考研真题英语1994-2004

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阅读理解全真试题（1994—2004年）

Unit1

Passage1

TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasically

private-enterprise,market-oriented

economyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshalIbeproducedby

spendingtheirmoneyinthe

marketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Private

businessmen.strivingtomake

profits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithother

businessmen;andtheprofitmotive,

operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthese

goodsandservicesareproduced.

Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividual

consumers,coupIedwiththe

desireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividuals

tomaximizetheirincomes,that

togetherdeterminewhatshaIIbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedto

produceit.

Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhich

consumerdemands

canbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,

thismechanismisprovided

byapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfaIIinresponse

torelativedemandsofconsumers

andsuppIiesofferedbyseiIerproducers.IftheproductisinshortsuppIy

relativetothedemand,theprice

wiIIbebidupandsomeconsumerswiIIbeeliminatedfromthemarket.

If,ontheotherhand,producing

moreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswiIItendto

increasethesupplyofferedby

seiler-producers.whichinturnwiIIlowerthepriceandpermitmore

consumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,

priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.

Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividuals

areaIlowedtoown

productiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohire

Iabor,gaincontrolovernaturaI

resources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.Inthe

Americaneconomy,theconceptof

privatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresources

butalsocertainrights,

includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafree

contractwithanotherprivate

individual.

51.InLine7,Para.1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheir

incomes“means__d.

2

[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes

[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes

[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased

[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes

52.ThefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtelIusthat

[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction

[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers

[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts

[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices

53.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyis

characterizedby

[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned

[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol

[C]ownershipofproductiveresources

[D]freecontractsandprices

54.Thepassageismainlyabout

[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced

[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods

[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks

[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofits

Passage2

OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issued

creditcard.Theytheir

ownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhoteIs,athome,

acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,

andtheymakemanybankingservicesavaiIableaswell.Moreandmoreof

thesecreditcardscanberead

automatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyin

scatteredlocations,whetherornotthe

localbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety“isnot

onthehorizon——it'salready

here.

Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemany

advantagesforseilerstoo.

Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.

Theycankeepawiderangeof

records,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformation

aIIowsbusinessmentokeep

trackoftheirIistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldand

howfasttheyaremoving.

Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.At

thesametimethesecomputers

3

recordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichempIoyeesarethemostefficient,

allowingpersonneland

staffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.AndtheyaIsoidentify

preferredcustomersforpromotional

campaigns.ComputersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimiIarreasons.

Computer-anaIyzedmarketing

reportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichto

developforthefuture,andwhich

todrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,

andevenoftheproduction

processitself.

Numerousothercommericalenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazine

pubIishers,fromgasand

electricutilitiestomiIkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficient

servicestoconsumersthroughtheuse

ofcomputers.

55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenabIesitsownerto

[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes

[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopIedo

[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper

[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto

56.FromtheIastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat.

[A]inthefutureaIItheAmericanswiIIusecreditcards

[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday

[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash

[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore

57.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

/Zff

[A]makeanorderofgoods

[B]recordsalesonacashregister

[C]calIthesalesmanager

[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock

58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.

[B]conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.

[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.

[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.

Passage3

ExceptionalchiIdrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothers

ofthesameage.Forthese

chiIdrentodeveIoptotheirfulIadultpotentiaI.theireducationmust

beadaptedtothosedifferences.

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AlthoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchiIdren,wefindourselves

describingtheir

environmentaswell.WhiletheIeadingactoronthestagecapturesour

attention,weareawareofthe

importanceofthesupportingpIayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.

Boththefamilyandthesocietyin

whichexceptionalchiIdrenIiveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthand

development.AnditisinthepubIic

schoolsthatwefindthefuIIexpressionofsociety*sunderstanding一

theknowledge,hopes,andfears

thatarepassedontothenextgeneration.

Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwe

canseethestrengths,the

weaknesses,thehopes,thepreJudices,andthecentralvaluesofthe

cultureitself.Thegreatinterestin

exceptionalchiIdrenshowninpubIiceducationoverthepastthree

decadesindicatesthestrongfeelingin

oursocietythatalIcitizens,whatevertheirspeciaIconditions,deserve

theopportunitytofullydevelop

theircapabiIities.

“Allmenarecreatedequal.〃We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhas

importantmeaningfor

educationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythis

country*sfounderstodenote

equalitybeforethelaw,ithasaIsobeeninterpretedtomeanequaIity

ofopportunity.ThatconceptimpIies

educationaIopportunityforaIIchiIdren-therightofeachchildto

receivehelpinlearningtothe

Iimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmaIIorgreat.

Recentcourtdecisionshave

confirmedtherightofalIchiIdren一disabIedornot一toan

appropriateeducation,andhaveordered

thatpubIicschooIstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.

Inresponse,schooIsaremodifying

theirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochiIdrenwhoareexceptional,

tothosewhocannotprofit

substantiallyfromregularprograms.

59.Inparagrah2.theauthorcitestheexampIeoftheIeadingactor

onthestagetoshowthat.

[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchiIdrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamiIy

andthesociety

[B]exceptionaIchiIdrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiIiesthan

normaIchiIdrenare

[C]exceptionalchiIdrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety

[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsofthe

exceptionaIchiIdren

60.ThereasonthattheexceptionalchiIdrenreceivesomuchconcernin

educationisthat.

[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety

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[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety

[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentiaIs

[D]disabledchiIdrendeservespecialconsideration

61.Thispassagemainlydealswith.

[A]thedifferencesofchiIdrenintheirlearningcapabiIities

[B]thedefinitionofexceptionaIchiIdreninmodernsociety

[C]thespeciaIeducationaIprogramsforexceptionaIchiIdren

[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchiIdren

62.FromthispassageweIearnthattheeducationalconcernfor

exceptionalchiIdren.

[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport

[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry

[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry*sfounders

[D]wiIIexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisions

Passage4

〃lhavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewerIIknowinvast

detaiIhowcancercells

arise,“saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer."But,"

hecautions,“somepeopIehave

theideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewiIIrapidly

follow.ConsiderPasteur,he

discoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyor

sixtyyearsbeforecureswere

avaiIable.，z

Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peopIewhosufferfromcancerwiII

surviveatleastfiveyears.

Intheyear2000,theNationaICancerInstituteestimates,thatfigure

wiIIbe75percent.Forsomeskin

cancers,thefive-yearsurvivaIrateisashighas90percent.Butother

survivalstatisticsarestill

discouraging-13percentforIungcancer,and2percentforcancerof

thepancreas.

Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworks

isnoteasy.The

researchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscovered

thatoncogenes,whichare

cancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcelIs.Anythingfromcosmic

raystoradiationtodietmay

activateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.IfseveraI

oncogenesaredrivenintoaction,the

cell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.

TheexactmechanismsinvoIvedarestillmysterious,buttheIikeIihood

thatmanycancersare

initiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewi11neverpreventalI

cancers."Changesareanormalpart

oftheevolutionaryprocess,saysoncologistWilliamHayward,

Environmentalfactorscanneverbe

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totaIIyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan'tprepareamedicine

againstcosmicrays.”

Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.

“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalceIIcontrolsitself,Second,

wehavetodetermine

whetherthereareaIimitednumberofgenesincellswhichareaI-ways

responsibleforatleastpartofthe

trouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractits

action.”

63.TheexampIeofPasteurinthepassageisusedto.

[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade

[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright

[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears

[D]warnthatthereisstiIIalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered

64.TheauthorimpIiesthatbytheyear2000,.

[A]therewiIIbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateof

skin-cancerpatients

[B]90percentofheskin-cancerpatientstodaywiIIstillbeIiving

[C]thesurvivalstatisticswiIIbefairlyevenamongpatientswith

variouscancers

[D]therewon,tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofalIcancer

patients

65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes.

[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson

[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated

[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells

[D]whichnormalceIIcan,tturnoff

66.Theword“dormant“inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans

[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentiaI

Passage5

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”

tocomeinblindingflasher

orastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,

asIegendwouldhaveit,lookatthe

moldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpeniciIlinthereandthen.

Heexperimeritedwith

antibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.

InventionsandinnovationsaImost

alwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.InnovationisIikesoccer;

eventhebestpIayersmissthe

goaIandhavetheirshotsbIockedmuchmorefrequentIythantheyscore.

TheypointisthatthepIayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakethe

mostshotsatthegoal一and

soitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifference

betweeninnovatorsandothersis

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oneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciously

ontheirsrandtheyfollowthem

throughuntiItheyprovepracticableorotherwise.WhatordinarypeopIe

seeasfancifulabstractions,

professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibiIities.

“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'sno

particularvirtueindoingthings

thewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,“wroteRudolphFlesch,aIanguage

authority.Thisaccountsforour

reactionsoseeminglysimpleinnovationsIikeplasticgarbagebagsand

suitcasesonwheeIsthatmake

Iifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”

Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasit

appears.InnovatorswiIInot

acceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.Facedwithgettingfrom

AtoB,theaveragepersonwill

automaticaIIysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.

TheinnovatorwiIIsearchfor

alternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandarebound

tobemoreinterestingand

chaiIengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.

HighlycreativeindividualsreaIIydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.

67.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind"inthefirst

paragraph?

[A]ApersonignorantofthehardworkinvoIvedinexperimentation.

[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.

[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.

[D]AnindividuaIwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.

68.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfrom

non-innovators?

[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.

[B]TheinteIIigencetheypossess.

[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.

[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.

69.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because.

[A]RudoIphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhuman

creativity

[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividuals

lookfornewwaysofdoing

things

[C]thereaderisfamiIiarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofview

[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented

70.Thephrase"marchtoadifferentdrummer”(theIastIineofthe

passage)suggeststhathighlycreative

individualsare.

[A]diIigentinpursuingtheirgoals

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[B]reIuctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings

[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience

[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsociety

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Unit2

Passage1

MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentasweIIasanyIknowof.It

servesdirectlytoassista

rapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestabIishing

afirmhomemarketandsomakingit

possibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawing

attentiontonewideasithelps

enormouslytoraisestandardsofIiving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemand

itensuresanincreasedneedfor

labour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunempIoyment.Itlowers

thecostsofmanyservices:

withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,

thepriceofyourtelevision

Iicencewouldneedtobedoubled,andtraveIbybusortubewouldcost

20percentmore.

Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeof

reasonablevaIueinthe

productsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenacts

ofParIiamentgoverntheterms

ofadvertising,noreguIaradvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfails

toIiveuptothepromiseofhis

advertisements.HemightfoolsomepeopIeforaIittIewhilethrough

misleadingadvertising.HewiIInot

dosoforlong,formercifullythepubIichasthegoodsensenottobuy

theinferiorarticlemorethanonce.

IfyouseeanarticleconsistentIyadvertised,itisthesurestproof

Iknowthatthearticledoeswhatis

cIaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvaIue.

Advertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythanany

otherforceIcanthinkof.

ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentIyIhearda

weIIknowntelevision

personalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuades

ratherthaninforms.Hewas

drawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseeksto

persuade.

Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitself

wouldbedifficultifnot

impossibletoachieve,forevenadetaiIsuchasthechoiceofthecolour

ofashirtissubtIy

persuasive-advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayany

attention.Butperhapsthatiswhat

theweII-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.

51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat.

[A]heisfairlyfamiIiarwiththecostofadvertising

[B]everybodyknowsweIIthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming

[C]advertisingcostsmoneyIikeeverythingelse

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[D]itisworthwhiIetospendmoneyonadvertising

52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincIudedinthe

advantagesofadvertising?

[A]Securinggreaterfame.

[B]Providingmorejobs.

[0]EnhancingIivingstandards.

[D]Reducingnewspapercost.

53.TheauthordeemsthattheweII-knownTVpersonalityis.

[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgementonadvertising

[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers,attention

[C]correctintelIingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation

[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising

54.Intheauthor*sopinion,.

[A]advertisingcanseIdombringmateriaIbenefittomanbyproviding

information

[B]advertisinginformspeopIeofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover

[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer

[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfroman

advertisement

Passage2

Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth;oneaproduct,theotherasa

process.PeopIehave

generallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthat

caneasilybeindentifiedand

measured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegrades

improve,theforeignerwho

learnsanewlanguagealItheseareexamplesofpeopIewhohave

measurableresultstoshowfor

theirefforts.

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficultto

determine,sincebydefinition

itisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongthe

way.Theprocessisnottheroad

itself,butrathertheattitudesandfeeIingspeopIehave,theircaution

orcourage,astheyencounternew

experiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneynever

reaIlyends;therearealways

newwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchaIlengesto

accept.

Inordertogrow,totraveInewroads,peopIeneedtohaveawiIIingness

totakerisks,toconfrontthe

unknown,andtoacceptthepossibiIitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.

Howweseeourselvesaswetrya

newwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceive

ourselvesasquickandcurious?If

so,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiIiar

experiences.Dowethinkwe're

shyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,

tomoveslowly,andnottotakea

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stepuntiIweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe'reslowtoadapt

tochangeorthatwe'renotsmart

enoughtocopewithanewchailenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamore

passiveroleornottryatall.

ThesefeelingsofinsecurityandseIf-doubtarebothunavoidableand

necessaryifwearetochange

andgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsand

doubts,ifweprotectourselvestoo

much,thenweceasetogrow.WebecometrappedinsideasheIIofourown

making.

55.ApersonisgenerallybeIievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen

A-r

ihehasgivenuphissmokinghabit

r

B-

>hehasmadegreat