英国文学史-名词解释

英国文学史-名词解释名词解释Romance:alongcomposition,inverseinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,especiallyfortheknight.ThemostpopularthemeemployedwasthelegendofKingArthurandtheroundtableknight.Renaissance:arevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Ithastwofeatures:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandkeeninterestinactivitiesofhumanity.Sonnet:14-linelyricpoem,usuallyinrhymediambicpentameter.Enlightenment:arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,logic,order,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.Neoclassicism:theEnlightenmentaboutarevivalofinterestinGreekandRomanworks.ThistendencyisknownasNeoclassicism.Romanticism:imagination,emotionfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsromanticism.Theparticularcharacteristicsoftheliteratureofromanticisminclude:subjectivityandanemphasisonindividualism;freedomfromsolitaryliferatherthenlifeinsociety;thebeliefsthatimaginationissuperiortoreason;andloveofandworshipofnature.ByronicHeroes:avariantoftheRomanticheroesasatypeofcharacter(enthusiasm,persistence,pursuingfreedom),namedafterEnglishRomanticPoetGordonByron.Realism: seeks to portray characters,situations,andsettingsinarealisticmanner. This is done primarily by using anobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.Aestheticism: anartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmoresocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts.Stream-of-Consciousness:itisaliterarytechniquethatpresentsthethoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccurwithoutanyclarificationbytheauthor.Itisanarrativemode.11．Epic: alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.一、TheAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)2TheSongofBeowulfnationalepic)3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）ofmanwasthemildestandbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.二、TheAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1350)Canto诗章1、romance传奇文学2SirGawainandtheGreenKnight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗三、GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里时期1、thefatherofEnglishpoetry英国诗歌之父2、heroiccouplet英雄双韵体：averseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韵linesinpentameter(五步抑扬格)3CanterburyTales英国文学史的开端)pilgrimsarepeoplefrompartsofEngland,representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体ofthenarratorstellshistaleapeculiarmanner,thusrevealinghisownviewsandcharacter.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故格。小说观点：hebelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.Heisanxioustoseemanfreedfrom迷信andablindinfate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、PopularBalladsastoryholdin4-linestanzaswithsecondandfourthlinerhymed(笔记)Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoral书上歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的BishopThomasPercy斯帕希主教代表作：RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、TheRenaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期（GreekanddramaThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。TheepochofRenaissancewitnessedaparticulardevelopmentofEnglishdrama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、keywork:humanism人文主义：admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement2、代表人物：1)、ThomasMore托马斯莫Utopia乌托邦2)、FrancisBacon弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist) 3)、ThomasWyatt托马斯sonnet(十四行诗)formofpoetryintricatelyrhymed(间隔押韵)in14linesiambicpentameter4)、EdmundSpenser埃德蒙poet’spoet(诗人中的诗人TheFairy《仙后》(epicpoem史诗5)、ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗马洛blankverse(步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形6)WilliamShakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚dramaHamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗)，KingLear(李尔王Tragedyof克白)theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1、文学特点：thePuritans(清教徒believedinsimplicityof、disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetry、breakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。2、代表人物：JohnDonne约翰多恩“(玄学派诗人)的代表人物sonnetDeathbenot》笔记2)JohnMilton约翰agreatpoet（poem诗歌blankverse）《DefensefortheEnglish《ParadiseLostSatanisnota撒旦不是坏人《ParadiseRegained)JohnBunyan约翰agreatprosewriter“giveustheonlygreat寓言)”Pilgrim’sprose散文六TheAgeofEnlightenment(18世纪)启蒙动 prose散文1、EmphasizedformalityorcorrectnessoftowriteproselikeAddison,orverselikePope.散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。Theenlightenersrepudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumanandprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved,itisonlyduetoinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrarytoallreasoning,socialinjusticestillheldstrong,foundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficient,andthereforeappealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18thcentury文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginningsofmodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派小说)、代表人物：1)、DanielDefoe丹尼尔.realisticnovel现实主义小说NoveRobinsonCrusoeJonathan森威尔德《MollFlanders》摩.弗兰德斯2)HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁fatherofmodernfiction(现代小说之父) 《Joseph》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发3)、JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特《Gulliver’snovel反讽作品特点：novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterhim.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽态。《AModest4)SamuelRichardson塞缪尔.理查森《Pamela》帕美勒Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis心理分析的方法Intheformofletters书信体小说5)RichardB.Sheridan理查德谢尔丹《Schoolfor》造谣学校，喜剧comedy 6)、OliverGoldsmith’s奥利佛哥尔德斯密斯散文作家essayist《TheVicarof威克菲尔德的牧师小说novel《SheStoopsto》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollickingcomedy《TheDeserted荒村诗歌poems、Sentimentalism感伤主义nobelief没有信仰Therepresentativesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionsofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople. 感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。代表人物：ThomasGray托马斯.格雷《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌七、theRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)浪漫主义散文prose、前浪漫主义代表人物：WilliamBlake威廉布莱克诗人poetRobertBurns伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人poet Pre-RomanticismwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution2Educational：liberty,equalityandfraternity3beginningwiththepublicationofWilliam《Lyrical》4、lakepoets(湖畔诗人)：ColeridgeSoutheyWordsworth 51)、WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯poet-laureate冠诗人)《The》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographicalpoetry WithS.T.coleridge,theyjointlypublishedthe“LyricalBallad.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”andpurityofthelanguage,fightingagainsttheconventionalformsof18thcenturypoetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌、LordByron拜伦《ChildeHaroldPilgrimage》查尔德?cantos诗章DonJuanpoemsatiricmasterpieceHoursofIdlenesspoemthefirstvolumeofpoem首3)、PercyByssheShelley雪莱《Prometheus》解放的普罗米修斯drama戏剧《OdetotheWest》西风颂poem 诗4)JohnKeats济慈poet诗人《TheEveofSt.圣阿格良斯之夜poem《OnaGreeian》希腊古瓮颂poem《ToaNightingale》致夜莺poem“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty”美学原则5)WalterScott沃特.斯科特Heisthecreatorandagreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.他是创造者和历史小说大师6)、JaneAusten简奥斯丁女《PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见《SenseandSensibility理智与情感《Emma》爱玛写作特点：thelove-makingofheryoungpeople,thoughseriousandsympathetic,issubduedbyhumortotheordinaryplaneofemotiononwhichmostofuslive.Shewasthefounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople.她7)、CharlesLamb查尔斯essayist6特点：InthefirstofthesetwoperiodsAddisonandSteelesocializedtheessay,sotospeak;theybroughtitintoeverydaylifeandmadeitfamiliaranddelightfultothemultitude.在这两文带入日常生活并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Earlyinthenineteenthcenturyitbecamemoredefinitelyameansofintimate在定CriticalRealismPeriodhumanism人文主义1、意义：ChartismsignifiedthefirstgreatpoliticalmovementoftheproletariatinEnglish阶级政治运动。21)、CharlesDickensHard》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverATaleofTwo》双城记FrenchRevolution)describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2)、CharlotteBronte夏洛特Shirley》雪利《Jane》简.EmilyBronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering》呼啸ft庄（主人公：Mr.特点：broughttothenovelintrospectionandanintenseconcentrationontheinnerlifeofemotionwhichbeforethemhadbeentheprovinceofpoetryalone. 3)、Mrs.Gaskell 《MaryBarton,Northand》玛丽4)、WilliamMakepeaceThackeray《VanitythistitlewasborrowedbyThackerayfromThesProgressbyBunyan.Thackeraydrawsabroadpanoramaofsociallifeinhisnovel,ruthlesslycriticizingmoneyworship,crueltyandunscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的byandmeans.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特novelsmainlycontainasatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataof5)、GeorgeEliot乔治艾略特女《AdamBedenovel《Themillonthefloss《Middlemarch》Herpreoccupationwasalwayswiththeseriousconsiderationofthemoralpo