专八听力讲义09年暑假

专八听力讲义Stuart听力考纲：I•听力理解(PartI：ListeningComprehension)测试要求：能听懂交际场合中各种英语会话和讲话。能听懂VOA或BBC、CNN等国外传媒的节目中有关政治、经济、文化教育、科技等方面的专题报道。能听懂有关政治、经济、历史、文化教育、语言文学、科普方面的一般讲座及讲座后的答问。时间25分钟。题型：听力理解部分采用填空题和多项选择题，包括三个项目：SectionA，SectionB，SectionC,共20题。SectionA：Mini-lecture由900个单词的讲座和一项填空人物组成，要求边听边做笔记，然后完成填空人物。答题时间10分钟。本部分共10题。SectionB：Conversation&Interview约800个单词的会话组成，之后，有5道多选题。SectionC：NewsBroadcast若干新闻报道后，会有5道多选题。注意：SectionB&C的每一道题目后面有10秒的间隙，选一最佳答案。录音速度为每分钟约为150个单词。念一遍！！！听力基础：容易混淆的音常见发音技巧：(Pronunciationskills)①不完全爆破：②连读.LinkingconsonantstoconsonantsLinkingconsonantstovowels.作业：在普特英语网上下载两篇VOA标准速度英语，听写文章，夯实基础。真题第一部分:PARTONE：Mini-LectureNotetakingskillsAndExercises.Introduction:Notetakingisnotonlyallowedbutencouraged.Youwillbegivenpapertousefortakingnotes.Itcertainlymakessensetoallownotetakingduringthetest,becausetheabilitytotakegoodnotesisanimportantacademicskill.Withoutnotes,theMini-Lectureissimplyatestofmemory,andfewpeoplehavethememoryskillstorememberallthefactsandideascontainedinaMini-Lecturelastingfromseventoeightminutes.Researchhasshownthatafter20minuteshaspassed,peoplerememberonlyabout50%ofwhattheyhear,andthatabout20%ofwhattheyhearisrememberedincorrectly.Notetakingisacomplicatedskill,especiallynotetakinginanotherlanguage.However,notetakingskillscandefinitelybeimprovedbypractice.Themoreyoutakenotes,thefasterandmoreaccurateyouwillbecome.DuringtheMini-Lecture,youshouldtakenotesandusethosenotestofillintheblanks.Mini-Lecturesaremuchdenserthanauthenticlectures.Mini-Lectureshavemorefactsandinformationthatcanbeaskedabout.Asaresult,yournotetakingmustbemoredetailedandintensiveforTEM8thanthenotesyouwouldtakeinalectureclass.Thelastbutnottheleast,sinceyouwilluseyournotesimmediatelyaftertheMini-Lecture(andthenneveragain),youcanusemoreabbreviationsandomitmorewordswhenyoutakenotesonMini-Lectures.HINTSONNOTETAKING1.TakenotesthroughouttheMini-Lecture.Trytowritedownasmuchinformationasyoupossiblycan.2.Alwayswritedownanytermsthatarenewtoyou,definition,specificfacts,listsofitems,andstatistics.Paydueattentiontotheuseofsignalwordsorphrasesinthelecture,especiallyonesthatindicatethestructureofthelectureorachangeoftopic.COMMONSIGNALWORDSWordsandPhraseIndicatingtheStructureoftheLectureTherearefourkindsof...Firstofall,ThesecondpointIwouldliketomakeis.Thirdly,Myfourthpoint,Toconcludemylecturewecansaythat.First,let'slookat.Next,let'sconsider,Now,let'smovetothesecondapproach.Finally,WordsandPhraseIndicatingaChangeofDirectionOntheotherhand,However,ButWordsandPhraseIndicatingEmphasisorImportanceMostimportantly,Oneimportantpoint/issue/problem/conceptis.Especially.Significantly.WordsandPhraseUsedtoGiveExamplesForexample,.Let'sconsiderthecaseof・・・Specifically…・Organizeyourlecturenotesaccordingtoorderofimportance.Themostimportantideasshouldbeontheleftsideofthepage.Indenttorighttoshowthatanideaissubordinatetoorsupportthemoreimportantidea.Inotherwords,ideasontheleftsideofthepagearegeneraldivisionsofthelecture.Asyoumovetotheright,ideasbecomemorespecific.Writingnotesinthiswayhelpsyouanalyzethematerialthatyouarelisteningtoandorganizeyournotesinalogicalway.Youcanindicateideasthatyouthinkareespeciallyimportantwithabox,acircle,anunderline,oranexclamationpoint(!).Leaveplentyofwhitespacearoundyournotessothat,ifthespeakerreturnstopointlater,youcanaddnewnotes.Theaveragelecturerspeaksabout125to150wordsperminute.Theaveragenotetakercanwriteonlyabout20to25wordsperminute.Therefore,youneedtouseabbreviationsandothershortcutstohelpyougetdownasmuchinformationaspossible.Don'twriteyournotesincompletesentences.Writeinphrases.Omitunimportantwordsandwordsthatdonotcarryinformation.Supposethelecturersaysthis.Thetaigaisthelargestofalltheworld'sbiomes.Yournotemightread:Commonwordsthatyoucangenerallyeliminate:Beverbs(is,are,was,were),articles(a,an,the),pronouns(they,his,them).determiners(this,that,these)/prepositions(of,with,from)Usestandardsymbolsandabbreviations:+or&and=is,equals,isthesameas*isn't.doesn'tequal,isnotthesameas±moreorless,about,approximately^increasesgoesdown/decrease,goesdown/per%percent#NumberXtimes>Morethan,biggerthan,greaterthan<Lessthan,smallerthan,fewerthan—causes,leadsto,produes$Money,man,malewoman,female@atW/withW/owithoutp.pagepp.pagesreregarding,about,concerningetc.andsoon,andotherthingse.gforexampleeinotherwordsThereforeForexample,ifthespeakersaysthis:“Theearthisaboutfourtimesbiggerthanthemoon.”Youmaytakethisnote:Earth±4xbiggerMoonAnotherusefulsymbolisthedittomark(”),Thisrepeatsthewordsthatyouwroteonapreviousline.Supposeaprofessorinabiologyclasssaysthis:“Therearemanytypesofcrustaceans,andtheyliveinmanydifferenthabitats.Mostofthemaremarineanimals—theyliveinthesea.Somearefreshwateranimals,andafewtypesofcrustaceansliveontheland.”Youmighttakethesenotes:Manytypesofcrustaceans“environs.Mostcrustac.liveinseaSome““”freshwaterAfew“““onlandbesidesstandardabbreviationsandsymbols,youoftenneedtocreateyourownabbreviations.Therearetwocommonwaystoabbreviatewords.Youcanusethefirstfewlettersofaword.InformationinfoPresentationpresDefinitiondefRecommendationrecAntherwaystoabbreviatewordsistoleaveoutlettersfromthemiddleofwords.Internationalinternat'lInternationalinternat'lmktmgrMarketmktmgrMangerRememberthatyouwillbeusingyournotesasthelectureisover.Youcanprobablyrememberwhatyourabbreviationsmeanforafewminutes,Ifyoumissapoint,don'tworry.justkeeptakingnotes.Don'tworryaboutspelling,punctuation,orcorrectgrammar.don'tworryifyournotesaremessy.Rememberthatthereareno“perfect”notes.everyonehashisorherownstyleoftakingnotes.thereareonlythreeimportantissuesintakingnotesforthe“TEM”test.Aretheyaccurate?Dotheyhelpyouanswerthequestions?Canyouunderstandthem?Note—TAKINGEXERCISE1Nowstarttheprogram.Directions:listentoalistofwordsandphrases.Writedownyourownabbreviationsofthesewordsinthespacesbelow.(Thisvocabularycomesfromalectureonbusinessorganizationsthatyouwillbelisteningtoinordertoimproveyournote-takingskills.)Whenyouhavefinished,compareyournoteswiththoseofaclassmate.Checkforsimilaritiesanddifferencesinwhatyouwrote.YoucanalsocompareyournoteswiththoseintheAnswerKey.SampleabbreviationsappearintheAnswerKey: NOTE—TAKINGEXERCISE2DIRECTIONS:Workingbyyourselforwithapartner,usethelistofabbreviationsthatyouwroteinExercise1to“reconstruct”thefullformsofthewordsandphrasesthatyouheard.Thendiscussthemeaningoftheseterms. 11. 12. NOTE—TAKINGEXERCISE3NowstarttheAudioProgram.DIRECTIONS:Listentothefollowingsentences.Takenotesonthesesentencesusingabbreviationsandsymbolsandomittingunimportantwords.(Thesesentencescomefromalectureonbusinessorganizationsthatyouwillbelisteningtoinordertoimproveyournote-takingskills.)Whenyouhavefinishedtakingnotes,compareyournoteswiththoseofaclassmate.Checkforsimilaritiesanddifferencesinwhatyouwrote.YoucanalsocompareyournoteswiththesamplenotesintheAnswerKeys.1. Section11.Didyounotethattherewereoncethreemaintypesofbusinessorganizationsbutthatnowtherearefour?Yes No 2.Didyounotethenamesofthefourmaintypesofbusinessorganizations?(soleproprietorship,partnership,corporation,andlimitedliabilitycorporation)?Yes No Didyouabbreviatethenamesofthefourtypes?Yes No Section2Didyounotethatonepersonisincompletecontrolofsoleproprietorship?Yes No Didyounotethatasoleproprietorshipbeginswhentheownermakesthedecisiontostartabusiness?Yes No DidyouwritedownPaulSamuelson'sexampleofwhenasoleproprietorshipbegins?Yes No Didyouwritedownthemainadvantageofasoleproprietorship(thatthereisnoseparatetaxonit)?Yes No Didyouwritedownthemaindisadvantageofssoleproprietorship(thattheownerislegallyliableforallthecompany'sdebts)?Yes No Section3Didyounotethatapartnershipissimilartoasoleproprietorshipexceptthatapartnershiphasmorethanoneowner?Yes No Didyounotethatapartnershiphasthesametaxadvantageasasoleproprietorship?Yes No Didyounotetheexampletheauthorgaveoftheproblemthetwopartnerhadbecausetheywerebothsoleagents?Yes No Didyounotethatsomepartnershipshavesilentpartnerswhocontributemoneybutdonottakepartinmanagementdecisions?Yes No Section4Didyouwritedownthatthecorporationisthemostcomplexandthemostexpensivebusinessorganization?Yes No Didyounotethatthemostimportantfeatureofacorporationislimitedliabilityandthatcorporationsaredistinctlegalentities?Yes No Didyounoteinsomeway(byunderlining,circling,etc)thattheprofessionalemphasizedthepointthatcorporationsaredistinctlegalentities?Didyounotethatdoubletaxationisadisadvantagetocorporationsanddidyoudefinedoubletaxation?Yes No Didyouwritedownthattherearethreeimportantelementsinthestructureofthecorporation(stockholders,theboardofdirectors,andexecutiveofficers)?Yes No Didyounotethatshareholdershaveultimatecontrolbutusuallygivetheirvotestothecorporateofficers(votingbyproxy)?Yes No Didyouwritedownthattheboardofdirectorsmakesmajordecisionsandsetscompanypolicy?Yes No Didyounotethatday-to-dayoperationsofcorporationsareperformedbytheexecutiveofficersandthecorporatebureaucracy?Yes No DidyounotethattheCEOisoftenthechairmanoftheboard?Yes No Section5Didyounotethatthelimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)isbecomingmorepopularwithsmallerbusinesses?Yes No DidyoumotethatLLCisahybridorganizationwithfeaturesofbothapartnershipandacorporation?Yes No DidyounotethattheLLCeliminatesdoubletaxations?Yes No NOTE-TAKINGEXERCISE6Directions:Listenagaintothelectureonbusinessorganizationsandtakenotes.Afteryouhavelistenedtothelecture,useyournotestoanswertheTrue/Falsequestionsandthefill-in-the-blankquestionsattheendofthelecture.T/F1.Thelecturesaysthathehasnowaddedanewformofbusinessorganizationtohislecture.2. isarelativelynew