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2022/10/31
新建文本文档html
TheMetaverse&Insurance
PixelPerfect?
January2022
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TheMetaverse&Insurance-PixelPerfect?
Foreword
ThegenesisofthispaperistheneedwehavefeltatourTECHNGIproject¹,toaddressabigquestion:istheMetaversethenextfrontierfortheInsuranceindustry?Wehaveconductedextensiveworkonestablishedtechnologyinnovationsandinsurance,withafocusonArtificialIntelligence.Itwouldberemissnottolookalittlefurtherintothefuture.
TherearewidelydivergingviewsontheMetaverse.On28October2021,MarkZuckerberg,FounderofFacebook,announcedthatthenewholdingcompanyforFacebookwouldbecalled“Meta",stating:“Weareatthebeginningofthenextchapterfortheinternet,andit'sthenextchapterforourcompanytoo.Thenextplatformwillbeevenmoreimmersive—anembodiedinternetwhereyou'reintheexperience,notjustlookingatit.WecallthistheMetaverse,anditwilltoucheveryproductwebuild."2
WilliamSherdenassessedprognosticatorsinhisbook“TheFortuneSellers.”Technologicalpredictionsgotapoorrating,yetnumerouspunditswouldhaveusbelievethat'theMetaverseisuponus'.Technologyhypestatementsareubiquitous,somuchsothatGartnerpromotesits'hypecycle'asawayofassessingthestateofatechnology.Peopleexhibit'fearofmissingout'somuchthatuseoftheacronymFOMOhasrisensharplysinceitemergedaround2009.
SuchamixtureofexcitementandskepticismisveryfamiliartousfromourworkatTECHNGI.Thisreportwascommissionedbyuson13October2021,soweclearlyweren'tjustjumpingonaZuckerbergbandwagon.Infactthisreportisn'tencouraginganyonetojumponanyMetaversebandwagonthatmightcollapse.WhatweaskedforwasabalancedsetofthoughtsonwhattheMetaversemightmeanforinsurance,thatcanalsohelpreadersarriveataGoldilockspoint,nottoomuch,andnottoolittle,hype;butjustright.
ProfessorAlistairMilneMA(Cambridge)MSc(LSE)PhD(LSE)
TECHNGI,PrincipalInvestigator
UniversityofLoughborough
1
https://www.techngi.uk/
2
/news/2021/10/founders-letter/
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Contents
Foreword
2
Preface
4
ExecutiveSummary
5
1.WhatistheMetaverse?
8
Introduction
8
Origins
9
Growth
10
2.HowBigAndPervasiveMightTheMetaverseBecome?
14
Parallels
14
lssuesForDiscussion
17
UseCases
21
Impact
22
3.MetaversalStudios-TheLeadingPlayers
24
4.ImplicationsForTheInsuranceSector 37
CompetitiveRivalry 38
BuyerPower 39
SupplierPower 40
Substitution 41
ThreatofNewEntry 42
5.Metalssues&TheMetaverse 43
Sociallmpacts 44
6.RealityVersusTalk 49
7.Recommendations&Conclusion 51
Sources 56
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Preface
Justafewyearsafter'metaverse'wascoinedin1992,theFinancialfaboratoryClub(FfC)wasformed.³TheFfCwasaf1.9millionlimitedliabilitypartnershipconductingresearchintofinancialriskmanagementover1997and1998.Theobjectivewastovisualisetheabstractrisksoffinance,andsomeprogresswasmade.FfCmemberswereTheLondonStockExchange,Royal&SunAlliance,Barclays,andZ/Yen.TheprogrammemanagerwastheMinistryofDefence'sDefenceEvaluationandResearchAgency.SupportingorganisationsincludedSiliconGraphics,theWorshipfulCompanyofInformationTechnologists,andCityUniversity.FinanceandtheMetaversearenotnew.
Afascinationwithtechnologyanditsimpactonsociety(fuelledbyasharedaddictiontosciencefiction)meanttheauthorshadtomaintainthestrictestdisciplinewhilewritingofthisreport,lestwe'digressed'ourselves.AstheimplicationsoftheMetaversefortheinsurancesectorweremapped,amyriadoffascinatingpathsrevealedthemselves,leadingofftootherindustries,sectors,orspeculativefiction.
Ourheartfeltthanksgototheinsuranceandtechnologyprofessionalsweinterviewedinthecourseofthisreport,whohelpedtokeepusonthestraightandnarrow-butalsoindulgedusbyspeculatingonpossibilities.Threecommonthemesemergedduringthesespeculativediscussions:
·seismicpotential-theMetaversecouldwelltransformeverything,thoughtheadventoftelevisiondidn'twipeoutradio;
·privacy-Metaversefeedbackfromphysiologicalreactions(youreyeballstracked,yourheartbeatmeasured,Alguessingyournextmove)meanyoursoulmaybelaidbaretoscrutiny,andprivacyisyetagainerodedbynewICT;
·newworlds-theMetaverseallowsthecreationofinfinitenewpsycho-geographies,eachwithitsown'landgrab',andinsurerswillneedtokeepacloseeyeoncyberspacetheywishtocontrol.
Wehopethatthisreporthelpsyou“getadetailedgriponthebigpicture”,whileavoidingthehype,sothatyou“getabigpicturegriponthedetails.”4Pleaseenjoythespeculation,hopefullymind-expanding.
ProfessorMichaelMainelli&SimonMills
Z/YenGroup
³
/work/sectors/financial-services/financial-aboratoryl
4
/publications/books/clean-business-cuisine/
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ExecutiveSummary
'Metaverse'describesinterlinked,persistent,shared,artificialrealityspaces.Theportmanteauof'meta',beyond,anduni-'verse'impliesanalternatespaceforsocialcommerce.
Insurersmayfeelthattheirproductsandserviceslieoutsidethisdomain,butalreadysomeinsurancefirmsuseMetaverseapproachestohelpsellandmanageinsurance,e.g.YuLife-https://.ThisshortreportwillexplaintheMetaverse,examinepotentialapplicationsforinsurers,andexplorethebusinessimplicationsofwidespreadadoptionoftheMetaverse.
TheMetaversecanbeconsideredanartificialreality-basedsuccessortotheInternet.Asvirtualrealityis3D,thepersistenceoftheMetaverseemphasises4D,i.e.timeplustheusualthreedimensionsofspace.CompaniesthatdelivertheirservicesorcontentdigitallywillfindthattheirpresenceintheMetaversewillincreasetheirinteractionswithcustomers,butalsotheirinteractionwithotherservicesandproducts.Thefightforthecustomers'eyeballswillplacesignificantemphasisontheuserexperienceinaugmentedandvirtualreality.Thelook,motion,sound,texture,and'feel'ofdigitalcontentmaybecomemoreimportantthanthe'backend'functionality.TheadventoftheMetaversehasseveralimplications:
Hyper-connectivity-CompaniesdeliveringtheirservicesdigitallywillfindthattheirpresenceintheMetaversewillincreasetheirinteractionsbothwithcustomers,andtheirinteractionwithotherservicesandproducts
online.
SemblanceOfQualityDominance-Thelook,motion,sound,texture,and'feel',theaestheticsofdigitalcontent,maybecomemoreimportantthanthe'backend'functionality.
NewLandGrabs-withnewworlds,newgeographies,andnewconceptsofspacetime,allowingadeeperunderstandingofconnectionsbetweenentitiesinthevirtualandphysicalrealms,insurerswillneedtokeepacloseeyeonthepsychogeographyorcyberspacetheywishtocontrol.
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TheMetaverseislikelytobeanevolutionary,ratherthanarevolutionarytechnology,andseveralfactorsmitigateagainstrapidwide-scaleadoption.
·Thetechnologyrequiredforfullemersionisbulky,uncomfortable,andnot
suitableformobileaccess.
·Afast,low-latencyconnectiontotheinternetisaprerequisite.
·TheMetaverselacksformalconnectivityamongitsvariousdomainssoitcurrentlyexistsasaseriesof'walledgardens'.
Despitetheselimitations,severalusecasesareemerging:
·Entertainment-Virtuallyallareasofentertainmentarebeingexplored,andalreadyseveralhigh-profileconcertsbywell-knownartistshavetakenplaceintheMetaversewithsignificantaudiencesandearnings.
Businessinteraction-Manycorporatesareexploringnext-generationVRandTelepresencetechnologiesassociatedwiththeMetaverse,perhapsdrivenbytherecent,rapidincreaseinremoteworkingandonlineconferencing,aswellasshowcasing.
·Specialistsimulations-TheMetaversehasapplicationsforeducation(the'metaversity'),training,medicine,health,exercise,disastermanagement,construction,maintenance,andtelerobotics.
Onlineculture-Gamers,coders,andotherpersistentlyonlinecommunitiesareearlyexperimenters,andperhapsadopters,withoneexamplebeingcommercialauctionsintheMetaverseofNon-FungibleTokens(NFTs)byvenerableauctionhouses.
IftheMetaversebecomeswidespread,itwillcreatechallengesandopportunitiesforpeopleconcernedwithrisk:
·AstheMetaverseisanewcreation,theriskstoitsusersarenotfullyunderstoodandcouldcreatelong-termhealthormentalriskissues,e.g.adolescentbrainformation,noveleye,hand,mental,orphysicalconditions,orcoordinationissues.
TheemergenceoftheMetaversemaycreatenewsocio-economicandpoliticalrisks,forexamplecreatingconditionsforwidespreadaddictionormakingMetaverseactivitiesrelevanttogainingorretainingemployment,orchangingthenatureofgeo-politicalpowerthroughincreasedinfluenceofforeignpopulations.
AstheMetaverseislikelytoberesidentin'thecloud',disputeresolutionwillbedifficult:wherearethingshappeninglegally?whowillregulatetransactionsintheMetaverse?howwilldisputesbearbitrated?howwilldecisionsbeenforced?
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TheMetaverseisyetpoorlyunderstood,butasacorenetworktechnologyitsownstilluncleareffectsmightbemultipliedbycombiningwithtechnologiessuchasmachine-learning(Al),quantumcomputing,malware,mind-alteringdrugs,orwidespreadsurveillance.
Inthelightofthesedevelopmentsinsurersmightconsiderthefollowingactions:·FamiliarisethemselveswiththeconceptoftheMetaverse,visualisation,machine-learning(Al),connectivity,bigdata,andother4IR(fourth
industrialrevolutiontechnologies)aswellassomeofthecurrenthighlyactiveareassuchasNFTsorcryptocurrencies;
EnhancetheirskillsbaseintheMetaverse'swiderangeofrequisiteexpertisebyinvestingintrainingandrecruitingmorespecialistexpertiseinareassuchasvisualisation,machine-learning(Al),connectivity,bigdata,aesthetics,orpsychology;
·ExplorewaysofofferingnewMetaverseproductsandservices.Thesecould
include:
>managingtherisksassociatedwithanindividual'spersonaldataandacorporate'sMetaversedata;
>managingtherisksassociatedwithdigitalassets,inparticulartheft,regulation,governmentpolicy,andlegaljurisdictionrisk;
>developingspecificinsuranceproductsforMetaverseapplications,suchastheprotectionofpersonaldataanddigitalassets,orinsuringagainstlong-termphysicalormentalharm;
>offeringriskcontrolandmitigationproducts,ratherthanjustcompensationforlosssuffered,moreakintotheservicesofferedbycyber-securityfirmssuchasNortonandMcAfee.
Considernewfundingmechanisms,particularlyextensionsofcrowdfunding.TheMetaverse,ifitachievesscale,isparticularlysuitedtolargenumbersofusersguaranteeingthings.Forexample,aninsurance-linkedsecurityinsuringspecificonlineassetscouldbetiedtousers'guarantees,orgamblingmarketsusedtocreateportfoliosforriskmanagement.
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1.WhatistheMetaverse?
Introduction
WikipediadefinestheMetaverseasacollectivevirtualsharedspace,createdbytheconvergenceofvirtuallyenhancedphysicalrealityandphysicallypersistentvirtualspace,includingthesumofallvirtualworlds,augmentedreality,andtheInternet.AlthoughitisunusualtorelyonWikipediaforadefinition,despitethehypeofbeing'thenext-nextbigthing',theMetaversebarelyexistsatpresent.
TheEconomistdescribes,“apersistentvirtualworld,accessibleviaspecialgoggles,wherepeoplecouldmeet,flirt,playgames,buyandsellthings,andmuchmorebesides.In2022itreferstothefusionofvideogames,socialnetworking,andentertainmenttocreatenew,immersiveexperiences,likeswimminginsideyourfavouritesongatanonlineconcert.GamessuchasMinecraft,Roblox,andFortniteareallstepping-stonestoanemergingnewmedium".5Thisreportsslightlyshorterdefinitionis:
'Metaverse'-interlinked,persistent,shared,artificialrealityspaces.
TheMetaversecombinesandreliesuponnumerouselementsoftechnology,includingvirtualreality,augmentedreality,video,networkconnectivity,mobiledevices,sensors,motiondevices,perambulators,suits,goggles,andvariousothertechnologiessothatusers'live'withinadigitaluniverse.This'combinatorialtechnology'characteristicmeansthatthedefinitionisfluid,andthesuccessoftheMetaversedependsatanyonetimeorapplicationonthesuccessfulintegrationofausefulsetoftechnologies.
ThiscombinatorialtechnologycharacteristicalsomeansthattheMetaverseishardtoassess.Whenhasitarrived?Whatisa'true'Metaverse?'Electricalpower','thetelephone',and'theinternet'were'corenetworktechnologies'thatenabledmanywidespreadapplications.Inturn,themanyapplicationseachcorenetworktechnologyspawnedaffectedsociety,othertechnologies,economics,andpoliticstothepointthatthecoretechnologicaltermbecamesynonymouswiththoseeffects.WhencomparingtheMetaversewiththehistoricaltrajectoryofothertechnologiesitismoreakintothearrivalofelectricalpower,thetelephone,ortheemergenceoftheinternet,thanan
s"WhatNext?22EmergingTechnologiesToWatchIn2022",TheWorldAhead2022,TheEconomist,
/the-world-ahead/2021/11/08/what-next-22-emerging-technologies-to-watch-in-
2022.
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isolatedtechnology,sayanewmetalalloyoranewstrainofrice,howeversignificant.ThebreadthofdepthofchangetheMetaversemustproducetomeetitsownhypemeansitwillonlybeasuccessifitbecomesubiquitousandoverwhelming.
Origins
Theconceptof'living'inimmersivevirtualrealityhasbeenaroundsincethe1980s,withaproto-MetaversedescribedbyWilliamGibsoninhisseminalworks“Neuromancer”(1984)and“CountZero”(1986)-shortlyafterARPANETadoptedTCP/IP⁶,atleastfiveyearsbeforeSirTimBerners-LeeinventedtheWorldWideWeb(WWW)⁷.Theactualterm'Metaverse'wasfirstusedbyNealStephensoninhis1992sciencefictionnovel“SnowCrash”Stephenson'sfirstexplanationgoes:
“SoHiro'snotactuallyhereatall.He'sinacomputer-generateduniverse
thathiscomputerisdrawingontohisgogglesandpumpingintohis
earphones.Inthelingo,thisimaginaryplaceisknownastheMetaverse.
HirospendsalotoftimeintheMetaverse.ItbeatstheshitoutofU-Stor-lt.”
[NealStephenson,“SnowCrash”,1992]
TheMetaversecontinuedtoinspirefiction,particularlysciencefiction,forexample,RichardMorgan's“AlteredCarbon”(2002),CharlesStross's“Accelerando”(2005),lainMBanks'highlydystopian“SurfaceDetail”(2010)wheretheMetaversecontainsartificialhells,wherevirtualafterlivesofthemind-statesofthedeadaretortured.TheMetaversehasbeenpickedupasatropeinfilmssuchas“TheMatrix”(1999),“MinorityReport”(2002),“Avatar”(2009),“ReadyPlayerOne”(2018),and“FreeGuy”(2021),aswellasimpliedinearlierfilmssuchas“Tron”(1982),“WhoFramedRogerRabbit”(1988),and“LawnmowerMan”(1992).
AlthoughinfictionandfilmtheMetaverseisoftendepictedasanextremevirtualdystopia,orasafantasyrealmtoescapeaphysicaldystopiawhereprotagonistsadoptgleamingavatarstodobattlewithevilcorporations,crackcode,andsetdatafree,therealityisalittlemoreprosaic.WhiletheMetaversedoesnotyetexist,itisclearlycomingandspeculationonitscommercialrisksandopportunitiescanbegin.
‘UniversitySystemofGeorgia"ABriefHistoryoftheInternet”
/galileo/skills/unit07/internet0702.phtml
CERN"TheBirthOfTheWeb"https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web
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Box1-ArianaGrandeSingsInTheMetaverse
PopStarArianaGrandeisjustoneofanumberofmusicianstoperformaseriesofconcertsintheMetaverse.Usingthevideogame'Fortnite'asherplatform,inAugust2021thesingerperformeda15minuteset.Theshowwasheldfivetimesindifferenttimezones,withtheveryfirstconcertattracting1millionpeopleatitspeak.TheeventhassubsequentlybeenwatchedonYouTubeover1.5milliontimes.
Theattractionofthistypeofeventtotheaudience,isthatthroughtheiravatar,theygettoexperiencealiveconcertbytheirfavouritesinger-muchlikeaninteractivemusicvideo.Theadvantagestotheartistare:
Asignificantcostsavingincomparisontohostingaliveconcert(notransport,staging,orsecuritycosts);
Marketsegmentationandtheabilitytoaccuratelytargettheaudiencedemographicwithpersonalisedpromotionalmaterialpriortotheevent;Theabilitytoboostsalesoftie-inpromotionalmaterialandothercontentthroughinteractivefeatures-forexamplepromotionalt-shirt'skins'foravatars.
Themerchandisingaspectisparticularlyimportant.ForbesestimatesthataconcerteventputonbyFortnitewithTravisScottearnedtheartist$20millioninmerchandisesales(/3t7vbp8z).
Growth
“Mosthumanbeingshaveanalmostinfinitecapacity
fortakingthingsforgranted".
[AldousHuxley,“BraveNewWorld”,1932]
Inalllikelihood,movingsocietyintoaninfinitelyconnectedDayGlo'"worldwillnotbearevolutionbutapunctuatedand,attimes,uncomfortableevolution.Internet1.0wasdial-upandrestrictedtoword-heavystaticpagesandlibrarycatalogues.Internet2.0waspoweredbybroadbandandopeneduptheworldofmulti-mediaandstreamingcontent.Internet3.0wasmobileandallowedinstanttransactionsandaccesstoservicesfromyourphone.Internet4.0istoday-the'internetofeverything'(loE)connecting“people,processes,data,andthings,turninginformationintoactionsthatcreatenewcapabilities,richerexperiences,andunprecedentedopportunities.”
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Table1-FourPhasesOfTheInternet
Phase1Phase2Phase3Phase4
Connectivity
Networked
economy
Collaborative
experiences
Internetof
everything
Digitiseaccesstoinformation
Digitisebusiness
process
Digitise
interactions
(businessand
social)
Digitisethe
world,
connecting
·webbrowser·search
·e-commerce
·digitalsupply
chain
·collaboration
·social
·mobility
·cloud
·video
·people
·process
·data
·things
Thefirstphasestartedover20yearsagoand
isreferredtoas'connectivity'.
Email,web
browsing,andsearchingfor
contentwas
justbeginning
Thesecondphase
startedinthelate1990sandwasthe
'networked
economy'phase.
Thiswasthebirthof
e-commerceand
digitallyconnectedsupplychains.It
changedtheway
weshoppedand
howcompanies
reachednew
markets.
Thethirdphasestartedintheearly2000sandisknownasthe'collaborativeexperiences'
phase.Thisphaseisdominatedby
widespreaduse
ofsocialmedia,mobility,video,
andCloud
computing.Thisphasecompletelytransformedtheworldofwork.
Thecurrent
phaseiscalledthe'internetofeverything(loE)'Thisphase
connectspeople,processes,data,
andthings,
turning
informationintoactionsthat
createnew
capabilities,
richer
experiences,andunprecedented
opportunities.
[“TheInternetOfEverything”,OpenLearn,OpenUniversity-
/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=48444§ion=1.1
downloadedJanuary2022]
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Today'sInternet4.0coincideswithpeoplepromulgatingthe“FourthIndustrialRevolution(4IR)".Thefirstindustrialrevolution(1IR)ofthe19thcenturyencompassediron,steel,andmechanisation.The2IRwastheeraofelectricalpowerandtransport,alongsideanexplosioninmassproduction.The3IRdescribesthedigitalrevolutionincomputingandconnectivity,leadingtonewmechanismsofcentralisationanddecentralisation.The4IRconsiderspervasivecybercapabilitiesphysicallyintegratedeverywhere,encompassingmachine-learning(Al),bigdata,andhyper-connectivity.
TheMetaverseconceptcoincideswithInternet4.0and4IR.TheMetaverseisthefrontman,thestage,thewindowontoInternet4.0and4IR.Itwon'tsucceedthembutbuilduponthem,anditerativelytransformthem.ConsidertheMetaverseanover-archingwayofincludingpeopleinanartificialuniversethatallowsthemtointeractwiththemachineryandtechnologiestheycreatedinavisualandimmersiveenvironment.ItisimportanttorememberthatInternet3.0andearlierleftwoesoftheirown.Bynotaddressingsecurityissuesweareleftwithrampantcybercrime,impersonation,datatheft,andindustrialespionage.Bynotaddressingsocietalissueswehavepornography,trolling,anddivisivesocialdiscourse.TheseissueswillpersistinInternet4.0,4IT,andtheMetaverse.Theobservationthat“dataisthenewoil”maybehackneyed,butalsotrue.TheMetaversewillbepoweredbydata,andthreatenedbythequalityandquantityofdatasupply.
ThebirthofInternet4.0isoftenpinnedto29June2007withthereleaseofa'killerapp',theApplei-phone.ThekillerappfortheMetaversehasyettobeinvented,althoughGooglemadeaspiritedattemptwithGoogleGlass⁸.VRheadsetsarestillcumbersomeandexpensive,andtheiruseisrestrictedtoafewspecialistapplications(includinggaming),buttheirpriceandsizearereducing.In2019,Samsungwasawardedpatentsforsmartaugmentedreality(AR)contactlenses',thoughtheyhaveyettomakeitintoproduction.
Braininterfacetechnologyisalsoreceivingagreatdealofattention.SiliconValleystart-upNeuralink¹0isdevelopingafully-implanted,wireless,high-channel-count,brain-machineinterface(BMI)toenablepeoplewithparalysistodirectlyusetheirneuralactivitytooperatecomputersandmobiledevices.ItisonlyamatteroftimebeforeBMlandtheMetaversecollide.
'/glass/start/
9
/2019/08/smart-phone-to-smart-contact-lenses-samsung-wins-patent/
10
/blog/series-c/
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MovebeyondtheCGlandflightsoffancy,andincreasinglypeoplearebeingwrappedinacloakofinternet-linkedtechnologies-healthandfitnessmonitors,personalassistants,internet-enableddomesticgoods,smartTVs,andsmartwatches.TheplumbingfortheMetaverseisrapidlybeinginstalled.
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2.HowBigAndPervasiveMightTheMetaverse
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