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免疫球蛋白的结构与功能的关系第一页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日SignallingantigenreceptorsonBcells-bifunctionalantigen-binding secretedmolecules(B细胞表面受体和分泌的抗体)Structuralconservationandinfinitevariability-domainstructure(结构上不仅保守而且无限可变的).TheImmunoglobulinGeneSuperfamily(免疫球蛋白的超家族)Theimmunoglobulinfold(免疫球蛋白的折叠)Frameworkandcomplementaritydeterminingregions-hypervariable loops(框架结构和可变区)Modesofinteractionswithantigens(与抗原相互作用的模型)Effectormechanismsandisotype–roleoftheFc.(Fc区的作用)MultimericantibodiesandmultimerisationCharacteristicsandpropertiesofeachIgisotypeIgreceptorsandtheirfunctionsImmunoglobulinStructure-FunctionRelationship第二页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CellsurfaceantigenreceptoronBcellsB细胞表面受体和分泌的抗体AllowsBcellstosensetheirantigenicenvironmentConnectsextracellularspacewithintracellularsignallingmachinerySecretedantibody(抗体) Neutralisation(中和作用) Arming/recruitingeffectorcells(激活或者诱导功能细胞) Complementfixation(帮助机体对抗原的清除)ImmunoglobulinStructure-FunctionRelationship第三页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日ImmunoglobulinsareBifunctionalProteinsImmunoglobulinsmustinteractwithasmallnumberof specialisedmolecules-(免疫球蛋白必须与特殊分子相互作用) Fcreceptorsoncells(细胞表面的Fc受体) Complementproteins(辅助蛋白) Intracellularcellsignallingmolecules(细胞内信号转导分子)whilstsimultaneouslyrecognisinganinfinitearrayof antigenicdeterminants.(同时能够识别无限抗原族)第四页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Structuralconservationandacapacityforinfinitevariabilityina singlemoleculeisprovidedbyaDOMAINstructure.(结构上不仅保守而且无限可变的-抗体结构域)Igdomainsarederivedfromasingleancestralgenethathas duplicated,diversifiedandbeenmodifiedtoendowan assortmentoffunctionalqualitiesonacommonbasicstructure(Ig结构域源于一个原始基因,复制,多元化,修饰等)Igdomainsarenotrestrictedtoimmunoglobulins(Ig结构域不仅仅局限于免疫球蛋白).ThemoststrikingcharacteristicoftheIgdomainisadisulphide bond-linkedstructureof110aminoacidslong(Ig结构域最明显的特点是其双硫键,连接了110个氨基酸).Immunoglobulindomains第五页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日ThegenesencodingIgdomainsarenotrestrictedtoIggenes.Althoughfirstdiscoveredinimmunoglobulins,theyarefoundinasuperfamilyofrelatedgenes,particularlythoseencodingproteinscrucialtocell-cellinteractionsandmolecularrecognitionsystems.IgSFmoleculesarefoundinmostcelltypesandarepresentacrosstaxonomicboundariesIggenesuperfamily-IgSF第六页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日AntibodiesareProteinsthatRecognizeSpecificAntigens
抗体能够特异性的识别抗原第七页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Epitopes(抗原决定簇):AntigenRegionsthatInteractwithAntibodies第八页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日ConsequencesofAntibodyBinding
抗体结合效应第九页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CLVLSSSSSSSSCH3CH2CH1VHFcFabF(ab)2Domainsarefolded,compact,proteaseresistantstructuresDomainStructureofImmunoglobulins免疫球蛋白的结构域Pepsincleavagesites-1x(Fab)2&1xFcPapaincleavagesites-2xFab1xFcLightchainCdomainskorlHeavychainCdomainsa,d,e,g,orm第十页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3第十一页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2第十二页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1第十三页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1第十四页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1VL第十五页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1CLVL第十六页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1CLVL第十七页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日HingeCH3CH2CH1VH1VLCLElbow第十八页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2FbFvFvFvFbFvHingeElbowCH3CH2FbFvFlexibilityandmotionofimmunoglobulins第十九页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日HingeFvFbFabCH3CH2CH1VH1VLCLFcElbowCarbohydrate第二十页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日TheImmunoglobulinFoldThecharacteristicstructuralmotifofallIgdomainsBarrelunderconstructionAbarrelmadeofasheetofstavesarrangedinafoldedoversheetAbbarrelof7(CL)or8(VL)polypeptidestrandsconnectedbyloopsandarrangedtoencloseahydrophobicinteriorSingleVLdomain第二十一页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日UnfoldedVLregionshowing8antiparallelb-pleatedsheetsconnectedbyloops.NH2COOHSSTheImmunoglobulinFold第二十二页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Immunoglobulinsmustinteractwithafinitenumberof specialisedmolecules-EasilyexplainedbyacommonFcregionirrespectiveofspecificity-whilstsimultaneouslyrecognisinganinfinitearrayof antigenicdeterminants.Inimmunoglobulins,whatisthestructuralbasisfortheinfinitediversityneededtomatchtheantigenicuniverse?ImmunoglobulinsareBifunctionalProteins第二十三页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日AminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120CytochromesCVariabilityofaminoacidsinrelatedproteinsWu&Kabat1970AminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120HumanIgheavychains第二十四页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日FR1FR2FR3FR4CDR2CDR3CDR1Distinctregionsofhighvariabilityandconservationledtotheconcept ofaFRAMEWORK(FR),onwhichhypervariableregionswere suspended.FrameworkandHypervariableregionsAminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120Mosthypervariableregionscoincidedwithantigencontactpoints- theCOMPLEMENTARITYDETERMININGREGIONS(CDRs)第二十五页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日HypervariableregionsHypervariableCDRsarelocatedonloopsattheendoftheFvregions第二十六页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Space-fillingmodelof(Fab)2,viewedfromabove,illustratingthesurfacelocationofCDRloopsLightchains GreenandbrownHeavychains CyanandblueCDRs Yellow第二十七页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日TheframeworksupportsthehypervariableloopsTheframeworkformsacompactbbarrel/sandwichwitha hydrophobiccoreThehypervariableloopsjoin,andaremoreflexiblethan,theb strandsThesequencesofthehypervariableloopsarehighlyvariable amongstantibodiesofdifferentspecificitiesThevariablesequencesofthehypervariableloopsinfluences theshape,hydrophobicityandchargeatthetipoftheantibodyVariableaminoacidsequenceinthehypervariableloops accountsforthediversityofantigensthatcanberecognisedby arepertoireofantibodiesHypervariableloopsandframework:Summary第二十八页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日AntigensvaryinsizeandcomplexityProtein:InfluenzahaemagglutininHapten:5-(para-nitrophenylphosphonate)-pentanoicacid.第二十九页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日AntibodiesinteractwithantigensinavarietyofwaysAntigeninsertsintoapocketintheantibodyAntigeninteractswithanextendedantibodysurfaceoragrooveintheantibodysurface第三十页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CH3CH2FbFvFvFvFbFvHingeElbowCH3CH2FbFvFlexibilityandmotionofimmunoglobulins第三十一页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日30stronglyneutralisingMcAb60stronglyneutralisingMcAbFabregions60weaklyneutralisingMcAbFabregionsHumanRhinovirus14-acommoncoldvirus30nmModelsofHumanRhinovirus14neutralisedbymonoclonalantibodies第三十二页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日ElectronmicrographsofAntibodiesandcomplementopsonisingEpsteinBarrVirus(EBV)NegativelystainedEBVEBVcoatedwithacoronaofanti-EBVantibodiesEBVcoatedwithantibodiesandactivatedcomplementcomponents第三十三页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Antibody+complement-mediateddamagetoE.coliHealthyE.coliElectronmicrographsoftheeffectofantibodiesandcomplementuponbacteria第三十四页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Non-covalentforcesinantibody-antigeninteractionsElectrostaticforces AttractionbetweenoppositechargesHydrogenbonds HydrogenssharedbetweenelectronegativeatomsVanderWaal’sforces Fluctuationsinelectroncloudsaroundmolecules oppositelypolariseneighbouringatomsHydrophobicforces Hydrophobicgroupspacktogethertoexclude water(involvesVanderWaal’sforces)第三十五页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日WhydoantibodiesneedanFcregion?DetectantigenPrecipitateantigenBlocktheactivesitesoftoxinsorpathogen-associated moleculesBlockinteractionsbetweenhostandpathogen-associated moleculesThe(Fab)2fragmentcan-InflammatoryandeffectorfunctionsassociatedwithcellsInflammatoryandeffectorfunctionsofcomplementThetraffickingofantigensintotheantigenprocessing pathwaysbutcannotactivate第三十六页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日StructureandfunctionoftheFcregionCH3CH2IgAIgDIgGCH4CH3CH2IgEIgMThehingeregionisreplacedbyanadditionalIgdomainFcstructureiscommontoallspecificitiesofantibodywithinanISOTYPE(althoughthereareallotypes)Thestructureactsasareceptorforcomplementproteinsandaligandforcellularbindingsites第三十七页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日MonomericIgMIgMonlyexistsasamonomeronthesurfaceofBcellsCm4containsthetransmembraneandcytoplasmicregions.TheseareremovedbyRNAsplicingtoproducesecretedIgMMonomericIgMhasaverylowaffinityforantigenCm4Cm3Cm2Cm1N.B.Onlyconstantheavychaindomainsareshown第三十八页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Cm3bindsC1qtoinitiateactivationoftheclassicalcomplementpathwayCm1bindsC3btofacilitateuptakeofopsonisedantigensbymacrophagesCm4mediatesmultimerisation(Cm3mayalsobeinvolved)Cm4Cm3Cm2Cm1N.B.OnlyconstantheavychaindomainsareshownPolymericIgMIgMformspentamersandhexamers第三十九页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日CCCCCCMultimerisationofIgMCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCssssssCCss1.TwoIgMmonomersintheER (Fcregionsonlyshown)2.CysteinesintheJchainformdisulphidebondswithcysteinesfromeachmonomertoformadimer3.AJchaindetachesleavingthedimerdisulphidebonded.4.AJchaincapturesanotherIgMmonomerandjoinsittothedimer.5.Thecycleisrepeatedtwicemore6.TheJchainremainsattachedtotheIgMpentamer.第四十页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日Antigen-inducedconformationalchangesinIgMPlanaror‘Starfish’conformationfoundinsolution.DoesnotfixcomplementStapleor‘crab’conformationofIgMConformationchangeinducedbybindingtoantigen.Efficientatfixingcomplement第四十一页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgMfactsandfiguresHeavychain:
m-MuHalf-life:
5to10days%ofIginserum: 10Serumlevel(mgml-1):
0.25-3.1Complementactivation:
++++byclassicalpathwayInteractionswithcells:
PhagocytesviaC3breceptors
EpithelialcellsviapolymericIgreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
NoAffinityforantigen:
MonomericIgM-lowaffinity-valencyof2
PentamericIgM-highavidity-valencyof10第四十二页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgDfactsandfiguresIgDisco-expressedwithIgMonBcellsduetodifferentialRNAsplicingLevelofexpressionexceedsIgMonnaïveBcellsIgDplasmacellsarefoundinthenasalmucosa-howeverthefunctionofIgDinhostdefenceisunknown-knockoutmiceinconclusiveLigationofIgDwithantigencanactivate,deleteoranergiseBcellsExtendedhingeregionconferssusceptibilitytoproteolyticdegradationHeavychain:
d-DeltaHalf-life:
2to8days%ofIginserum: 0.2Serumlevel(mgml-1):
0.03-0.4Complementactivation:
NoInteractionswithcells:
TcellsvialectinlikeIgDreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
No第四十三页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgAdimerisationandsecretionIgAisthemajorisotypeofantibodysecretedatmucosalsufacesExistsinserumasamonomer,butmoreusuallyasaJchain-linkeddimer,thatisformedinasimilarmannertoIgMpentamers.JCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssIgAexistsintwosubclassesIgA1ismostlyfoundinserumandmadebybonemarrowBcellsIgA2ismostlyfoundinmucosalsecretions,colostrumandmilkandismadebyBcellslocatedinthemucosae第四十四页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日EpithelialcellJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssSecretoryIgAandtranscytosisBJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCsspIgR&IgAareinternalised‘Stalk’ofthepIgRisdegradedtoreleaseIgAcontainingpartofthepIgR-thesecretorycomponentJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssIgAandpIgRaretransportedtotheapicalsurfaceinvesiclesBcellslocatedinthesubmucosaproducedimericIgAPolymericIgreceptorsareexpressedonthebasolateralsurfaceofepithelialcellstocaptureIgAproducedinthemucosa第四十五页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgAfactsandfiguresHeavychains:
a1
ora2-Alpha1or2Half-life:
IgA15-7days
IgA24-6daysSerumlevels(mgml-1):
IgA11.4-4.2
IgA20.2-0.5%ofIginserum: IgA111-14
IgA21-4Complementactivation:
IgA1-byalternativeandlectinpathway
IgA2-NoInteractionswithcells:
EpithelialcellsbypIgR
PhagocytesbyIgAreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
NoToreducevulnerabilitytomicrobialproteasesthehingeregionofIgA2istruncated,andinIgA1thehingeisheavilyglycosylated.IgAisinefficientatcausinginflammationandelicitsprotectionbyexcluding,binding,cross-linkingmicroorganismsandfacilitatingphagocytosis第四十六页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgEfactsandfiguresIgEappearslateinevolutioninaccordancewithitsroleinprotectingagainstparasiteinfectionsMostIgEisabsorbedontothehighaffinityIgEreceptorsofeffectorcellsIgEisalsocloselylinkedwithallergicdiseasesHeavychain: e-EpsilonHalf-life:
1-5daysSerumlevel(mgml-1):
0.0001-0.0002%ofIginserum: 0.004Complementactivation:
NoInteractionswithcells:
ViahighaffinityIgEreceptorsexpressed bymastcells,eosinophils,basophils andLangerhanscells
VialowaffinityIgEreceptoronBcells andmonocytesTransplacentaltransfer:
No第四十七页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日ThehighaffinityIgEreceptor(FceRI)achainbchaing2SSSSSSCe1Ce1Ce2Ce2Ce3Ce3Ce4Ce4Ce1Ce1Ce2Ce2Ce3Ce3Ce4Ce4TheIgE-FceRIinteractionisthehighestaffinityofanyFcreceptorwithanextremelylowdissociationrate.BindingofIgEtoFceRIincreasesthehalflifeofIgECe3ofIgEinteractswiththeachainofFceRIcausingaconformationalchange.第四十八页,共五十二页,2022年,8月28日IgGfactsandfiguresHeavychains:
g1g2g3g4-Gamma1-4Half-life:
IgG1 21-24days IgG2 21-24days
IgG3 7-8days IgG4 21-24daysSerumlevel(mgml-1):
IgG1 5-12 IgG2 2-6
IgG3 0.5-1 IgG4 0.2-1%ofIginserum: IgG1 45-53 IgG2 11-15
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