2007年南京师范大学博士研究生入学考试试卷

PartIReadingComprehensionSectionA(50%)Directions:Therearefivepassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandcircletheletterontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.31.Money-laundering(洗钱)hasbeenoneoftheworldsfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbytheworldsfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.Followingisasimpleguidetotheworldofmoney-laundering.Money-launderingistheprocessbywhichmoneyobtainedbyillegalmeansisgiventheappearanceoflegitimateincomeandreturnedintocirculation.ThewordandpracticearewidelybelievedtohavebeeninventedbytheUSMafia(黑手党).Asameansofmixingthedirtycashobtainedfromprostitution,gambling,gun-running,blackmailanditsotherwickedactivities,sothatitcameoutmoreorlessclean,theMafiaboughtupandoperatedlargenumbersofLaundromats(自助洗衣点).Asgoodcashbusinessestheywereagoodmeansofprovidingtheappearanceofhonestcashflow.Varioustechniquescanbeemployedandthemeansofmoney-laundering,buttheyessentiallyboildowntothreestages.Stepone:movingthemoneyfromthesceneofthecrimeAtoaremotelocationB,ideallyinanothercountry,preferablyabankaccount,ifpossibleonethatisanonymous.Steptwo:disguisingthetrailleadingfromAtoB.Stepthree:makingthecashavailabletothecriminals,alongwithaplausibleexplanationofhowticamelegallyintotheirpossession.Apartfromharmingtheeconomiesthatitfeedsoff,themoney-launderingindustryisessentialtoorganizedcrime.AstheheadoftheUNscrime-fightingwingPinoArlacchiremarked,organizedcrimebrutalizessocietyanddiminishesrespectforthevaluelikehonestyandcooperationuponwhichsuccessfulsocietiesarebased.OrasaseniorUSofficialsaidin1999,money-launderingmaylooklikeapoliteformofwhite-collarcrime,butitisthecompanionofbrutality,deceitand”Theliberalizationofmarketsaroundtheworldandderegulation(解除管制)ofexchangecontrolsareregardedadthechiefcausesoftherapidexpansionofmoney-launderingoverthepastdecade.Togethertheyhaveopenedupmanymorechannelsforlaunderingdirtymoneyandprovidedmoreopportunitiestohideitsorigins.UNofficialsbelievethemostimportantsinglemeasureineliminatingmoney-launderingistheendingofbanksecrecy.1.Weknowfromthepassagethatmoney-laundering.a)hasalmostbeenstampedoutbytheworldsfinancialauthorities.b)hasgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentoftheworldsindustries.c)onlyhasaten-yearhistorybuthasgrownrapidly.d)hasexpandedrapidlyoverthepastdecade.2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrasestampitout”(para.1)inthefirstparagraph?a)Toputanendtoitcompletely.b)Tomarkasignbypressingonit.c)Toannounceitillegal.1d)Todoharmtois.3.ThereasonwhytheMafiaboughtupandransubstantialLaundromatsisthata)theMafiacancarryoutlargenumbersofillegaltransactionsinthem..b)theMafiahasmanywickedactivitieslikeprostitutionandgamblinginthem.c)theLaundromatscangivethedirtycashtheappearanceoflegitimateincome.d)theLaundromatsissuchaprofit-makingindustrythatithasattractedtheMafia.4.Inmoney-laundering,moneywouldbemovedfromthesceneofthecrimetoa)thefinancialauthorities.b)thecirculationfields.c)LaundromatsoperatedbytheMafia.d)anonymousbankaccountinanothercountry.5.Withtheworldwideliberalizationofmarkets,money-launderinghasexpandedrapidlyby.a)deregulatingtheexchangecontrols.b)buyingandoperatingmoreLaundromats.c)havingmorechannelstolaunderdirtymoney.d)tighteningthebanksecrecyrules.PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothesParkthatworeoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofwhatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeoplesliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considertheinformationthattelevisionbringsintoyourhomeeveryday.Consideralsothecontactyouhavewithotherssimplybyusingtelephone.Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.TelevisioncoverageoftheIraqiWaralsodevelopedanimmediacy.CNNreportedeventsastheyhappened.Thiscoveragewasdistributedworldwide.Althoughmostpeoplewerefarawayfromtheseevents,theydevelopedsomeperceptionoftheserealities.In1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.Thiseventswastriggeredbytheverdict(裁定)intheRodneyKingbeating.32.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeoples,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthejurywasabletoacquit宣布无罪)thepolicemeninvolved.Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asisseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,Canweallgetalong?”BySaturday,televisionseemedtoprovide2positivefeedbackastheLosAngelesriotturnedoutintoarallyforpeace.Thetelevisionshowedthousandsofpeoplemarchingwithbannersandcleaningtools.Becauseofthat,manymorepeopleturnedouttojointhepeacefuleventtheysawunfoldingontelevision.Therealhealing,ofcourse,willtakemuchlonger,butelectronicmediawillcontinuetobeapartofthatprocess.6.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytobefrom?a)TextbookofMedia.b)Thesis.c)NewspaperorMagazine.d)Speech.7.The1989SanFranciscoearthquakewasmentionedtoshowa)howdamagingtheearthquakewas..b)howpeoplecarriedoutrescueworkc)theelectronicmediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.d)theviewers’impressionoftotaldisaster.8.Theterm“electroniccity(para.2)referstoa)LosAngeles.b)SanFranciscoc)Berkeleyd)Earth9.The1992LosAngelesriotsbrokeoutbecause.a)thejuryacquittedthepolicemenwhohadbeatenRodneyKing.b)peoplecanmaketheirownjudgments.c)videocoveragefromhelicoptershadmadepeopleangry.d)videocoveragehadprovidedpowerfulfeedback.10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.a)mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccurcanhaveeithergoodofbadresults.b)mostpeoplewhohadseenthevideooftheRodneyKingbeatingagreewithverdictofjury.thec)the1992LosAngelesriotslastedawholeweek.d)RodneyKingseemedveryangrywhenheappearedontelevisiononFriday.PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveions(离子)intheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeoplesphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electricallychargedparticle,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargeproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorms,earthquakesofwhenwindssuchasthemistral(寒冷的西北风)areblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelectricity(静电)indoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcomputerdisplayscreens.Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresentintheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue,irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernausea(恶心)orevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsofoundtobeaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes.Snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpaboutunaccountably.ThishasledtheUS3GeographicalSurveytofundanetworkofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducethesearenearthesea,closetowaterfallsoffountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffortofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.33.Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeironsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachineswhichgeneratenegativeions.Theyclaimthationizersnotonlycleanandrefreshtheairbutalsoimprovethehealthofpeopleofpeoplesensitivetoexcesspositiveions.Ofcourse,therearethedetractors,otherscientists,whodismisssuchclaimsandareskepticalaboutnegative/positiveionresearch.Thereforepeoplecanonlymakeuptheirownmindsobservingtheeffectsonthemselves,oronothers,ofanegativerichorpoorenvironment.Afterall,itisdebatablewhetherdependingonseismic(地震的)readingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat.11.Whateffectdoesexcessivepositiveionizationhaveonsomepeople?a)Theythinktheyareinsane.b)Theyfeelratherbad-tempered.c)Theybecomeviolentlysick.d)Theyaretootiredtodoanything.12.Accordingtothepassage,staticelectricitycanbecausedbya)usinghome-madeelectricalgoods..b)wearingclothesmadeofnaturalmaterials.c)walingonartificialfloorcoverings.d)copyingTVprogramsonacomputer.13.Ahighnegativeioncountislikelytobefounda)nearapondwithawaterpump.b)closetoslowflowingriver.c)insomebarrenmountains.d)byarotatingwatersprinkler.14.Whatkindofmachinecangeneratenegativeionsindoors?a)Ionizers.b)Air-conditioners.c)Exhaust-fansd)Vacuum-pump15.Somescientistsbelievethat.a)watchinganimalstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectiveb)theunusualbehaviorsofanimalscannotbetrustedc)neitherwatchingnorusingseismographisreliabled)earthquakescannotaffectanyanimalsPassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.JosephWeizenbaum,professorofcomputerscienceatMIT,thinksthatthesenseofpoweroverthemachineultimatelycorruptsthecomputerhackerandmakeshimintoanotverydesirablesortofprogrammer.34.Thehackersaresoinvolvedwithdesigningtheir4program,makingitmoreandmorecomplexandbendingittotheirwill,thattheydontbothertryingtomakeitunderstandabletootherusers.Theyrarelykeeprecordsoftheirprogramsforthebenefitofothers,andtheyrarelytaketimetounderstandwhyaproblemoccurred.Computerscienceteacherssaytheycanusuallypickouttheprospectivehackersintheircoursesbecausethesestudentsmaketheirhomeworkassignmentsmorecomplexthantheyneedtobe.Ratherthanusingthesimplestandmostdirectmethod,theytakejoyinaddingextrastepsjusttoprovetheiringenuity.Butperhapsthosehackersknowsomethingthatwedontknowabouttheshapeofthingstocome.“ThathackerwhohadtobeliterallydraggedoffhischairatMITisnowamultimillionaireofthecomputerindustry,”saysMITprofessorMichaelDertouzos.AndtwoformerhackersbecamethefoundersofthehighlysuccessfulApplehomecomputer”Whenseeninthislight,thehackerphenomenonmaynotbesostrangeafterall.If,asmanypsychiatristssay,playisreallythebasisforallhumanactivity,thenthehackergamesarereallythepreparationforfuturedevelopments.SherryTurkle,aprofessorofsociologyatMIT,hasforyearsbeenstudyingthewaycomputersfitintopeopleslives.Shepointsoutthatthecomputer,becauseitseemstoustobesointelligent,so“capable,sohuman,affectsthewaywethinkaboutourselvesandourideasaboutwhatweare.Shesaysthatcomputersandcomputertoysalreadyplayanimportantroleinchildrenseffortstodevelopanidentitybyallowingthemtotestideasaboutwhatisaliveandwhatisnot.Theyoungsterscanformasmanysubtlenuances(细微差距)andtexturedrelationshipswiththecomputersastheycanwith”Turklepointsout.16.Thepassagetellsabout.a)thestrangebehaviorofthecomputerhackersb)theultimateimportanceofbringingupcomputerhackersc)differentopinionsconcerningthehackerphenomenond)theemergenceofcomputerhackers17.AccordingtoProf.Weizenbaum,whatledtothehackers’strangebehaviorisa)theirstrongdesiretocontrolthecomputerb)theirignoranceoftheresponsibilityofaprogrammerc)theirincompetenceinmakingnewcomputerprogramsd)theirdeliberateattemptstomaketheirprogramscomplexandimpracticable18.InProf.Dertouzos’opinion,weknowthat.a)computerindustrywillcertainlymakemultimillionairesofthehackersb)thehackersarelikelytobeverysuccessfulbusinessmenc)thehackersprobablyhavebetterinsightintothefuturethanotherpeopled)onlyafewhackerswillbesuccessfulintheirlaterlife19.Thephrase“todevelopanidentity”(Para.4)meansa)tobecomedistinguished.b)toseekananswerc)tobuildupacreativeabilityd)toformahabit20.Thepassagetriestoconveytoitsreaderstheideathata)perhapsthehackerphenomenonisnotbadatall.b)thoughthehackersareinfactplayingwiththecomputer,theremaybesomebenefitsc)thecomputerhackersarethehopeofthecomputerindustryoftomorrow5d)thecomputerhackerscouldbeusefulifunderproperguidancePassageFiveQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thevalueofabusinessincreasinglyliesnotinphysicalandfinancialassetsthatareonthebalancesheet,butinintangibles:brands,patents,franchises,software,researchprograms,ideasandexpertise.Fewfirmstrytomeasurereturnsontheseassets,letalonepublishinformationonthem.Yettheyareoftenwhatunderliesafirmssuccess.“Ourprimaryassets,whichareoursoftwareandoursoftware-developmentskills,donotshowuponthebalancesheetatall,”saysMicrosoftsboss,BillGates.“Thisisprobablynotveryenlighteningfromapurelyaccountingpointof”Asignthatcompaniesdonotmeasuretheirassetsproperlymaybethegrowinggapbetweentheirstock-marketvalueandthebookvalueoftheirassets.Between1973and1993,themedianratioofmarketvaluestobookvaluesofAmericanpubliccompaniesdoubles;thedifferencehasgrownwithaboominhigh-techshares.Thegapisbiggestforcompaniesthathavemostrapidlyboostedspendingonresearchanddevelopment(R&D).Evenwithinindustries,thedivergence(分歧)betweenstock-marketreturnsandreportedearningshasincreased.Youmightthinkthiswouldpresentaproblemforinvestors,whonolingerhaveagoodwayoftellingwhetherthemarketvalueofacompanyissoundlybased.Yetinvestorsseemtoknowinstinctivelythatknowledgeisvaluable.35.AstudyhasfoundthatthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsthatspendheavilyonR&Driseswhentheybuyforeignsubsidiaries,butitfallswhenamultinationalwithlowR&Dspendingbuysabroad.Presumablyinvestorsunderstandthatcompaniesinknowledge-basedbusinessescanexploitthemagicofrisingreturnstoscale.Onceapillorasoftwareprogramisdeveloped,eachextrasalebringsinmoremoneyatlittleextracost:thebiggerthemarket,thegreatertheprofits.Infact,theabsenceofgoodmeasuresmaybotherthosewhorunfirmsmorethanthosewhoinvestinthem.Formanagers,thebigproblemishowtojudgeratesofreturn.Withbuildingafactory,therearetime-honoredmethodsforcalculatingthepayback.ButwhatifyouareinvestinginR&Dorsoftware,ordecidingwhethertobuybetterpeopleortotrainmore?Therettoolsformakingsuchdecisions.21.Theintangiblesofacompanyarereflectedina)physicalandfinancialassetsb)stock-marketvalue.c)thebalancesheetd)thedifferencebetweenthestock-marketvalueandthebookvalue22.WhatcanweinferaboutMicrosoft?a)Ithasnobook-valueassets.b)Itsstock-marketvalueequalsitsbookvalue.c)Theresagreatgapbetweenitsstock-marketvalueandbookvalue.d)Itsstock-marketvaluedoesnotreflectthesrealvalue23.WhydoesthesharepriceofAmericanmultinationalsrise?a)Becausetheybuyforeignsubsidiariesb)Becausetheyinvestmuchinintangibleassets.c)BecausetheyhavelowR&Dspendingd)Becausetheinvestorsknowthemethodsforcalculatingthepaybackof6knowledge-basedbusinesses24.Aninvestorwhobuysstocksofacompanyinknowledge-basedbusinessesbaseshisdecisionon.a)purespeculation(投机)b)thecompanysbookvaluec)whetherthecompanybuysforeignsubsidiariesd)theprospectthatitsresearchwilltranslateintolowcostproducts25.Thephrase“suchdecisions”(Para.4)referstoa)runningfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinessesb)investinginfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinesses.c)judgingratesofreturnonfirmsinknowledge-basedbusinessesd)calculatingreturnsonanewly-builtfactorySectionBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions26~30,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA~Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)Lifeisfullofdangersandsurprise.Yourhousemayburndown.Youmayfalloutofthewindowandbreakyourneck.Miceandbeetlesayeatyourfloorsothatyoudropintotheflatbelowforanuninvitedcupoftea.26..Youcannotalwayspreventdisasters,butyoucaninsureagainstthem.Mostformsofinsurancearevoluntary-itisuptoyouwhetheryoutakeoutapolicyornot.Butsomeformsarecompulsory.27..Theparties”toanagreement,orcontract,aretheindividualsorgroupsconcerned.Withthird-partymotorinsurance,thethreepartiesare(i)youyourself,(ii)yourinsurancecompany,and(iii)anybodyelse---forexample,themanwhoseJaguarhasjustsmashedupyourMini.Third–partyinsurancedoesnotcoverfire,theftoranythingelse.Itisintendedonlytoprotectroadusersfromeachother.28..AnotherformofcompulsoryinsuranceisNationalInsurance.Everybodyover16earningmoneyonaregularbasismustpayasumeachweektothestate.TheseweeklycontributionscoverpartofthecostoftheNationalHealthServiceandtheothersocialservicebenefits,e.g.unemploymentbenefits,sicknessbenefits,old-agepensions,industrialinjurybenefitsandsoon.Youmustbeabletoproveyouhavepaidyourcontributions,soyoumusthaveacard(keptbyyouremployerunlessyouareself-employed)ontowhichstampsarestuckeveryweek.Ofcourse,youcantakeoutprivatehealthinsuranceaswellifyouwish,butyoumuststillpayyourstatecontributions.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinsurancecompaniesinBritain,bothlargeandsmall.ButthereisalsoaratherspecialorganizationcalledLloyds,whichstartedasacoffee-houseinlate17thcentury.Lloydsisasocietyofaroundsixthousandmembers-allofthemunderwriters-andisadministeredbyacommitteecontrolledbyActofParliament.29..YouhavetogotoaninsurancebrokerwhowillthencontactamemberofLloydsforyou.Ifyouwanttoinsuresomethingexpensive---likeafleetofJumbojets,forexample-yourbrokerwillprobablyhavetocontactasyndicateofunderwritersbecausetheriskswouldbetoohighforonemantocover.swillprobablyinsureyouagainstanyriskatall---providedyouareprepared7topaythepremiums.30..Maybeclownsinsuretheirnoses.Youneverknow-anythingmayhappen.A.Professionalpianistssometimesinsuretheirhands.B.Insuranceontheotherhandeliminatesrisksalreadyinexistenceand,bycombiningthem,substitutesasmallknownloss(premium)contributedbyeachpersoninsured.C.Ifyoudriveacar,forexample,youmusttakeoutathird-partyinsurancepolicy.D.Soitisnotaninsurancecompanyinthenormalsense,butaninsurancemarketandyoucannotdobusinesswithitdirectly.E.Ifyouwanttoinsureagainstalltheotherterriblethingsthatmighthappentoyouoryourcar,youcantakeoutacomprehensivepolicy.F.Thisspreadingofriskprotectstheindividualagainstlossesthatmaybedisastrousifhehastobearthemalone.G.Anythingmayhappen,youneverknow.PartIITranslationSectionADirections:Translatethefollowingfivesentences(allofwhichareunderlinedsentencesinthefivereadingpassagesinSectionA,PartI.)intoChinese.RemembertowriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.31.Money-laundering(洗钱)hasbeenoneoftheworldsfastest-growingindustriesoverdecadedespiteincreasingeffortsbythesfinancialauthoritiestostampitout.32.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeoples,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthejurywasabletoacquit宣布无罪)thepolicemeninvolved.33.Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeironsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachineswhichgeneratenegativeions.34.Thehackersaresoinvolvedwithdesigningtheirprogram,makingitmoreandmorecomplexandbendingit