生理学内分泌直接参与钙和磷代谢调节的激素统称为

SectionSectionHormoneofregulationoncalciumandphosphateCalcium-regulatingParathyroid1,25-dihydroxyvitamin2ParathyroidFourParathyroidglandsareusuallyfoundposteriortothethyroidglandTotalweightofparathyroidtissueisabout150mgParathyroidFromthe

(PTH)ismadebytheseglandsParathyroid4Parathyroidhormone,themajorhormonefortheregulationofserumCa&P84aa,MWCircadianHalflife:10

6AM最高，4PM5BiologicaleffectsofCa2+&6ActiononIncreasedboneabsorption,Rapidaction:severalmin~2-Delayedaction:12-24h~d,wOsteoclast(破骨细胞)↑7ActiononIncreasedrenalCa2+absorptionandphosphateexcretion钙Na+-Ca2+交Na-Pi8Actionon

25-OH-D3 1,25-(OH)2-11,25-(OH)2-1-RegulationofPTHBlood NegativeCa2+receptorhas2signaltransductionIP3reducesPTHcAMPincreasesPTHBloodphosphateorMg2+β-R,H2-R(+);α-R,PGEs(-Calcitonin,32aa,MWHalflife: BiologicaleffectsofCa2+&P(boneand↓Osteoclast破骨)rapid↑Osteoblast成骨)slowALPactivity（碱性磷酸酶InhibitrenalRegulationofCTBloodCa2+

Theothersmechanism:Foodintake:Gastrin,secretin,glucagon…BloodMg2+Synthesisof1,25--isderivedfrom

25-OH-25-OH-1,25-O1,25-OH2-Effectsof1,25-(OH)2-Ca2+&P(kidney,boneandIncreasedintestinalCa2+andPabsorption(calbindin)Increasedbonestimulatedosteoclast(main)andIncreasedrenalPRegulationof1,25-(OH)2-PBloodCa2+&phosphatee.g.Serum[Ca2+Serum[Ca2+Serum[Ca2+VitaminActionCa2+PCa2+Ca2+OveralleffectSerumSerum[Ca2+PTH,VitaminD&calcitoninreleaseareregulatedby smacalciumlevelsBone,kidney&intestineparticipateintheregulationof smacalciumPTH,VitaminD,&calcitoninbalance [Ca2+]forbonesynthesis,musclecontraction,&cellsignalingSectionSectionTheAdrenalAdrenalcortexZonaglomerulosa球状带

Zonafasciculate束状带 cortisol, （皮质醇,皮质酮Zonareticularis网状带

androgens,（雄激素，雌激素Precursorofadrenalcortexproducts:Adrenalcortexhormoneactions:throughintracellularreceptorsAdrenalcortexhormoneareessentialforourlife皮质激素分泌入血后，与血中蛋白·皮质类固醇结合球蛋白bindingglobulin,CBG)结合蛋白( steroid-bindingglobulin,SHBG/GBG) 白蛋灭 BiologicalEffectsonwater&saltEffectsoncirculatoryEffectsonbloodEffectsonimmunityand Stress EffectsonmaterialGlucose（糖synthesis(Increaseenzymesactivity) Increasefatcatabolism,therebyprovidingfattyacidstotheliver. Decreaseinsulinsensitivityofmuscleandadiposetissue,therebyreduceglucoseutilization,exceptforheart&brain.Addison’sdisease–HypoglyemiaCushingsyndrome–GlycosuriaProtein(蛋白质Increaseproteincatabolism,decreaseproteinsynthesis,therebyprovidingmoreaminoacidtotheliver.(促进肝外组织(特别肌肉)蛋白质分解，抑制蛋白质合成)。Fat（脂肪Increaselipolysis,whichprovidesmoreglyceroltotheliverforIncreasedueto皮质醇分泌过多，动员脂肪重新分布“满月脸”“水牛背”等“向心性肥胖”Effectsonwater&saltmetabolism(对水盐代谢的作用)增加肾血浆流量抑制ADH的分·肾上腺皮质机能低下,肾排水非常缓至发生 增加心房钠尿肽保Na+排K+(活性只有醛固酮的Effectsonnervous．具有提高中枢神经系统兴奋性的作．小剂量可引起欣 EffectsoncardiovascularPermissiveaction:Effectsondigestive促进胃增强腺体对迷走Effectsonblood 增强骨髓造血功能→红细胞↑、血小板↑。当糖皮质激素增多时，红细胞↑，加上促进附着血管壁的中性粒细胞进入血液循环→中性粒细胞↑ 抑制淋巴细胞的有丝 和促进淋巴细胞的增加肺和脾对嗜酸性粒细胞的贮留→嗜酸性 �影响免疫细胞迁移、诱导淋巴细胞凋亡→免�增强白细胞溶酶体膜的稳定性，减少蛋白水敏。移植后的抗排异反应Effectsonboneandconnectivetissue抑制成骨细胞，激活破骨StressACTH(应激反应中的作用机体有害刺激(如、、、失血、手术、冷冻、饥饿、疼痛、惊恐等生理以及社会心理因素)时导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴活动增强称为应激反应(stress应激反应是以ACTH、糖皮质激素分泌增加为主，多种激素(GH、PRL、ADH、醛固�使能量代谢以糖代谢为中心，保证葡萄糖 �对儿茶酚胺的允许作用，使心肌收缩力增�减少有害介质（缓激肽，蛋白水解酶，前．而紧急情况(如失血、巨痛)时，导致交应(emergencyreaction)。 EnsuresanadequatesupplyofglucoseintimesofEnhancestheeffectsofsympatheticIsimportantforresponsetoInhibits RegulationofglucocorticoidsAdrenocorticalAxisFeedbackAdrenocorticalAxis

是醛固酮的20CRHstimulatessecretionofACTHcontrolssecretionofcortisolandpromotesgrowthoftheinnerzonesoftheadrenalcortex.CortisollevelsarecontrolledbyanegativefeedbackloopthatinhibitssecretionofbothACTHandCRH.ACTHandcortisolaresecretedinacircadianrhythm.PulsatilesecretionStresselicitssecretionofAddsion’sdiseaseorlongtermACTHexcess:Cushing’ssyndromeABBCC Idiopathicadrenal AdrenocorticalAxis

是醛固酮的20CRHstimulatessecretionofACTHcontrolssecretionofcortisolandpromotesgrowthoftheinnerzonesoftheadrenalcortex.CortisollevelsarecontrolledbyanegativefeedbackloopthatinhibitssecretionofbothACTHandCRH.StresselicitssecretionofACTHandcortisolaresecretedinacircadianrhythm.PulsatilesecretionBiologicaleffectsofrenalNa+&H2OK+&H+RegulationofaldosteroneAdrenalAdrenalmedullaIsaspecializedganglionof sympatheticnervoussystemPreganglionicfiberssynapse onchromaffincellsThechromaffincellssecrets(NE,NA,20%)intothecirculationAtumorcalledpheochromocytomacauseshypersecretionofSynthesis&酪酪酪酪·PNMT（苯乙醇胺氮位甲位酶）髓质以E为

酪氨酸羟化多巴脱羧

肾上腺 去甲肾上腺(COMT)的作用而灭活。降解产物:BiologicalEffectsonmetabolism:1-R:2-R:↓insulin1,3-R:↑lipolysis,heat2-R:↑↓glucose肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的作E:,1,NE:,心肌1-肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的作和受体的分布有作 别去甲肾上腺素↑↓(在体心输出↑不冠脉血↑↑肌肉小舒收收收总外周阻↓↑↑↑(尤其diastolic支气管平舒稍舒消化道平稍舒稍舒妊舒收血糖血糖中枢神经系激动与焦激动但不焦Emergencyreaction（应急反应Heartrateincreases,respiratoryrateincreases,bloodvesselsdilateinskeletalmusclesandconstricteverywhereelse…RegulationofE&NESympatheticACTHand酪酪■Feedbackregulation酪酪■

酪氨酸羟化

多巴脱羧

多 多巴多 多巴

肾上腺 Section6EndocrinefunctionofPancreatic100-200100-200万CelltypesoftheisletofTypeofAcellsBcells(60-Dcells(5%)D1cellsF(PP)

SecreteglucagonSecreteinsulinSecretesomatostatinSecretevasoactiveintestinalSecretepancreaticDiscoveredin1922byBantingandBestConsistofA&Bchainslinkedby3disulfideHalftime:5-8ThediscoveryofWhenthepancreaticductwasclosedbyligatures,thecellsofthepancreaswhichsecretetrypsindegenerate,butthattheIsletsofLangerhansremainintact.BantingandBesttiedoffthepancreaticductsofseveraldogsfor7weeks.Asolutionwasextractedfromthem.Theinjectionofthisextractintodiabeticdogs(ie,dogswhosepancreashadbeenremoved)quicklyrestoredthehealthF.G.Bantingsharedthe theNobelPrizewithJ.J.R.forthediscoveryof Chemistryof

PIRS-

-TK-TKTK-TK

------insulinreceptorsubstrate-

AmplificationGlucose、Ion、AmplificationGlucose、Ion、 GlycogensynthesisandmetabolismProteinGlycogensynthesisandmetabolismBiologicaleffectsofDecreasebloodglucose↑glucosetransportand↓↑glycogensynthesis, PromoteadiposePromotefattyacidsynthesisinliverandthenstoredinadipocytesStimulateglucoseintoInhibitlipasePromoteproteinPromoteDNAduplication,RNAtranscription&proteintranslationInhibitproteinbreakPromote与GH有协同BiologicaleffectsofExertanabolicMaintainbloodglucoseGlucoseGlucoseStoresasSkeletalProteinAdiposeFatRegulationofinsulinRegulationbybloodRegulationbyaminoacidandfattyRegulationbyRegulationbyautonomicnervousRegulationbybloodInsulinInsulinGlucoseuptakeintoBloodRestorationofBloodglucosetoBloodGlucose:55.517RegulationbyGastrointestinalGastrinsecretinCCK,GIP(又称Glucose-dependentinsulin-stimulatingpeptide)Paracrineofglucagon(+),somatostatin(-OtherGHRH,GH,TRH,TH,CRH,Fattyacid/aminoAutonomicnervous

M-

Β2-

生长抑胃泌素、促胰液素、CCKGH、TH、 泌生长抑胃泌素、促胰液素、CCKGH、TH、 泌(M-(胃肠激素的间接作用胰高血(旁分泌(旁分泌注：→为促进；注：→为促进；为抑A29MW:Serum:Halflife:．糖代谢：具有很强的促进糖原分解和糖异生的．脂肪代谢：激活脂肪酶，促进脂肪分解；加强 ．蛋白质代谢：促进氨基酸转运入肝细胞，为糖．其他：促进胰岛素、胰生长抑素的分泌；增强胰高血糖素的分泌

M-胰岛胃泌素生长抑(旁胰岛胃泌素生长抑氨基酸氨基酸脂肪酸注：注：→为促进；为抑制a a:cellsa:cells

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peripheraltissueChapter12生物体生长发育成熟后,能 力,这种功能称为生殖,在高等 Section1endocrineandmalereproductiveMalereproductiveSpermatogenesis:formationofEndocrinefunctionsRegulation Spermatogenesis 作用Theprocessofspermatogenesis Thetransportofspermsandejaculation Male 曲(Leydigcell)

→初 细 细 →

→初 细 细 → Sertolicells(SupportingSupport& protein(ABP)Leydigcells(InterstitialEndocrine: 曲 中 无运动能力,靠小管外周肌样 内,进一步发大量 部

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…

EndocrineFunctionof雄激素的种、双氢睾二酮（属类固醇激素

抑制腺垂体FSH(Leydig

Androgen(雄激素17-睾酮的合17-胆固 孕烯醇 睾 双氢睾

Male(20~50):22.74.3>50:

Functionsof*Maintainsthecourseof

Interstitial(LeydigStimulatesthegrowthofreproductiveorgan,stimulatesthedevelopmentofsecondaryualcharacteristicsMaintainsual Promotesthesynthesisofprotein(muscle&reproductiveorgan),increasebonegrowth&erythropoiesisStimulatestheembryoRegulation testesaxisFeedbackLocalregulationHypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovary(-

(-(-Sertoli Leydig

estradiolABP:androgenbindingSection2FemalereproductiveFemalereproductive Folliculogenesis:formationofEndocrinefunctionsofRegulationofovaryOogenesisof 的产卵作用Theprocessoffolliclematuration 形成发育原 →初

成 壁发生破裂卵细胞、透明带与放射冠随 液排（formationofcorpus后，残余的壁内陷，血管破裂，血液进周期（ovarian女子在，的生长发育、与而复始，成为周期周期（menstrual在激素周期性分泌的影响下，内膜发生周期性剥落，产生现象，称为月经（menstruation），女性周期在表现为周期，又称周期。Endocrinalfunctionofestrogen,progesterone,inhibin,Follicularphase:&Luteal Twocell-twogonadotropin 内膜肾上腺皮质网(-)孕激素 细胞合LH孕激雌激

Physiologicaleffectsof雌二醇（estradiol,E2）、雌酮（E1）和雌三醇Developmentoffemalereproductive DevelopmentthebreastandsecondaryEff