2015年考研英语一真题及答案解析

Section1UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"as cousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,"Mostpeopledonoteven7their butsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin."Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexin,fornow.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13than"functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople's 18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.SectionIIReading1[A]what[B]why[C]how2[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[Dadvised3、[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on4[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected5、[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6[A]Insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible7、[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek8[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble9、[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10、[A]MeanwhileB]Furthermore[C]Likewise11、[A]aboutB]to[C]from12、[A]limitB]observe[C]confuse13、[A]accordingtoB]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith14、[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions15、[A]fasterB]slower[C]later16、[A]forecastB]remember[C]express[D]disruptive17、[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C] 18、[A]tendencyBdecisionC]arrangement[D]endeavor19、[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic20、[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]lReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politiesand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexinsmonarchy’scontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohasp themonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.[C]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphTheroleofthenobilityinmodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticThenobility’sadherencetotheirTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats[D]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs参考答案:21.D22.C23.A24B25.JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchthecontentsofaphonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychanging.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinesto,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthrougha’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatdon'tviolatethe Amendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofauto useasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenew alofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatesearchfors’phoneswithoutachecks’phonecontentswithoutbeingpreventsfromdeletingtheirphoneprohibitsfromusingtheirTheauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneTheauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentiscomparablegettingintoone’sscanningone’sgoingthroughone’sInParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernprinciplesarehardtobeclearlythecourtis lessroomforphonesareusedtostoresensitivecitizens’privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethattheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.参考答案:26.B27.C28.A29DThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournal’seditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchweGiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“yprimarilyonadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingcesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthattheis“amostestepforward”and“longoverdue,”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalProfessionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliteandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.”VauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemeritbutaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstce.”ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIScienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindata [D]lackof ysisiscommoninresearchThephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtoGiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREposeathreattoallitspeers[B]meetwithstrongopposition[C]increaseScience’scirculation.[D]setanexampleforotherjournalsDavidVauxholdsthatwhatScience ngaddstoresearchers’diminishestheroleofhasroomforfurtheristofailintheforeseeableWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinDataysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’StatisticiansAreComingBackwith参考答案:31.B32.B33.D34CTwoyearsago.RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,spokeatthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,she“It’sincreasinglyabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithinernment,could eoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismanddom.”Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldforehadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewidedearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepoint forphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithas enormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedAccordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralthewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks’srevealeda centeredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineunfairwealtharigidmoral40WhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingsisofprimaryCommonhumanityiscentraltonewsMoralawarenessmattersineditinga参考答案:36.A37.B38.C39.A40.PartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr.(41) Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage—includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns—debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofa alresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inys,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinaknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.参考答案:41.C42.E43.G44.BPartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals—theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransnttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.ButtheofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarie