国际贸易 课件国际贸易实务名词解释

国际贸易实务名词解释1海上风险：PerilsoftheseaPerilsreferstoriskswhichoccuratsea,orattheplacewheretheoceanandland,ortheoceanandtheinlandriver,ortheoceanandthelighterareconnected.Theordinaryactionsofthewindsandwavesarenotincluded.PerilsoftheseausuallyincludeNaturalCalamitiesandAccidents.2外来风险：ExtraneousRisksItmeanstheperilscausedbyotherreasonsexceptmarineperils.Itfallsintotypes:GeneralextraneousrisksandSpecialextraneousrisks.3施救费用：Sue&LaborExpenseItreferstotheresponsibilityoftheassuredtoacttokeephisinsuredlossataminimum.Whentheinsuredcargosuffersnaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,theinsuredorhisagentoranyemployeespaystheexpensescausedinsavingtheinsuredcargoinordertopreventthelossesfromfurtherexpanding.Thesechargesshallbecoveredbytheinsurer.4救助费用：SalvageChargesItreferstocompensationpaidfortherescueofaship,itscargoorpassengersfromalossatsea.Whentheinsuredcargosuffersanaturalcalamityoranaccidentwithinthescopeofinsurancecover,thethirdpartywhohasnocontractedrelationswiththeinsuredandtheinsurersalvagesthecargosuccessfully.Accordingtotherelativelaws,existingintheworld,theinsurershallpaytothesalver.Theprincipleof“nocure-nopay”isoftenadopted.5实际全损：ActualTotalLossItmeansthattheinsuredgoodsaretotallysufferedfromlossordeteriorated,orthegoodscannotberestoredafterbeingdamaged.Itmayalsorefertothefactthatthetitleofgoodscannotbeownedbytheinsurantorthevesselhasmissedforquitealongtime(halfyearforexample)andwithnoinformation.6推定全损：ConstructiveTotalLossItisaninsurancelosswheretheexpenseofrecoveringorrepairingtheinsuredgoodswouldexceedtheirvalueafterthisexpenditurehadbeenincurred.7单独海损：ParticularAverageItmeansthataparticularcargoisdamagedbyanycauseandthedegreeofdamagedoesnotreachatotalloss,whichshallbebornebytheownerofthisindividualconsignment.ItalwaysreferstoanyotheraccidentsexceptGeneralAverage,i.e.thepartiallosscauseddirectlybyperils.8共同海损：GeneralAverageItreferstothelosswhichistheresultofasacrificevoluntarilymadeoranexpenseincurred;forthesolepurposeofsavingashipanditscargoinfaceofacommondanger(e.g.jettisonofcargotolightenashipindistress).Iftheactiontakenissuccessful,eachpartytotheadventure----allcargoownersandthevesselowner----bearthelossandexpensesincurredbasedonthevalueofeachshipmentinproportiontothetotalvalueofcargoandvessel.Thecargoownerswhosegoodsaresafeandsoundoruninsuredinthemarineperilsmustalsocontributetopayforthelossandexpenses.9平安险：FreefromParticularAverageThisisaverylimitedcoverconfiningtheinsurer’sliability,strictlyspeaking,toonlytotallossoftheinsuredcargoexceptwherethecarryingvesselorcraftisgrounded,sunkorburnt,andonlyinsuchlattercaseswillpartiallossofordamagetothecargobeanswerable.10水渍险：With(Particular)AverageItcoverspartiallossduetovileweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeand/orfloodaswellastheriskscoveredunderFreefromParticularAverageconditionasmentionedabove.11一切险：AllRisksAllrisksprovideadditionalcoveragebesidesthecoverunderFreefromParticularAverageandWith(Particular)Averageconditions.Contrarytoitsname,theclausedosenotprotectagainstallrisks.Themorecommonperilsitdoescoveraretheft,pilferage,non-delivery,freshwaterdamage,contamination,breakage,andleakage.Inherentvice,lossofmarket,andlossescausedbydelayarenotcovered.12背对背信用证：Back-to-backLetterofCreditThisisaletterofcreditintheseller’s(middleman’s)favorwhichisofferedtoabankassecurityforitissuingadifferentletterofcreditintheseller’sownnametoanotherperson.13可转让信用证：TransferableLetterofCreditAtransferableletterofcreditisoneinwhichthebeneficiaryhastherighttorequestthepaying,ornegotiatingbanktomakeeitherpart,orall,ofthecreditvalueavailabletooneormorethirdparties.Thistypeofcreditisusefulforthoseactingasmiddlemenespeciallywherethereisaneedtofinancepurchasesfromthirdpartysuppliers.14循环信用证：RevolvingLetterofCreditTheRevolvingletterofcreditisusedforregularshipmentsofthesamecommoditytothesamebuyer.Itcanrevolveinrelationtotimeorvalue.Ifthecreditistimerevolvingonceutilized,itisreinstatedforfurtherregularshipmentsuntilthecreditisfullydrawn.Ifthecreditrevolvesinrelationtovalueonceutilizedandpaid,thevaluecanbereinstatedforfurtherdrawing.Thecreditmuststatethatitisarevolvingletterofcreditanditmay

revolveeitherautomaticallyorsubjecttocertainprovisions.Revolvingletterofcreditareusefultoavoidtheneedforrepetitiousarrangementsforopeningoramendinglettersofcredit.15议付信用证：NegotiationCreditAnegotiatingcreditisopenedbytheissuingbankinthecurrencyofitsowncountryandaddresseddirecttothebeneficiary.Theletterisusuallydeliveredtotheaddresseethroughtheintermediaryofcorrespondentbank.16对开信用证：ReciprocalCreditThistypeofcreditappliestobartertransactionorcompensationtrade.Boththesellerandthebuyeropenlettersofcreditinfavorofeachother.Andthetwocreditsmustbevalidsimultaneously.Theapplicantandbeneficiaryofonecreditareusuallythebeneficiaryandapplicantofanothercredit.Theopeningbankisusuallytheadvisingbankofanothercredit.17保兑信用证：ConfirmedDocumentaryCreditConfirmedlettersofcreditcarrythecommitmenttopayofboththeissuingandtheadvisingbanks.Theadvisingbanksaddsitsundertakingtopaytothatoftheissuingbank,anditscommitmentisindependentofthatoftheissuingbank.Therefore,whendocumentsconformingtotherequirementsoftheconfirmeddocumentarycreditarepresentedinatimelymanner,thepaymentfromtheadvisingtothesellerisfinalinallrespectasfarassellerisconcerned.18备用信用证：StandbyLettersofCreditItisaletterofcreditwhichabankissuesonbehalfofitscustomertoserveasaguaranteetothebeneficiaryoftheletterofcreditthatthebank’scustomerwillperformaspecifiedcontractwiththebeneficiary.Ifthecustomerdefaults,thebeneficiarymaydrawfundsagainsttheletterofcreditadpenaltiesoraspayments,whicheverthetermsofthecreditprovide.19银行保函：Banker’sLetterofGuaranteeAletterofGuaranteeisanundertakingmadebytheguarantorbanktopaythebeneficiaryunconditionallyaccordingtotheLetterofGuaranteeprovidedtheapplicantcannotornotpay.20D/Patsight：

即期付款交单（托收）Aftershipmentofthegoods,thesellershalldrawasightbillofexchange,andsenditwithshippingdocumentstoalocalbank,throughwhichandwhosecorrespondentbankthedocumentarydraftispresentedtothebuyer.Thebuyershallpayagainstthedocumentarydraftdrawnbytheselleratsight.Itrequiresimmediatepaymentbythebuyertogetholdofthedocuments.21D/Paftersight：远期付款交单（托收）Aftershipmentofthegoods,thesellershalldrawausancebillofexchangeandsenditwihshippingdocumentstoalocalbank,throughwhichandwhosecorrespondentbankthedocumentarydraftispresentedtotheimporter.Thebuyershallaccepttheusancedraft,andmakepaymentontheduedateoftheusancebill.22D/PT/R：凭借信托收据付款（托收）Inthiscase,theprincipleinstructsthecollectingbanktoreleasefullsetofdocumentsagainsttrustreceipttothepayer.Oncethepayerdoesnotmakepayment,theprincipalbearsalltherisks.ThusitisalmostthesameriskyasD/A.23D/A：承兑交单（托收）D/Acallsfordeliveryofdocumentsagainstacceptanceofthedraftdrawnbytheseller.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.InD/Atermsthecollectingbankispermittedtoreleasethedocumentstothebuyeragainstacceptanceofabillofexchangepromisingtopayatalaterdate(usually30,60or90days).Thefullsetofdraftisheldbythecollectingbankandpresentedtothebuyerforpaymentatmaturity,afterwhichthecollectingbanksendsthefundstotheremittingbank,whichinturnsendsthemtotheprincipal.24T/T：电汇TelegraphicTransferTelegraphictransferisalsonamedascabletransferorwiretransfer.25M/T：信汇MailTransferThebuyergivesmoneytoalocalbankwhichsendsatrustdeedforpaymenttoitscorrespondentbankattheseller’sendbymailandentrustsitwiththetasktopaymoneytotheseller.26D/D：票汇DemandDraftThebuyerbuysadraftfromalocalbanksendsitbymailtotheseller,thesellerorhisappointedpersoncancollectmoneyfromtherelativebankathisendagainstthedraftsentbythebuyer.Demanddraftisoftenusedwhenthecustomerwantstotransferthefundstohisbeneficiarybyhimself.27L/G：银行保函LetterofGuaranteeAletterofGuaranteeisanundertakingmadebytheguarantorbanktopaythebeneficiaryunconditionallyaccordingtotheLetterofGuaranteeprovidedtheapplicantcannotornotpay.28清洁提单：CleanB/LThisisaB/Lwhichbearsnosuperimposedclauseornatationwhichdeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.29已装船提单：OnBoardB/LorShippedB/LItisaB/Lacknowledgingthattherelativegoodshavebeenreceivedonboardforshipmentonaspecifiedvessel.30全式提单:：LongFormB/LThisreferstoaB/Lformwithalltermsandconditionswrittenonit.MostB/L’sareinshorttermformswhichincorporatethelongformclausesbyreference.31简式提单：ShortFormB/LItisaB/Lwithoutthetermsandconditionswrittenonit.ThetermsareincorporatedbyreferencetothelongformB/L.32倒签提单：Ante-datedBillofLadingWhentheactualloadingdateislaterthanthedateofshipmentprescribedbytheL/C,inordertoavoidnon-acceptanceoftheB/Lbybanks,thecarrier,attherequestoftheshipper,sometimeswillissueaB/LwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementoftheL/C.TheB/Lthussignedisanante-datedB/L.33预借提单：AdvancedBillofLadingAnadvancedB/Lisissuedattherequestoftheshipperbeforethecommencementoftheactualloadingoperation.WhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisdueandthesellerhasfailedtogetthegoodsreadyforshipment,hewillaskthecarriertoissueanadvancedB/Linordertonegotiatepaymentatthebankbeforethecreditexpires.34直达提单：DirectB/LItisissuedbythecarrierorhisagenttotheshipperwhenthegoodsaretobetransportedfromtheportofloadingdirecttotheportofdestination.BuyersusuallyprefertosuchB/Lsbecausetransshipmentincreasesthechanceofcargodamageandloss.SometimesanL/Cprohibitstransshipmentofgoods.35转船提单：TransshipmentB/LItisissuedwhenthereisnodirectservicebetweentwoports,butwhentheshipownerispreparedtotransshipthegoodsatanintermediateportattheexpenseofhisown.TheintermediateportmustbeshownintheB/L.

36联运提单：ThroughB/LThisB/Lcoveringashipmentofgoodsbymorethanonemodeoftransportation.Thefirstcarriercollectsthefreightforthewholevoyageandisresponsibleforarrangingtransshipmentandforwardingofthegoodsatportsotherthantheportofdestination.Thisarrangementisadvantageoustotheshippersinceotherwisehehastodealwiththeotherindividualcarriersbyhimself.37有条件的接受：ModifiedAcceptanceAreplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.However,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectstothediscrepancy.38发盘：OfferAnofferisapromiseconditionedonacceptancewhich,nomatterwhetherfromasellerorabuyer,mustbecommunicatedtotheoffereeandmustclearlyundertakeaperformancedefiniteastoallessentialterms.39还盘：CounterOfferCounterofferisreplytoanofferinwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications.Counterofferisarejectionoftheofferandthereforeconstitutesanewoffer.40接受：AcceptanceAcceptanceisafinalandunqualifiedexpressionofassenttothetermsofanoffer.Acceptanceresultsintheformationofacontract:bothpartiesareboundandneithercanwithdrawfromthebargainwithoutincurringliabilitytotheorder.41逾期接受：LateAcceptanceTheacceptancenoticethatdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimeofvalidityiscalledalateacceptance.Lateacceptanceisgenerallyconsideredinvalid.Butundertwoconditions,thelateacceptanceremainseffective:oneconditioniswhentheofferorregardsitasvalid,anotheriswhenthelateacceptanceiscausedbytransmittingdelaynotbysendingdelay.42投递原则：DispatchTheoryIntheabsenceofspecificinstructiontothecontrarybytheofferor,apersonmaymailanacceptancetotheofferorandthecontractissaidtobeperfectedwhentheacceptorplacesthisacceptanceinthemailboxforreturnmailevenif,infact,itneverreachestheofferor.