.Componentialanalysisistobreakdowntheconceptualsenseofaintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponents.Psychologicalresearchfoundthatvocabularyisstoredredundantlyonlyasindividualmorphemes.Inthefollowing2sentences,“Howlongishe?”“Howyoungyou?”,thetwowordslongandyoungarebothmarked.Idiomsarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsindividualconstituents.“Diamondcutdiamond.”issyntacticallywrong,andshouldberevisedinto“Diamondcutsdiamond.”Fortuitousformerlydenoted“happeningbyandlateronthemeaning“fortunate”byanalogy,becausethetwowordslooksimilarinshape.PartIIIExplainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.Explainwithexamplesroot,stemandbase.SemanticmotivationSenseandreferenceIdiomMetonymyPartIVAnswerthefollowingquestions.The‘pen'ismightierthanthe‘sword'.Explainwhat'pen''sword'meanrespectivelyusingthetheoryofmotivation.Howwouldyouexplainthedifferencebetweenbackformationsuffixation?Giveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Commentonthefollowingpairsofsentencesintermsofhyponymy.Themansaidhewouldcometoourschoolnextweek.ThevisitingscholarsaidhewouldvisitouruniversitynextMonday.AnswersforExercise2PartIMultiplechoices.1-5CBDCC 6-10DBBBC 11-15DDBCA 16-20CCDCAPartIITrueorfalsequestions.1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.T11.F 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.TPartIIIExplainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Thusitcannotbereducedintosmallerconstituents.Rootistheprimarylexicalunitofaword,whichcarriesthemostsignificantaspectsofsemanticcontent.Forexample,thelexicalrootof“chatter”ischat.Astemisthatpartofawordwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Forexample,photographer:destabilized:destabilizeAbasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.Forexample,Thebaseof“undesirable”is“desirable”;andthatof“desired”is“desire”.SemanticMotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbyconceptualmeaningofaword.Forexample,whenwesaythemouthofariver,weassociatetheopeningpartoftheriverwiththemouthofahumanbeingorananimal.Therearebasically4typesofsemanticmotivation,andtheyare:oonomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivationandetymologicalmotivation.ThedistinctionwasfirstmadebyGottlobFregebetweenabstractideasandconcreteobjectsofsensation.Senseisconcernedwiththemeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisobjectifiedbynotconsideringparticularsituationsandtherealintentionsofspeakersandwriters.Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipwithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.Referencereferstowhatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Anidiomisaphrasewhosemeaningcannotbedeterminedbytheliteraldefinitionofthephraseitself,butrefersinsteadtoafigurativemeaningthatisknownonlythroughcommonuse.Idiomsaresemanticallyunitedandstructurallystable.Forexample,Kickthebucketisanidiom,meaning“toStructurally,wecannotsay“Thebucketiskickwhilestillkeepitsmeaningstable.Metonymyreferstotherhetoricaldeviceinwhichthenameofoneisusedforthatofanotherassociatedwithit.Forexample,theexpressioninthecradlemeanstobeinone’schildhood,becausecradleisusedfortheyoungbabiesandcloselyrelatedtotheyoungageofone.PartIVAnswerthefollowingquestions.Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticanditsmeaning.Semanticmotivation,oneofthefourmajortypesofmotivation,explainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.Inthissentence,'pen'remindsoneofthetooltowritewith,thussuggestingwriting;'sword'remindsoneofweapontofightwith,thussuggestingwar.(1)Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixesbases.Forexample,movementisformedbyaddasuffix-ment”totheroot“move”.(2)Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofit'sthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Forexample,“edit”iscreatedoutof“editor”onthemistakenassumptionthattheagentivesuffix.Hyponymyreferstothesemanticrelationshipofinclusion,inthemeaningofmorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,tulipandrosearehyponymsofThemorespecificwordstulipandrosearecalledhyponymsorsubordinatetermsofthemoregeneralwordAndflowerisnamedhypernymorsuperordinatetermsoftulipandInthefollowing2sentences,sucharelationisindicatedasfollows:Superordinate Subordinateman scholarcome visitschool universityweek MondaySupplementaryExercisesforME.Lexicology3PartIMultiplechoices.Amayconsistofasinglemorphemeasin"iron"oroftwomorphemesinacompoundlike"handcuff".A.stem,root,rootB.root,stem,stemC.stem,stem,root D.root,root,stemDegradationofmeaningistheoppositeof .A.semantictransfer B.semanticpejorationC.semanticelevationD.semanticnarrowingWhichgroupofthefollowingareacronyms?A.VOA,AIDS,BASIC,D-Day B.CORE,Laser,TEFL,NATOC.G-man,BBC,BASIC,NATO D.TV,ID,TB,UFOWhichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse?Conversionreferstotheuseofwordsofoneclassasthatofadifferentclass.Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadverbs.Partialconversionandfullconversionareconcernedwithadjectiveswhenconvertedtonouns.Theconversionbetweennounsandverbsmayinvolveachangeofstress.Whichofthefollowingisincorrect?“airmail”means“mailbyair”“reading-lamp”means“lampforreading”“greenhorn”isthehorngreenincolor“hopeless”is“withouthope” isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreword-meaning.A.Grammaticalmeaning B.DenotativemeaningC.Associativemeaning D.ConnotativemeaningAntonymscanbeclassifiedintothreemajorgroupsexcept .A.evaluativeterms B.contrarytermsC.contradictoryterms D.relativeterms“win”and“gaintheupperhand”，“hesitate”and“beinminds”aretwopairsofsynonymsresultingfrom .A.coincidencewithidiomaticexpressionsB.figurative&euphemisticofwords.C.dialectsandregionalEnglishD.borrowingThemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinitoccurs.Thestructureinwhichthewordinquestionappearsbecalled context.A.situationalB.morphologicalC.lexicalD.grammaticalmeanssomethinguselessandunwantedbutbigandcostly.A.whiteelephant B.darkelephant C.whitehorse D.darkhorseLinguisticcontextisalsoknownascontext.A.socialB.verbal C.Lexical D.physicalThepronunciationofalanguagehaschangedmore thanspellingovertheyears.A.systematicallyB.arbitrarily C.logically D.rapidlyTheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfrom .A.Anglo-SaxonB.theRomansC.Greek D.SanskritThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitwhatisnowEnglandare .A.Anglo-SaxonsB.FrenchspeakingNormansC.Celts D.JutesEnglishismorecloselyrelatedto .A.GermanthanFrench. B.FrenchtoGermanC.WelshthanGerman D.IrishthanDutchInthewords"recollection,idealistic,andex-prisoner","re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex-,and-er"are.A.prefixes B.suffixes C.freemorphemes D.morphemesPartIICompletethefollowingstatementswithproperwordsorexpressionsaccordingtothecoursebook.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownas words.Oneofthevariantsrealizingamorphemeiscalledallomorph.Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoorstems.Thewordmeaningismadeupofgrammaticalmeaningandlexical meaning,whichitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.Whenawordwascreated,itwasendowedwithmeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguageittookmoreandmorederived meanings.Argot referstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit.IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandromanclassics,whichisknowninastheRenascence .Affixes can be grouped into derivational inflectional affixes.Wordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,whichisknownasfunctionalshift.10.Synonymscanbegroupedintoabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonyms.TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia .OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectional languagejustmodernGerman.Theallomorphsofthepluralmorphemecanberealizedbyasin"deer—deer","fish—fish".Amelioration referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisehumblebeginningstopositionofmoreimportance.Somewordswhichareusedtodenoteonethingbutlaterchangeddenotesomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer/transference.Oppositetodenotativemeaning,connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.MartinJoos(1962)inhisTheFiveClocksIsuggestsfivedegreesformality:frozen,formal,consultative,casual,andinitimate.Homonymsareclassifiedintoperfecthomonyms,homographshomophones .“parent–child”isapairofrelational opposites.Wordslikenow/then,here/there,tomorrow/yesterdayareusedtoreferdirectlytothepersonaltemporalorlocationalcharacteristicsasituation.Theyarecalleddeictic words.PartIIIExplainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.ComponentialanalysisExplainthetermconnotativemeaning,withexamples.schemataPartIVAnswerthefollowingquestions.Whatarethestylisticfeaturesofidioms?Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardspelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem ofdifferentiation.Pleasedesignawaytodistinguishthetwoconcepts?AnswersforExercise3PartIMultiplechoices.1-5ACBBC 6-10BAADA 11-15BABCA 16DPartIIFillintheblanks.1.loan 2.allomorph 3.compounding 4.grammatical,lexical,conceptual,associative 5.primary,derived 6.argot Renascence 8.derivational,inflectional 9.functional 10.absolute,relative 11.India 12.inflectional/inflected 13.zero14.amelioration 15.transfer/transference 16.denotative 17.frozen 18.homophone 19.relational 20.deicticPartIIIExplainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.Componentialanalysisalsocalledfeatureanalysisorcontrastanalysis.Itisamethodtypicalofstructuralsemanticswhichthestructureofaword'smeaningbybreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents,whichareknownassemanticfeatures.Conventionally,theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsof/binaryopposition,using“+”and“-”toexpresstheexistenceornon-existenceofsemanticpropertiesbyusingplusandminussigns.Itrevealtheculturallyimportantfeaturesbywhichspeakersofthelanguagedistinguishdifferentwordsinthedomain.Examplesare:Manis[+HUMAN],[+MALE],[+ADULT]Womanis[+HUMAN],[-MALE],[+ADULT]Boyis[+HUMAN],[+MALE],[-ADULT]Girlis[+HUMAN],[-MALE],[-ADULT]Connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.Itisnotanessentialpartoftheword-meaning,butassociationsthatmightoccurinthemindofaparticularuserofthelanguage.Forexample,mother,denotinga‘femaleparent’,isoftenassociatedwith‘love’,etc.Schemataorschematicknowledgereferstothementalrepresentationofthelinked,structuredarrangementsoffacts.Theformationofcertaintypeofschemataisconsideredtobegroundedinthepresentandonpastexperiences.Schemataareaneffectivetoolforunderstandingtheworld,whichprovidesuswithaframeofreference.Forexample,self-schemata,aschemataofadeal,ofauniversity,etc.PartIVAnswerthefollowingquestions.Anidiomisaphrasewhosemeaningcannotbedeterminedbytheliteraldefinitionofthephraseitself,butrefersinsteadtoafigurativemeaningthatisknownonlythroughcommonuse.Idiomshavesomestylisticfeaturesasstatedasfollows.Manyidiomswerecreatedindifferentprofessions,sotheytrade-orprofession-related,colloquialandinformal.Nowmostbecomeapartofthecommoncore,neitherformalnorinformal.(3)Therearestillmanycolloquialisms,slangexpressions,literaryexpressionscomparativelysmallinnumber.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasdistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Forexample,thenativeEnglishword“ball”meaning“aroundobjectusedingames,whilethe“ball”withfrenchorigin“alargeformalsocialeventatwhichpeopledance”.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree.Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.Forexample,thepolysemicword“table”hasseveralmeaningsasfollows:(1)apieceoffurniture;(2)allthepeopleseatedaroundatable;(3)thefoodthatisputonatalbe;(4)alevelarea,aplateau;etc.Allthemeaningsundertheword“table”arerelatedtosomedegreetotheoriginalmeaning(thefirstmeaning)oftheword“table”.SupplementaryExercisesforME.Lexicology4PartIMultiplechoices.Morethanonevariant,whichcanrealizesomemorphemesaccordingthepositioninaword,aretermed.A.phonemes B.allomorphs C.morphs D.phones “Omnibus,earthquake,discotheque”arereplacedby“b