英美文学赏析-美国文学部分

美国文学史复习ColonialandPuritanliterature(earlyAmericanliterature)AmericanRomanticismLiteraryNaturalismImagismmodernismPostwarliterature一ColonialandPuritanliterature清教徒的思想：puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices 净化信仰和行为方式WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位，puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步Americanpuritanism(美国清教徒特点)：idealistsMorepracticaltougherHardworkthriftpietysobrietyOnebeingreligionsandtheotherpracticalBasisofAmericanliterature;contributingtothedevelopmentofsymbolism;influencethestyleofAmericanliterature:simpledirect最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet（女）EarlyAmericanliterature代表作家：BenjaminFranklin本杰明•■兰克林1706-1790Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、TheAutobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传十三个美德:TemperanceSilenceOrderResolutionFrugalityIndustrySincerityJusticeModerationCleanlinessTranquilityChastityHumilityAmericanRomanticismTheendofthe18thcentury（thesketchesbook 华盛顿欧文）Theoutbreakofcivilwar（leavesofgrass 惠特曼）Romanticism的特点：pluralistic多元化manifestationsvaried表现形式多样Individualistic个人主义conflicting矛盾frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption. 浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。Transcendentalism超验主义浪漫主义的高峰是超验主义（人自然宇宙的关系）1)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。theybelieveinthetranscendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadingpower相信forgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。Literaryforms文学形式:Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。二、代表作家:1、WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文美国文学之父，短篇小说之父thefirstgreatbelletrist 第一个纯文学作家thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，“SketchBook”《见闻札记》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。标志浪漫主义开端AHistoryofNewYork 纽约的历史 美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说 使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories—theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。"ThePrairie”《大草原》,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。3、 WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet. 第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。"ToaWaterfowl”《致水鸟》themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。4、 RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland, 是把超验主义弓I入新英格兰的先驱。Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism 个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.作品："Natur@《论自然》、"Essays”《随笔录》5、 HenryDavidThoreau亨利・戴维・梭罗Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践°'InWalden”《沃尔登》成名作。〃CivilDisobedience‘《平民反抗》essay随笔。非暴力不合作6、 NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔.■桑background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。"TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。Hawthrone’spointofview:Senseofsinandevilinlife,evilexistsinthehumanheart;Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment;Evileducate,AchievementisundertheimpactofandbyengagementwithevilDisgustinscienceHawthrone’sstyle:typicalromanticwriter.Amanofliterarycraftsmanship,extraordinaryintheuseofsymbol,therevelationofcharacter'spsychology,theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual“TheScarletLetter”Symbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto"Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,LiteraryNaturalismBackground1)Mechanization机器化2)Urbanization城市化3)Industrialization工业化4）Federalgovernment（race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克•吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railwaysystem工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Midclass3）现实主义（realism）Realism:（现实主义）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点Naturalism：自然主义anewandharsherrealism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于theendofthecentury 十九世纪末，强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic决定论，宿命的，代表作家：1、WaltWhitman沃尔特.惠特曼改革家自由民主首创freeverse（自由^体）withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚“LeavesofGrass"草叶集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗（标志浪漫主义的结束）Poem’s特点：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGr6ass，areaboutmanandnature.关注点：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual,takethehardworkingfarmerandlaborsintoAmericanliterate2、 EmilyDickinson爱米丽.狄金森作品：“IdiedforBeauty”我为美而死（诗歌）Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate（终极）thesame“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”我不能等候死神Theme:死亡deathImmortality,religionlove特点：pause:useof "dash”（破折号），notitles,对意象主义有影响3、 MarkTwain马克.吐温mainfunderofAmericanrealismliterature美国现实主义文学的代表作"AdventuresofHuckleberryFinE哈克贝里赛恩历险记（马克最有名的作品）ThecelebratedjumpingfrogofCalaverascounty成名作特点：localcolorist地方特色Imagismmodernism（the20thcentury）Background:WorldWarI第一次世界大战，Americahavegreatprofit.Jumpintechnology(automobile/radio) 科技方面的跳跃(汽车/收音机)oldmoralcodebreaks 旧道德体系破碎1、Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovement ,begininEnglandandflourishedtoUSA。代表诗人Pound2、BasictenetsofImagism:直接描写主观/客观的事物(directtreatmentofthething)绝不使用无助于表达的任何词语(economyofexpression)Rhythm:依照乐句排列3、典型的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,"TheGreatGatsby"《了不起的盖茨比》novelErnestHemingway“TheSunAlsoRises”《太阳照样升起》“AFarwelltoArms《告别了，武器》WilliamFaulkner “TheSoundandtheFury"《喧嚣与骚动》代表作家：1、EzraPound埃兹拉.庞德诗人Imagism意象派的代表人物PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled“TheCantos"（华夏集）“Inastationofthemetro"2、RobertFrost罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人poetminglemodernandtraditional①诗歌特点和内容：deceptivelysimplestyle(看起来简单，却有深刻内涵)Symbolism(showdeepmeaning)hebecomeanationalbard美国民族诗人的翘首,winfourPulitzerPrizes获得了四次普利兹奖.“TheRoadNotTaken”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑"mendingwall""fireandice"3、F.ScottFitzgerald 「・司各特.菲茨杰拉德novelist小说家作品：“ThisSideofParadise”《人间天堂》，thefirstnovel.“TheGreatGatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》novel“TenderlstheNight” 《夜色温柔》novel4、ErnestHemingway厄恩斯特.海明威novelist小说家写作特点：（1）hedevelopedaspare,tight,reportorialprosebasedonsimplysentencestructureandusingarestrictedvocabulary,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。代表作：“TheSunAlsoRises”Hemingwaybecamethespokesmanfor“alostgeneration”“AFarewelltoArms”、“ForWhomtheBellTolls”、“TheOldManandtheSea”5、 JohnSteinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克theforemostnovelistoftheAmericanDepression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。代表作：OfMiceandMen"《人鼠之间》portrayedthetragicfriendshipbetweentwomigrantworkers“TheGrapesofWrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regardedasmasterpiece视为杰作。"菊花"6、 WilliamFaulkner威廉.福克纳作品的主题：theuniversalthemeof“theproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。作品：“TheSoundandtheFury"《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom,Absalom!”、“GoDown,Moses”"lightinAugust” “AroseforEmily”描写南方贵族的没落南方文艺复兴“thesouthRenaissance”：南北战争后严肃悲伤的一种文学■视家庭，宗教和传统道德观念，重农轻工，反对奴隶制作品主题：historyandrace篇小说“AroseforEmily”Themeaningofthetitle:Aroseisaclichesymbolizingloveandapledgeoffaithfulness.ButMissEmilywasdeniedlove(desireforlovebutdenylove).Aroseforsomebodycanalsomeanakindofmemorial,anoffering,inmemoryofsomebodyWhatkindofpersonisEmily?Emilyisanembodimentofthesouth,theoldandtradition.Besides,sheisalsoobstinate.Whenthenewgovernmentcompelthetaxesonher,sherefusestopaythetaxandevenridiculouslymentionsacolonelwhohasbeendeadalmosttenyears.Emilyisadeterminedwoman.Regardlessofpeople’scriticism,sheinsistsonmarryinganorthernerwhosesocialpositionisapparentlylowerthanher.Whatleadhertragic?Emilyistotallyatragedyoftheoldtraditions.Whensomeonechoosesapartner,heorshemustconsiderthesocialpositionoftheotherpartytothemarriage.Emilycouldhaveafavorablemarriagebutforherfather’sinterference.Besides,thedeclineofherfamily,herisolationfromtheoutsideworld,thepeople’sgossipallleadtohertragicThefirst-personpluralpointofviewByusingthe"we"narrator,FanlkuercreatesasenseofclosenessbetweenreadersandhietoryStyle:Longcomplexsentencesstructure;Interruptions;Bigbookswords;Lotsofdescription;Flashback;NotmuchdialogTheChrysanthemumsThemes:"TheChrysanthemums”isanunderstatedbutpointedcritiqueofasocietythathasnoplaceforintelligentwomen・Elisaissmart,energetic,attractiverandambitiousfbutalltheseattributesgotowaste.HenryisnotasintelligentasElisa,butitishewhorunstheranch,supportshimselfandhiswife,andmakesbusinessdeals.WhateverinformationshegetsaboutthemanagementoftheranchcomesindirectlyfromHenry,whospeaksonlyinvague,condescendingtermsinsteadoftreatinghiswifeasanequalpartner.ThetinkerseemsclevererthanHenrybutdoesn’thaveElisa’sspirit,passion,orthirstforadventure・Nevertheless,itishewhogetstorideaboutthecountryrlivinganadventurouslifethathebelievesitisunfitforwomen.SteinbeckusesHenryandthetinkerasstand-insforthepaternalismofpatriarchalsocietiesingeneral:justastheyignorewomen’spotential,sotoodoessociety.Sexuallimitation:Elisaisamarriedwoman,sonaturallyshewouldnotseekoutamantoflirtwith.However,hersexualenergywiththetinkerisundeniable:Elisa’smarriagetoHenryiscivilandpolite,butseemstolackpassionorintimacy.Feminism:Elisa’sdesiretowork+inabilitytoescapeadictatedgenderrolemakethisanimportantpieceforfeministinterpretation.Symbols---Chrysanthemums:ThechrysanthemumssymbolizebothElisaandthelimitedscopeofherlife.LikeElisa,thechrysanthemumsarelovely,strong,andthriving.Theirflowerbed,likeElisa’shouse,istidyandscrupulouslyordered.Elisaidentifiesherselfwiththeflowers,evensayingthatshebecomesonewiththeplantswhenshetendstothem.Whenthetinkernoticesthechrysanthemums,Elisavisiblybrightens,justasifhehadnoticedherinstead.Sheoffersthechrysanthemumstohimatthesametimesheoffersherself,bothofwhichheignoresandtossesaside.Hisrejectionoftheflowersalsomimicsthewaysocietyhasrejectedwomenasnothingmorethanmothersandhousekeepers.Justlikeher,theflowersareunimportant:botharemerelydecorativeandaddlittlevaluetotheworld.Symbols---Fences:FencessymbolizethebarriersthatseparateElisafromtherestoftheworld,includingherhusbandHenry.Herfencesprotectflowergardenfromcattle,dogs,andchickenswhichrepresentherhusband'sworldwhileherflowergardenrepresentsElisa’sworld."Hehadcomenearquietly,andleanedoverthewirefence."ThisshowsthatHenryisalwaystreadingsoftlyaroundElisa,courteousbutalwaysleaningovercarefulnottointrudeintothewoman'sworld.TheTinker'scaravanpulls“uptoElisa'swirefenceandstops."TheTinker,bearerofoutsideinfluencesbeginsbyrestinghishandsonthewirefenceandmadeitsing.AsthemeetingprogressesandElisa'ssexualityisawakeningtheTinkerbeginsto“leanconfidentlyoverthefenceandeventuallypenetratesElisa'sbarriertocome“throughthegate.”TheTinker’sentranceintothegaterepresentsElisa’spassionsfullyreleasedandsheisnolongercompletelyisolated.Elisa’sfencehelpedtodivideherfromtheoutsideworldfullofinfluencesandfromahusbandwhowasnotcompletelyawareofher.Symbols---Clothing:Elisa’sclothingchangesasherhandsome,masculinepersonabecomesmorefeminineafterthevisitfromthetinker.Whenthestorybegins,Elisaiswearingagardeningoutfit,completewithheavyshoes,thickgloves,aman,shat,andanapronfilledwithsharpimplements.Thenarratorevendescribesherbodyas“blockedandheavy."ThemasculinityofElisa’sclothingandshapereflectsherasexual（无性的）existence.Afterspeakingwiththetinker,however,Elisabeginstofeelintellectuallyandphysicallystimulated,achangethatisreflectedintheremovalofhergloves.Shealsoremovesherhat,showingherlovelyhair.Whenthetinkerleaves,Elisaundergoesanalmostritualistictransformation.Shestrips,bathesherself,examineshernakedbodyinthemirror,andthendresses.Shechoosestodonfancyundergarments,aprettydress,andmakeup.ThesefeminineitemscontrastsharplywithhergardeningclothesandreflectthenewlyElisa.Attheendofthestory,afterElisahasseenthecastoffshoots,shepullsuphercoatcollartohidehertears,agesturethatsuggestsamovebackwardintotherepressedstateinwhichshehaslivedmost,ifnotall,ofheradultlifeSymbols---TheSalinasValley:TheSalinasValleysymbolizesElisa’semotionallife.Thestoryopenswithalengthydescriptionofthevalley.Themetaphorofthevalleyasa“closedpot”suggeststhatElisaistrappedinsideanairlessworldandthatherexistencehasreachedaboilingpoint.Wealsolearnthatalthoughthereissunshinenearby,nolightpenetratesthevalley.Sunshineisoftenassociatedwithhappiness,andtheimplicationisthatwhilepeoplenearherarehappy,Elisaisnot.ItisDecember,andtheprevailingatmosphereinthevalleyischillyandwatchfulbutnotyetdevoidofhope.ThisdescriptionoftheweatherandthegeneralspiritsoftheinhabitantsofthevalleyappliesequallywelltoElisa,whoislikeafallowfield:quietbutnotbeatendownorunabletogrow.WhatfirstseemstobealyricaldescriptionofavalleyinCaliforniaisrevealedtobearichsymbolofElisa’sclaustrophobic,unhappy,yethopefulinnerlife.Dogs:fidelity,protection,companionship;Henryhas2dogswhohelpworktheranch;Tinkerhasamongreldogthatwillfightifprovoked,butbacksdowntoHenry’sdogs;Elisaismorelikethemongreldogthantheworkingranchdogs-sheisstrongwhensheneedstobebutalsoknowswhensheisoutnumbered.SheaccompaniesHenrymorethanshehelpshimontheranch.RipVanWinkle"RipVanWinkle"meanseitherapersonwhosleepsforalongperiodoftime,oronewhoisinexplicably(perhapsevenblissfully)unawareofcurrentevents.时代的落伍者，嗜睡的人Symbol:Rip:LikeAmerican,isimmature,self-centered,careless,imaginativeandjollyastheovergrownchild;TheDame:isasymbolofpuritanicaldisciplineandtheworkethicofFranklinThetownitselfisasymbolAmerican,foreverandrapidlychangingRip’sconflictsanddreamsarethoseofthenation-theconflictofinnocenceandexperience,workandleisure,oldandthenew20years:birthpang大主题：lAstoryaboutthethemeofescapefromone’sresponsibility2Astorythelostofidentity3Astoryaboutamanwhohasdifficultiesfacinghisadvent4ConflictsimpulsesinAmericantowardwork;ThePuritanattitudeasopposedtodesireforleisureYoungGoodManBrown:astoryaboutlostfaith,HisjourneytotheforestissymbolicofChristian"self-exploration"inwhichdoubtimmediatelysupplantsfaith.AttheendoftheforestexperienceheloseshiswifeFaith,hisfaithinsalvation,andhisfaithinhumangoodness.[人名象征意义：Brown:Brownisacommoncolor,itrepresentsthecommoneverydayman.Itcomesfromthemingleofwhiteandblack,thisindicatesthateveryonehavehisinnoncenceandevils.Faith:ashernamesuggests,servesasanothersymbolicideaandappearstobethemostpure-heartedcharacterinthestory.Herrighteousnessservesasasymbolforgood,purity,andthefaithanddevotionGoodmanBrownhasinGod.SheisBrown’swife,thisalsorepresentBrown’sfaith.Hawthornegivesthecharacters,specificnamesthatdepictabstractpure&wholesomebeli