翻译基础课外学习讲义Unitpassive

翻译基础课外学习讲义UnitpassiveUnit7ThePassiveVoicePRACTICALTRANSLATIONTRAININGI.THEPASSIVEVOICEINENGLISH-CHINESETRANSLATION

II.THEPASSIVESTRUCTURESINCHINESE-ENGLISHTRANSLATIONREFLECTIONSANDPRACTICEHighlightsoftheUnit1.English-ChineseTranslation2.Chinese-EnglishTranslationViewrinals机PracticalTranslationTrainingViewrinalsItisanotherfirstforBritishindustryanddesign:urinalswithscreens.英国工业与设计的又一个第一：带屏幕的便池。Theyarecalled“Viewrinals”,andtheyfeatureasmallscreenateyeleveldisplayingadvertswhich,onehopes,arenottoodistracting.这种叫做“视屏便池”的设施其特征是在与目光持平的位置上安装一个小显示屏展示广告内容。人们希望这种装置不会太分散入厕人的注意力。Feature:tohaveorincludeasaprominentpartorcharacteristic:由…主演：包含…作为主要部分或特点的.Distract:tocausetoturnawayfromtheoriginalfocusofattentionorinterest;divert.分散，转移：使转离原来的注意力或兴趣；使分心Alreadypositionedinroughly100nightclubsandbars,theirmaker,afirmcalledDigitalView,hopestoseethemadoptedeverywhere.这种新设施已经安置在大约100家夜总会和酒吧间，其生产制造者是一家叫做“数码视图“的公司，他们希望看到这些产品用于世界各地。position:toputinplaceorposition.定位：安放在一个位置或方向上Viewrinalsarejustthelatest（andmostpeculiar）exampleofhowmovingpicturesarereplacingconventionaladvertising.“视屏便池”只不过是说明电影正在怎样取代传统的广告宣传的最新（也是最特殊）的一个例子。ViewrinalsScreenscannowbefoundinsupermarkets,cornershops,service-stationforecourts,andsoon.Theycaneithergeneraterevenuefortheshopownersorpromotespecificproductswithinthestore.现今在超市，街角商店，加油站的加油处等地随处都可以见到显示屏。这些显示屏要么能够为店主带来收益，要么能够促销店内特定商品。Forecourt:acourtyardinfrontofabuilding.前院：建筑物前面的庭院,加油站的加油处Liquid-crystaldisplaytechnologyispartlyresponsibleforthisnewintrusion.ThepriceofLCDscreenshasbeenfalling,andtheiradvantagesaremany.Unlikeacathoderaymonitor,anLCDscreenisthinandsocanfitintightspacesandonwalls.Italsoneedslesspowerandiseasiertoprotectfromvandalism.液晶显示技术使这一新开发产品成为可能。其价格已经下降，而好处却不胜枚举。液晶显示屏不像阴极射线监视器，液晶显示屏很薄，并且可以牢固地装嵌在挤满物件的狭小空间或墙壁上。它也不费电，并且便于保护，不容易受破坏。responsiblefor:为...负责;是造成...的原因fit:toinsertoradjustsoastobeproperlyinplace安装：插入或调整使之在合适的位置上vandalism:willfulormaliciousdestructionofpublicorprivateproperty.恶意破坏的行为：故意的或恶意的对公共或私人财产进行破坏的行为ViewrinalsFurthermore,theViewrinal’sscreencannowbepluggedstraightintotheInternet,andthusbefedwithcommercialsfromanywhereintheworld,whichareinturntransmittedwiththelatestvideocompressiontechniques.TheViewrinalisthusatthecutting-edgeofmoderntechnology.此外，“视屏便池”的显示屏现在可以直接与国际互连网络连接，这样一来就可以接收世界各地的商业广告节目，而这些广告节目转而又用最新的视频压缩技术来转播。因此，“视屏便池便处于现代技术之前沿。plug:Toinsert(something)asaplug将…作为一个塞子插进去commercial:Anadvertisementontelevisionorradio在电视或无线电上的广告inturn:inturn轮流地;挨个,依次;反过来Theoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.理论以实践为基础，反过来又为实践服务。cutting-edge:“（刀片的）刃口，刀刃”，此处意译为“前沿”，“尖端”。ViewrinalsDigitalView（数码视图公司）hasintroducedadvertisingscreensinshops,busesandtrains,aswellasinmoreunusualplaces.数码视图公司已将广告视屏引入商场、公交车、列车以及其他一些特殊场所。AfewnightclubsnowsportDigitalView’scigarettemachineswithbuilt-intelevisions,toadvertisedifferentpartsofthevenue.目前，一些夜总会利用嵌入式电视来炫耀数码视图公司的一些香烟出售机，用广告来显示现场的各个不同侧面。sport

：todisplayorshowoff:炫耀：展示或炫耀惹人注目地穿带：Sporadiamondring炫耀钻石戒指built-in:Constructedaspartofalargerunit;notdetachable:嵌入的：作为一个大整体的一部分建造的；不可分的：ViewrinalsThecompanyalsohasplansforscreensintaxisandoncashregisters,andfortinyonesonthesideofbeerpumps(从啤酒筒抽出啤酒的唧筒)topromoteeachdrink.数码视图公司还打算在出租车和现金出纳机上安装显示屏，甚至准备在啤酒唧筒侧面安装小型显示屏以促销各类饮料。WillViewrinalscatchon?Advertiserscankeepatabofhowmanytimeseachadvertisseen.“视屏便池”能流行于世吗？广告商可以密切注视各个广告究竟看了多少次。catchon:Tounderstand;perceive;tobecomepopular:Skateboardingcaughtonquickly.ViewrinalsOntheotherhand,aloosophisticatedenoughtobeatriskofcomputerhackersisnotnecessarilyinprogress.而另一方面，设施过于先进的洗手间有遭电脑黑客破坏的风险，因此没有必要考虑修建。sophisticated：verycomplexorcomplicated:非常复杂精密或尖瑞的And,althoughDigitalViewalsomakesViewloos-screensplacedtastefullybythebasin--ithasnoplansforafemaleequivalenttotheViewrinal.ThankGod.所以，尽管数码视图公司也将视屏厕所显示屏高雅地安装在便池旁，但是却没有在女厕所也安装“视屏便池”的打算。谢天谢地。NotesandExplanationsViewrinal 缩合词，由view+urinal

[5juErinl]构成，可译为“视频便池”

DigtalView 数码视图（公司名） cornershop n.

街角商店 Liquid-crystaldisplaytechnology 液晶显示技术 cathoderaymonitor 阴极射线监视器 vandalism n.对艺术的破坏

bepluggedstraightintotheInternet 直接与国际互联网连接 videocompressiontechnology 视频压缩技术NotesandExplanationscutting-edge n.前沿；尖端 differentpartsofthevenue(Thesceneorsettinginwhichsomethingtakesplace;alocale:事件发生地点：某事发生的现场或背景

事件发生场所) 现场的各个不同侧面 catchon 流行 keepatabof 密切注视 aloosophisticated(Verycomplexorcomplicated:非常复杂精密或尖瑞的)enough太高档的洗手间；loon.

厕所；盥洗室 inprogress 进行中机机在我国的使用已十分普及，并已成为重要的现代通讯终端设备。FaxmachineshavebeenwidelyusedinChinaasapopularandimportantmoderntelecommunicationsterminalequipment.据估计，2002年中国市场对机的需求量为200万台，国内产量仅能满足约30%的需求，进口机将占据市场的主导地位。ItisestimatedthatChinaneeds2millionfaxmachinesintheyear2002,butthecountrycanonlysatisfyabout30%ofthedemandwiththemarketbeingdominatedbytheimportedones.目前国内市场上的机90%以上是进口货，其中80%来自日本。Atpresent,morethan90%ofthefaxmachinesinChina’smarketareimportedfromoverseas,80%ofwhicharefromJapan.机面对这种情况，国内已有20多家生产企业组装生产机，并开始投放市场。Todealwithsuchasituation,morethan20homeplantshavebeguntoassembleandproducefaxmachines,andhomemademachinesarebeingputinthemarket.上海理光机公司生产的产品已经开始返销日本，并已开发出一种具有无纸接收功能的新颖机。TheShanghaiRicohFaxMachineCompanyhasbegunexportingitsproductstoJapanandhasdevelopedanewmodelthatcanreceiveinformationwithoutpaper.ThewideuseofthepassiveisconsideredtobeoneoftheoutstandingfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,especiallyinitsscientificworks.Andthefollowingisatypicalexample:inashortsectionof14predicateverbs,thepassiveaccountfor13!OriginalEnglish:Asoilisfounddeepinthegrounditspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoil,a“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoilisstruckacoverisfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilisallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalves.HerearesomeinstancesofthepassivefromtheabovePracticalTranslationTraining:·Theyarecalled“Viewrinals”.·afirmcalledDigitalView,hopetoseethemadoptedeverywhere.·Screenscannowbefoundinsupermarkets,cornershops,andsoon.·Furthermore,theViewrinal’sscreencannowbepluggedstraightintotheInternet,andthusbefedwithcommercialsfromanywhereintheworld,whichareinturntransmittedwiththelatestvideocompressiontechniques.·Advertiserscankeepatabofhowmanytimeseachadvertisseen.Generallyspeaking,Englishpassivevoiceispreferableinthefollowingcases:1.Whentheactivesubjectisunknownorcannotbereadilystated,forexample:·Wearekeptstrongandwellbycleanair.2.Whentheactor(doeroftheaction)isknownbutneednotbementioned,forexample:·Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.3.Whentheactorisemphasizedforsomespecialpurpose,forexample:·Thethreemachinescanbecontrolledbyasingleoperator.4.Whenthepassivestructureisusedasastylisticdevicetoavoidtheincoherenceofstructureshifting,forexample:·Johnwasalawyer’ssonandwasdestinedtothebar.ThepassivevoiceinChineseislesscommonlyusedincomparisonwiththeEnglishonaccountoftheflexiblesyntaxoftheChineselanguage.Therefore,inEnglish-Chinesetranslation,weshouldavoidstickingtotheoriginalpatterns,andtrytoconvertthepassivevoiceintovarious“active”patterns.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslationThefollowingareusualmethodsoftranslatingEnglishsentencesinthepassivevoice.1.ThePassiveVoiceConvertedintotheActiveVoice1)TheOriginalSubjectUnchanged·Thewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays.·Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeentotallyeradicated.·Everymomentofeveryday,energyisbeingtransformedfromoneformintoanother.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslationMoreexamples:例1．Theoiloftheworldwillhavebeenusedup,andmanwillbeusingthemoreconvenientpowerobtainedfromthesplittingoftheatom. 全世界的石油将会用尽，到那时人们将使用从原子分裂过程中获得的这种更为方便的动力。例2．Puresciencehasbeensubdividedintophysicalscience,whichdealswiththefactsandrelationsofthephysicalworld,andbiologicalscience,whichinvestigatesthehistoryandmakingsoflifeontheplanet. 理论科学分为自然科学和生物科学，前者研究自然界的各种事物和相互联系，而后者则探讨地球上生物的发展历史和活动。例3．Sixmedicalscientistswerehonoredinl973bytheGairdnerFoundationOfToronto，Canada，foroutstandingresearch．

由于杰出的研究工作，六位医学科学家于1973年荣获了加拿大多伦多的盖尔德纳基金会颁发的奖励。例4．Manybasinswereformedbythesubsidenceoftheearth’scrust．

许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而形成的。例5．Thespeedofthemoleculesisincreasedwhentheyareheated．

当分子受热时，分子的速度就增加。例6．Bearingmustbelubricated．

轴承必须上油。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation

采用这种译法，关键在于如何处理原文的谓语动词。必须结合原文上下文和词的搭配仔细琢磨，选择能从主动角度恰当地表达其被动含义的词语。例5、例6属于科技英语，这类句子使用被动是有历史根源的。英美科学工作者认为，科技论文要客观地对待事物，避免主观臆断，因此要避免使用第一、二人称，而要求使用第三人称来叙述科技道理，这就造成广泛使用被动语态。当这类被动句不需要或不可能指出施动者时，一般译成汉语主动式。2)ChangingOriginalObjectintoSubject·Bytheendofthewar800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization.·Anewwayofdisplayingtimehasbeengivenbyelectronics.·Communicationssatellitesareusedforinternationallivingtransmissionthroughouttheworld.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Moreexamples:A．施动者+主动式谓语+受动者例1．Muchhasbeensaidaboutthecomplexityofthenuclearpowerreaction. 有关原子能反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了。例2．Yet，onlyapartofthisenergyisusedbyman．

然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。例3．Heisreveredandadmiredbyallofus．

我们大家都敬仰他，钦佩他。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslationB．施动者+“把”(或“给”等)+受动者+主动式谓语例1．Goodyear,anAmerican,hadbeentryingforyearstofindawayinwhichrubbercouldbemadehard,non-stick,andyetelastic. 有一个叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但是却有弹性。例2．Riversarecontrolledbydams．

拦河坝把河流控制住了。例3．Thefamoushotelhadbeenpracticallydestroyedbythebigfire．

大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。例4．Wearebroughtfreedomandhappinessbysocialism．

社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。

例5．HewasregardedasaRepublicanbyeverybody，eventhoughhehadalwaysthoughtofhimselfasan“Independent”．

尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”，人们都把他看作共和党人。

I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation3)ChangingthePassiveintothePredicativeVerb“是”·ThepicturewasprintedbyProfessorSmith.·Thehousewasbuiltofwoodin1985.·Thevolumeisnotmeasuredinsquaremillimeters.Itismeasuredincubicmillimeters.Moreexamples:例1．Therearesomeradioactiveisotopeswhichareproducedartificiallybybombardmentofnucleiwithneutrons. 有几种放射性同位素是通过中子轰击原子核而产生出来的。例2．Thispamphletoftechnicalglossaryisredactedbyanengineer．

这本技术词汇小册子是一位工程师编纂的。例3．ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegro1eader．

这次反种族歧视运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。例4．MyfirstthirtyyearswerespentinWesternAmerica．

我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。例5．ThemanuscriptwassenttotheprinterinLondonafewweeksbeforetheFrenchRevolution．

手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation4)AddingaProperSubjecttoMaketheChineseVersionSmooth·Toexplorethemoon’ssurface,rocketswerelaunchedagainandagain.·Saltisknowntohaveaverystrongcorrodingeffectonmetals.·Itiswellknownthatsmokingisharmfultothehealth.Moreexamples:例1．Mr.Liisconsideredtobeagoodteacher．

大家认为李先生是位好老师。例2．Heisbelievedtobedeeplyinterestedinthesubject．

人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。

I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentenceOmissionofthesubjectisoneofthetypicalfeaturesofChinesesyntax.ThereforeinthepracticeofEnglish-Chinesetranslation,wemayuseasubjectlesssentencetoreplacetheEnglishsentencesinthepassivevoice.·Theunpleasantnoisemustbeimmediatelyputanendto.·Attentionhasbeenpaidtothenewmeasurestopreventcorrosion.·Bestsurfacefinishisprovidedbymachiningmethods,especiallybygrinding.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentenceMoreexamples:例1．Therustingofironisoneexampleofcorrosion,whichmaybedescribedasthedestructivechemicalattackonametalbymediawithwhichitcomesincontact,suchasmoisture,airandwater. 可以认为，腐蚀是金属接触湿气、空气和水等介质时受到的破坏性化学反应，而铁锈只是其中的一个例子。例2．Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced. 近来已注意到本馆存书正在惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentence例3．Acurrentsearchofthefilesindicatesthattheletterisnolongerinthisbureau'spossession.Itisnotedthattheletterwasreceivedtwomonthsago,andafterstudy,returnedtoyouroffice.Inviewoftheforegoing,itisregrettedthatyourofficehasnorecordofitsreceipt.Iftheletterisfound,itwouldbeappreciatedifthisbureauwasnotifiedatonce. 最近查找了卷宗，发现本局并无此信。根据记录，信是两个月前收到的，经研究后，已寄还贵处。有鉴于此，贵处似无收信的记录，甚为遗憾。如能找到此信，请即通知本局，不胜感谢。例4．Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneissubjectedtoloudcontinuousnoise. 要注意减少人们处于连续噪音之中的时间。例5．Thematterwasnevermentionedagain．

后来再也没提这件事。例6．Tremendousresearchworkhasbeendonetobringaboutsuchfantasticspeeds．

为了达到这样神奇的速度，进行了巨大的研究工作。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentence例7．Somepictureswerehungonthewall．

墙上挂了一些画。例8．Aconsiderableinvestmenthasbeenmadeintheexplorationoftheseadepths．

在海底勘探方面进行了巨额投资。例9．Hewasscaredoutofhiswits．

他吓得魂飞魄散。例10．Themoviewillbeshownagaintomorrow．

电影明天还要放映。例11．Thenovelhasalreadybeentranslatedintomanylanguages．

这本小说已译成好几种语言。例12．Somebooksaretobetasted，otherstobeswallowed，andsomefewtobechewedanddigested．

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentence一般说来，可译为无主句的英语被动句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的句子。另外，一些表示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等的句子，可译成汉语的使动结构。使动结构的特点是：通常不提出施动者，即为无主句；句中有“使”、“让”等词。如：例1．EverystudentmustbehelpedtounderstandthatonlybypainstakingstudycanhemasterEnglish．

必须使每个学生懂得，只有刻苦学习，才能掌握英语。例2．Theeducationalreformmustbecarriedthroughtotheend．

必须把教育改革进行到底。例3．Innocircumstancesshoulderroneousstatementsbeallowedtospreadunchecked．

决不让错误言论自由泛滥。

I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation2.ThePassiveStructureConvertedintoaSubjectlessSentence一般说来，可译为无主句的英语被动句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的句子。另外，一些表示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等的句子，可译成汉语的使动结构。使动结构的特点是：通常不提出施动者，即为无主句；句中有“使”、“让”等词。如：例1．EverystudentmustbehelpedtounderstandthatonlybypainstakingstudycanhemasterEnglish．

必须使每个学生懂得，只有刻苦学习，才能掌握英语。例2．Theeducationalreformmustbecarriedthroughtotheend．

必须把教育改革进行到底。例3．Innocircumstancesshoulderroneousstatementsbeallowedtospreadunchecked．

决不让错误言论自由泛滥。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation3.ThePassiveStructureRemainingUnchangedSometimes,anEnglishpassivevoicemaykeepitspassivestructureintheChineseversion,especiallyinthecaseofsomethingunpleasant.Andthefollowingaretheusualpatterns.1)RenderingintoChinesebyUsing“被……”or“给……”·Iftheschemeisapproved,workontheprojectwillstartimmediately.·Attheendofthemonthhewasfiredforincompetence.·Anyminutewewouldsurelybespottedbyenemyplanesflyinginandoutoftheairfield.2)RenderingintoChinesebyUsing“遭……”or“受……”·Ourforeignpolicyissupportedbythepeopleallovertheworld.·Hewassetuponbytwomaskedmen.·Everyonewasfedupwithhergossip.3)RenderingintoChinesebyUsing“为……所”·Suchconductwillbelookeddownuponbyallwithasenseofdecency.·Assoonasallthefactshavebeenfoundout,wecanbegintoformulateatheory.·Allthebuildingsweredestroyedinabigfire.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslationMoreexamples:例1．Hisargumentwasrefuteddowntothelastpoint．

他的言论被驳得体无完肤。例2．Theeducationoftheyoungisseentobeofprimaryimportance．

教育青少年被视为头等重要的大事。例3．Theyaredailyandhourlyenslavedbythemachine，bytheoverlooker，andparticularly，bythemanufacturerhimself．

他们每日每时都受机器、受监工、尤其受厂主本人的奴役。例4．Theywerehitbyanaturalcalamity．

他们去年遭灾了。例5．Theboywasbeatenblackandblue．

那孩子给打得青一块紫一块。例6．Shewascaughtinthedownpour．

她叫大雨淋着了。例7．Ourpolicymustbemadeknownnotonlytotheleadersandtothecadresbutalsotothebroadmasses．

我们的政策不光要使领导者和干部知道，还要使广大的群众知道。例8．Problemsshouldberesolvedingoodtime．

问题要及时加以解决。例9．Thelawsofmotionwillbediscussedinthenextarticle．

运动定律将在下一篇论文中予以讨论。I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslation4.ThePassiveVoiceReplacedbyOtherStructuresInsomecases,however,thepassiveinEnglishcannotberenderedintogoodChinesebyanyoftheabovemeans.Therefore,itisuptothetranslatortoadjustorremoldthewholestructure,tryingtofindareadableandsmoothChineseversion.Forexample:·Thevillageispopulatedbyabout13,000farmers.·Mosttreesaredenudedofleavesinwinter.·Thenewswaspassedonbywordofmouth.·Shewasdeliveredofaboy.·Hewastoldthattwoofthemseemedunlikelytomakethegrade.·Sheandherhusbandhavebeenaskedoutforthebanquet.·Hehasbeenweddedtotranslation.·Shedidnotwishtobetroubled.I.ThePassiveVoiceinEnglish-ChineseTranslationMoreexamples:例1．Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeengiven;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealtohermistress. 她告诉我，她的男主人已经解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。

例2．Wearetaughtthatbusinesslettersshouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthanpersonalone. 我们学过，写商务信件要用规范的格式，而不能像个人信件那样随便。例3．TheincreasingspeedofscientificdevelopmentwillbeobviousifoneconsidersthatTV,spacecraft,andnuclear-poweredship,whicharetakenforgrantednow,wouldhaveseemedfantastictopeoplewhoselivesendedasrecentlyas1920. 电视机、宇宙飞船和核动力舰艇对今天的人们来说不是什么新鲜事物，但对于生活于20世纪20年代以前的人来说，却似乎是不可思议的东西。考虑到这一点，科学发展的速度之快也就显而易见了。II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslationPassivestructuresarelessusedintheChineselanguagethaninEnglish,andmoreoftenthannot,thepassiveimplicationofaChinesesentenceisdisguisedinitsobject-firststructure.Forexample,“作业做完了”，“任务完成了”，“路修好了”，etc.TheseChinesesentencesseemtohavenopassivelabels,butactuallyshouldbetreatedaspassivestructures.Therefore,theyareoftenrenderedintoEnglishbyusingthepassive.True,passivestructuresdoexistintheChineselanguage,butnotsocommonlyasinEnglish.Chinesepassivestructuresmayberoughlyclassifiedintotwocategories,namely,sentenceswithorwithoutthepassivelabels.WhentranslatedintoEnglish,bothofthemshouldgenerallyberenderedbyusingthepassivestructure.II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation1.ChineseSentenceswithPassiveLabelsThiscategoryincludessuchChineseexpressionsas“被、受、遭、给、让、挨、叫、为……所、加以、予以”,andsoon.WemaysimplycopytheEnglishpassivestructureintranslatingthemintoChinese.·他被选为校学生会主席。·她深受大家的尊敬。·窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了，他一定要挨骂的。·该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslationMoreexamples:例1.那个男孩受了重伤，医院立即把他收下了。

Theboywhowasseriouslyinjuredwasimmediatelyadmittedintothehospital.例2.如果连锁反应不受控制，一直进行下去，就会引起一场大爆炸。

Ifthechainreactionwentonwithoutbeingchecked,itcouldcauseagreatexplosion.例3．利用一架显微镜，就可以看到集成电路被分离和被测试的情况。

Withthehelpofamicroscopeyoucanwatchtheintegratedcircuitsbeingseparatedandtested.例4．他仅有的一点儿钱也被抢去了。

Hewasrobbedofwhatlittlemoneyhehad．例5．他受人尊敬。

Heisrespected(honored，esteemed)byall．II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation例6．这些小孩每天早晨由母亲替他们穿衣服。

Thesechildrenaredressedbytheirmothereverymorning．例7．他遭到了邻居们的嘲笑。

Hewaslaughedatbyhisneighbours．例8．这组织已给不良分子破坏了。

Theorganizationhasbeendestroyedbyundesirableelements．例9．这孩子将挨母亲责罚了。

Theboywillbepunishedbyhismother．例10．一个男孩子让汽车压死了。

Aboywasrunoverbyamotorcar．例11．有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍视。

Obvioussignsshowthatsomeoldtraditionsandvaluesarenotcherishedbyyouthanymore．例12．这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。

Theproblemmustbedealtwithbyappropriatemeans．例13．该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。

Theplanwillbeexaminedbyaspecialcommittee．II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslationHowever,notallChinesesentenceswithpassivelabelsshouldbetranslatedbyusingtheEnglishpassivevoicepattern.Herearesomeexamples:·老太太被风吹病了。·天上冷，水管都给冻住了。II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslationMoreexamples:例1．请全系师生于星期三下午2：00在会议室集合，听报告。

Allteachersandstudentsofthedepartmentarerequestedtomeetintheconferenceroomat2:00p.m.onWednesdayforaspeech.例2．有朝一日家庭将由安装在地下室的小型反应堆供热。

Thetimewillcomewhenhomeswillbeheatedfromasmallreactorinthebasement.例3．他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊

Iwasastoundedthathewasgoingtogivemeajob.例4．很抱歉，因为雨太大，参观博物馆得推迟到明天了。

I’mverysorrytosaythevisittothemuseumhastobeputofftilltomorrowbecauseoftheheavyrain.例5．如果资本主义在港台得不到保障，那里的繁荣与稳定就不能维持，和平解决问题也就不可能了。

IfthecapitalistsystemisnotguaranteedinHongkongandTaiwan,prosperityandstabilitytherecannotbemaintainedandapeacefulsettlementwillbecomeimpossible.例6．刚才有人在这里讲了一些不该讲的话。

Somethingsweresaidherejustnowwhichshouldnothavebeensaid.II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation例7．旅客请在这里填写报关表。

Passengersarerequestedtofillin“customsdeclarationforms”.例8．物质既不能创造又不能消灭。

Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed．例9．锻炼身体的重要性无论怎样估价也不过分。

Theimportanceofphysicaltrainingcannotbeoverestimated．例10．收音机的成本降低了80％。

Thecostofradiosetswasreducedby80％．例11．所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。

Allthosewhoworkhardshouldbeencouraged.例12．国家不能以大小判断，如同个人不能以大小判断一样。

Nationsarenottobejudgedbytheirsizesanymorethanindividuals．例13．狡兔死，走狗烹；飞鸟尽，良弓藏；敌国破，谋臣亡。

Whenthecunningharesarekilled，thegoodhoundisthrownintothecauldron；whenthesoaringbirdshavebeencaught，thegoodbowisputaway；whentheenemystatesareoverthrown，thewiseministeriskilled．

II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation3.Chinese“Active”StructuresConvertedintoEnglishPassiveStructuresThisistheusualcasewhentheobjectoftheactionisemphasized,orforthesakeofcoherence.·我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝“十一”国庆节。·中美已经建立了外交关系。·一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出了一个又一个的问题。·他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。·口试时，问了10个问题，她全都答对了。

Moreexamples:例1．采取“一国两制”适合中国国情，并非权宜之计。

The“onecountry,twosystems”hasbeenadoptedtosuitChina’sconditionsandisnotanexpedientmeasure.II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation在汉语中，如果一句话有两个分句，或上下两句话在意思上紧密相关，英译时用被动式有时可以给予连接上的便利，或加强上下文的连贯性。如：例1．他站起来讲话，到会听众予以热烈鼓掌。

Herosetospeakandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudiencepresent．

汉语中两个分句分别以“他”和“到会听众”为主语。英译时第二个分句改为被动式后两个分句可共用一个主语“he”。这样读起来较通畅并强调了“he”受到欢迎。例2．你听说过马拉松赛跑吗?去年国家体委曾在北京举行第一次全国马拉松锦标赛。

HaveyouheardoftheMarathonRace?TheFirstAll-ChinaMarathonChampionshipRacewasheldinBeijinglastyearundertheauspicesoftheChineseNationalAthleticCommittee．译文中，第二句话使用了被动语态，把在汉语中作宾语的“第一次马拉松锦标赛”改为英文中的主语，从而使上下两个句子衔接更紧密。II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation

4.TranslationofSomeIdiomaticChineseExpressionsSomeChineseexpressionsmaybeconvenientlyconvertedintotheEnglishpassivestructureinthepattern“Itbe+adj.(p.p.)+thatclause”.·众所周知，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。·据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。·应该说，情况基本上是健康的。·必须指出，有些问题还需要澄清。II.ThePassiveStructuresinChinese-EnglishTranslation

Moreexamples:例1．曾经有人提议立即设计和生产这种装置。

Itwassuggestedthatsuchdevicesshouldbedesignedandproducedwithoutdelay．例2．已经指出，他们的建议在某种程度上是合理的。

Ithasbeenpointedoutthattheirsuggestionisreasonabletoacertaindegree．例3．据说，她能讲几种外国语。

Itissaidthatshecanspeakseveralforeign1anguages．(or：Sheissaidtobeabletospeakseveralforeignlanguages．)例4．大家知道，宇宙万物都在不断地运动和变化。

Itisknowntoallthateverythingintheuniverseisinconstantmotionandconstantchange．例5．还不知道今天下午是否要开会。

Itisnotyetknownwhethertherewillbeameetingthisafternoon．例6．可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国必将在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。

ItcanbepredictedthatChinawillcertainlycatchupwiththemostadvancednationsintheworldins