英国文学选读unit5课件

英国文学选读教学课件Unit2AdventureFictionWritersDanielDefoe(1660-1731)JonathanSwift(1667-1745)DanielDefoe(1660-1731)DanielDefoe,thesonofabutcher,wasborninLondon.Hereceivedagoodeducationinoneofthebestdissentingacademies.Insteadofbecomingaclergyman,hebecameahosier(袜商)andtraveledinSpain,Italy,FranceandGermany.Hewasamerchantandwasonceratherwealthy.Hewasalwaysinterestedinpolitics.Duringthe“GloriousRevolution”,hewasaloyalsupporterandtookgreatinterestinestablishingthenewgovernment.However,whetherbecauseofhisadventurousspeculation(投机)inbusinessoronaccountofthedisastrouslossesinshippingresultedfromEngland’swarswithFrance,Defoewasforcedintobankruptcyin1692.Inhisseventyyearsoflife,Defoepassedthroughallextremesoflife:frompovertytowealth,fromprosperitytoobscurity,fromNewgatePrisontoimmensepopularityandroyalfavor.Allthisisobscureenoughindetail,buttwofactsstandoutclearlyandareworthmentioning.WhenDefoewasnearly60yearsold,hewrotethegreatworkRobinsonCrusoe,forwhichhewasremembered.Itwasaninstantsuccess.Otherstoriesfollowedrapidly:CaptainSingleton(1720)(辛格顿船长),ColonelJacque(1722)(杰克上校),MollFlanders

(1722)(摩尔。弗兰德斯).Thelistgrewwithastonishingrapidity,endingwiththeHistoryoftheDevil(魔鬼的历史)in1726.Defoediedin1731.HewasburiedinwhatisnowBunhillfields.Commentsonthesignificanceofthenovel“RobinsonCrusoe”RobinsonCrusoeisoneoftheprotagonistsdrawnmostsuccessfullyinEnglishnovels.ThroughouthischaracterizationofCrusoe,Defoedepictshimasahero,strugglingagainstnatureandhumanfatewithhisindomitablewillandhand,andeulogizescreativelabor,physicalandmental,anallusiontotheglorificationofthebourgeoiscreativitieswhenitwasarisingandmoreenergeticclassintheinitialstageofitshistoricaldevelopment.Fromanindividuallaborertoamasterandcolonizer,Crusoeseemstohavegonethroughvariousstagesofhumancivilization.JONATHANSWIFT(1667-1745)wasbornofEnglishparentsinDublin,wherehewaseducatedatTrinityCollege,andin1713becameDeanofStPatrick'sCathedral.WhilepreviouslylivinginLondon,hehadmadefriendswithPope,Gay,andArbuthnot,formedwiththemtheScriblerusClub,andwrittenpropagandafortheToryadministrationofanotherclubmember,RobertHarley.HehadfirstmadehisfameasasatiristwithATaleofaTubandTheBattleoftheBooks(1704),andafterhisreturntoDublin(1714)heusedhisgeniusforpolemicalsatiretodefendIreland(i.e.AngloIrishProtestants)againstexploitationbytheEnglishWhigs,mostsensationallyinSModestProposal(1729).PoliticsfiguredinGulliver'sTravelsalso,butonlyasasingleelementinastoryofuniversalappeal,fullofhumorandexcitement.WrittenwhenSwiftwasnearly60,andfirstpublishedin1726,itatoncebecameliterallyoneoftheworld'sclassics.JonathanSwift(1667-1745)Gullivertravelstofourextraordinaryplaces.Inthefirst,peoplearefiveorsixinchestall,inthesecond,sixtyorseventyfeet.Thethirdisakindofsatelliteinhabitedbyabsurdlyimpracticalscientists,andthefourthisacountrygovernedbyhorseswhotreathumansasfilthyanimals.Byturnsexcitingandcomic,Gulliver'sfantasticadventureswereread,inthewordsofGay,‘fromthecabinet-counciltotheNursery’,asatravelbookandasapowerfulsatireonhumannature.

Thetextisbasedonthatof1735,incorporatingrevisionsbySwiftofthefirstedition.Thebookpresentsitselfasasimpletraveller'snarrativewiththedisingenuoustitleTravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld,itsauthorshipassignedonlyto"LemuelGulliver,firstasurgeon,thenacaptainofseveralships".Differenteditionscontaindifferentversionsoftheprefatorymaterialwhicharebasicallythesameasforewordsinmodernbooks.Thebookproperthenisdividedintofourparts,whichareasfollows.[edit]PartI:AVoyageToLilliputMuraldepictingGulliversurroundedbycitizensofLilliput.ThebookbeginswithashortpreambleinwhichGulliver,inthestyleofbooksofthetime,givesabriefoutlineofhislifeandhistorypriortohisvoyages.Heenjoystravelling.Thisturnsouttobefortunate.Onhisfirstvoyage,Gulliveriswashedashoreafterashipwreckandawakestofindhimselfaprisonerofaraceofsix-inch(15cm)tallpeople,inhabitantsoftheneighbouringandrivalcountriesofLilliputandBlefuscu.AftergivingassurancesofhisgoodbehaviourheisgivenaresidenceinLilliputandbecomesafavouriteofthecourt.TherefollowGulliver'sobservationsontheCourtofLilliput,whichisintendedtosatirizethecourtofthenKingGeorgeI.AfterheassiststheLilliputianstosubduetheirneighbourstheBlefuscudans(bystealingtheirfleet)butrefusestoreducethecountrytoaprovinceofLilliput.

AfterheassiststheLilliputianstosubduetheirneighbourstheBlefuscudans(bystealingtheirfleet)butrefusestoreducethecountrytoaprovinceofLilliput.ThissparkedoffdispleasurefromtheKingandthecourt.Heischargedwithtreasonandsentencedtobeblinded.Fortunately,withthetipoffandassistancefromakindfriend,GulliverescapestoBlefuscu,fromwhencehespotsandretrievesanabandonedboatandsailsouttoberescuedbyapassingshipwhichtakeshimbackhome.ThefeudingbetweentheLilliputiansandtheBlefuscudansismeanttorepresentthefeudingcountriesofEnglandandFrance,butthereasonforthewarismeanttosatirizethefeudbetweenCatholicsandProtestants,primarilytheLollardswhochallengedtransubstantiationoftheCatholicChurchwithconsubstantiation.[edit]PartII:AVoyagetoBrobdingnagGulliverExhibitedtotheBrobdingnagFarmerbyRichardRedgraveWhileexploringanewcountry,Gulliverisabandonedbyhiscompanionsandfoundbyafarmerwhois72feet(22meters)tall(thescaleofLilliputisapproximately1:12,ofBrobdingnag12:1)whotreatshimasacuriosityandexhibitshimformoney.HeisthenboughtbytheQueenofBrobdingnagandkeptasafavouriteatcourt.Inbetweensmalladventuressuchasfightinggiantwaspsandbeingcarriedtotheroofbyamonkey,hediscussesthestateofEuropewiththeKing,whoisnotimpressed.Onatriptotheseaside,his"travellingbox"isseizedbyagianteagleanddroppedintotheseawhereheispickedupbysailorsandreturnedtoEngland.[edit]PartIII:AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibarbi,Glubbdubdrib,LuggnaggandJapanGulliver'sshipisattackedbypiratesandheismaroonedonadesolaterockyisland.FortunatelyheisrescuedbytheflyingislandofLaputa,akingdomdevotedtotheartsofmusicandmathematicsbututterlyunabletousetheseforpracticalends.ThedevicedescribedsimplyasTheEngineispossiblythefirstliterarydescriptioninhistoryofsomethingresemblingacomputer.Laputa'smethodofthrowingrocksatrebellioussurfacecitiesalsoseemsthefirsttimethataerialbombardmentwasconceivedasamethodofwarfare.GulliveristhentakentoBalnibarbitoawaitaDutchtraderwhocantakehimontoJapanandthencetoEngland.Whilethere,hetoursthecountryastheguestofalow-rankingcourtierandseestheruinbroughtaboutbyblindpursuitofsciencewithoutpracticalresultsinasatireontheRoyalSocietyanditsexperiments.Healsoencountersthestruldbr