年考研英语冲刺班讲义

07考研英语冲刺班讲义及内部模拟试题（周固）考研冲刺班讲义义[主讲人：周周固]一：英语知知识运用05版：Thehumannnoseeisaanundderrattedtoool.HHumanssareoftennthouughtttobeinsennsitivvesmeellersscompparedwithanimaals,((1)thhisisslarggelybbecausse,(22)aniimals,,wesstanduprigght.TThismmeansthatournnosesare((3)toopercceivinngthoosesmmellswhichhfloaatthooughttheaiir,(44)theemajoorityofsmmellswhichhsticcktosurfaaces.Infaact,((5),wweareeextrremelyysenssitiveetossmellss,(6))weddonottgeneerallyyreallizeiit.Ouurnossesarrecappableof(77)hummansmmellsevenwhentheseeare(8)ttofarrbeloowoneeparttinoonemiillionn.Straangelyy,sommepeoopleffindtthatttheyccansmmelloonetyypeoffflowwerbuutnottanotther,(9)ootherssaresensiitivetothhesmeellsoofbotthfloowers..Thissmaybebeecauseesomeepeoppledoonothavetheggenesnecesssarytogeeneratte(100)smeellreeceptoorsinnthenose..Thesserecceptorrsareethecellsswhicchsennsesmmellsandssend((11)ttotheebraiin.Hooweverr,ithasbbeenffoundthatevenpeoplleinssensittivettoaccertaiinsmeell(112)caansudddenlyybecoomeseensitiivetooitwwhen((13)ttoitoftennenouugh.Theexplaanatioonforrinseensitiivitytosmmellsseemstobeethattbraiinfinndsitt(14))tokkeepaallsmmellrrecepttorswworkinngalllthetimebutccan(115)neewrecceptorrsifnecesssary..Thissmay(16)explaainwhhywearennotussuallyysenssitiveetooourowwnsmeellswwesimmplyddonottneeddtobbe.Weearenot((17)ooftheeusuaalsmeelloffourownhhousebutwwe(188)newwsmelllswhhenweevisiitsommeoneelse''s.Thhebraainfiindsiitbessttokeepsmelllreceeptorss(19))forunfammiliarrandemerggencysignaals(220)thhesmeelloffsmokke,whhichmmightindiccatetthedaangeroffiire.11.［A］althhough［B］as［C］but［D］whille2.［A］abovve［B］unliike［C］exclludingg［D］besiides33.［A］limiited［B］commiitted［C］dediccated［D］confiined44.［A］catcching［B］ignooring［C］misssing［D］traccking5.［A］anywway［B］thouggh［C］insttead［D］therreforee6.［A］evennif［B］ifoonly［C］onlyyif［D］asiif7.［A］disttinguiishingg［B］discooverinng[C]]deterrmininng［D］deteectingg8.［A］dilutted［B］dissoolved［C］dispeersed［D］diffuused99.［A］whenn［B］sincce［C］for［D］wherreas110.［A］unussual［B］partticulaar［C］uniqque［D］typiical111.［A］signns［B］stimuuli［C］messsages［D］impuulses12.［A］atffirst［B］ataall［C］atllarge［D］atttimes13.［A］subjjectedd［B］leftt［C］drawwn［D］expoosed114.［A］inefffectiive［B］incommpetennt［C］ineffficiennt［D］insuffficieent155.［A］intrroducee［B］summmon［C］triggger[[D］creaate166.［A］stilll［B］alsoo［C］otheerwisee［D］neveerthelless117.［A］suree［B］sickk［C］awarre［D］tireed18..［A］toleerate［B］repeel［C］neglect［D］notice19.［A］available［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable20.［A］similarto［B］suchas［C］alongwith［D］asidefrom06版：ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.1,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8__.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19__it,“Therehastobe20__ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal.”1.［A］Indeed［B］Likewise［C］Therefore［D］Furthermore2.［A］stand［B］cope［C］approve［D］retain3.［A］in［B］for［C］with［D］toward4.［A］raise［B］add［C］take［D］keep5.［A］Generally［B］Almost［C］Hardly［D］Not6.［A］cover［B］change［C］range［D］differ7.［A］Nowthat［B］Although［C］Provided［D］Exceptthat8.［A］inflating［B］expanding［C］increasing［D］extending9.［A］predicts［B］displays［C］proves［D］discovers10.［A］assist［B］track［C］sustain［D］dismiss11.［A］Hence［B］But［C］Even［D］Only12.［A］lodging［B］shelter［C］dwelling［D］house13.［A］searching［B］strolling［C］crowding［D］wandering14.［A］when［B］once［C］while［D］whereas15.［A］life［B］existence［C］survival［D］maintenance16.［A］around［B］over［C］on［D］up17.［A］complex［B］comprehensive［C］complementary［D］compensating18.［A］So［B］Since［C］As［D］Thus19.［A］puts［B］interprets［C］assumes［D］makes20.［A］supervision［B］manipulation［C］regulation［D］coordination英译汉05版ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotlycontestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheoldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoicethatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonductions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.06版IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底的)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals—theaveragescientist,forone.(48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(50)Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin“publicandindustriousthoughts”,asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.——Q47满分译文参考：（1）他的功能是一个分析家，好比一个法官，他必须接受这个责任：用尽可能明显的方式揭示导致他做出决定的这个原因的过程。（2）他的功能类似于一个有责任和义务用尽可能明显的方式展现导致他做出决定的理性过程的法官。（3）他的功能与法官相似，必须以尽可能明显的方式对引导他做出判断的推理过程进行揭示为己任。（4）他的作用被类比为一名法官，这个法官必须以显而易见的方式尽可能接受导致他做出决定的推理过程所揭示的责任。（5）知识分子的职能是具有分析能力的审判官，他必须接受这样的责任，用尽可能明显的方式揭示出他得出结论的推理过程。写作Directions：（04版）Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing.2)interpretitsmeaning,and.3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)终点又是起点Sample1Asisshowninthepicture,onarrivingatthefinishinglineofaraceontheplayground,theactiveyoungmanhastocontinuehisnewjourneyinnotimeinsteadofstoppingtotakearest.Hehassuccessfullysettledthepuzzleof“stoppingorgoingon”whichmighthaveconfusedmanyothers.Withtheincreasingpaceofmodernlife,perhapsnochangehascharacterizedthepastdecademoredramaticallythatthatofpeople'sviewontheirlife.Itisgenerallyagreeduponthatpeoplehavetoadjustthemselvestothisnewchange.Ontheonehand,nodoubt,peoplewillgainalotbysettingnewgoalsintheirdailylife.TakethefamousscientistThomasEdisonforexample.Hehaddoneverywellinhisearlylife,butcontinuedtopursuesomethingmoredifficultallthroughhislife.Ontheotherhand,ifoneisobsessedwiththesuccesshehasachieved,hewouldlosethechancetopursuenewsuccess.What'smore,hemaybecometheslaveofhissuccess.Therearemanycasesshowingthatpeoplelosetheircouragetobetterthemselvesafterbecomingsuccessful.Tosumup,one'sviewonhissuccessdetermineshisfuture.Inmyopinion,itisnecessarytocarryoutanation-widecampaignpublicizingpeoplewhohaveaburningdesireformoreandevergreaterachievementwhentheyarealreadywellknown.Sothatpeopleinthesocietywilldevelopaforward-lookingattitudeandmaketheirlifeworthlivingandtheworldmorebeautifulaswell.Sample2Thedrawingdepictsthataboyafteralongdistancerunning,isjusthittingtheendingrod.Therearetwomarksontheground.Theoneaftertheboymarks“ending”andtheoneinfrontoftheboymarks“starting”.Fromthedrawing,wecanconcludeeasilythat“Endingmeansanotherbeginning”.Defferentracesthatcomeonearoundanotherconsistourlives.Wehavenochoicebuttofacethem.Incollege,we“run”withourclassmates.Incompany,we“run”withourcolleagues.Duringtherace,wemustalwaystryourbestforifyouarelazyyouwilllossyourposition.To“run”fasterandtokeepupwiththequickdevelopmentofmoderntechnologyandoursocietyistheprincipleoffuturesociety.Theearlyyouendtherace,theearlyyoucanbeginthenextone,themorechancesyoumayheld.Nowadayswiththequickdevelopmentoftechnology,wescientificcollegestudentmusttrytokeepupwithit.Weshouldn'tfeelsatisfiedwithwhatwehaveachieved.Developingisthefirstprinciple.Theonlythingwecandonowisrunninganddeveloping.Sample3Asisknowntoallpeopleshouldnevergiveuphardworking.Justlikeadrawinghastoldus.Inthedrawing,thereisarunnerwhohasreachedtheend,buthedoesn'tstop,heiskeepingonrunning.Therunnerdoesn'thavearestbecauseofheknowstheendisalsothenewbeing.Defferentpeople,however,havedifferentopinionsonwhetherweshouldkeeponrunningorhavearestattheendofajob.Somepeoplethinkweshouldkeeponrunning,becausetheendisalsothenewbeing.Intheiropinionifonewanttobeasuccessormustalwaysworkhard.Othersthinkwewon'tkeeponrunning,weshouldtakearest.Intheiropiniontheycan'tdoapainswork.Tomyview,Ithinktheendisalsothenewbeing,wemustdoourbesttokeeponrunning,working.Forexample,ChinesepeoplehasfightagainstSARSforseveralmonths,andwegotastagesuccess,butweshouldn'thavearest,becauseifwedon'ttakecareofSARSandifwedon'tkeeponworkinghard,perhapswewillbeillagain.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkweshouldkeeponrunningattheendbecausetheendisalwaysthenewbeing,andIbelieveifwewanttobesuccesskeeponrunningisbothsoundableandwell-grounded.Sample4Therunnergettotheendoftherun-waybuthegettothebeganoftherun-waytoo.Theoveristhebegain,itisnotmeaningthatthebegainisnotaccordingtotheend.Thebegainisneuwlevel'sbegain.Itmeansthattheonethingbegainingtodo.Thethingmustgototheothebegainofonethebegain.Thesuccessmustbaseontheothersuccess,ifnot,theworldwouldnotdevelop.Tome,itisthissureaction.Ihavefinishedminlityschool,itistheend,butIbegaintostudy,universityclass,itisthebegain.Ibegaintostudyuniversityclassisbaseonthathavingfinishedtheminlingschoolclass.Ifnot,Ican'tstudyuniversityclass.Thebegainisnewbegain.阅读理解A节Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation—language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well'or‘verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans［A］identifying.［B］associating［C］assimilating.［D］monopolizing.22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury［A］playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.［B］becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.［C］satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.［D］oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.［A］areresistanttohomogenization.［B］exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.［C］arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.［D］constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?［A］Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.［B］Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.［C］Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.［D］ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis［A］rewarding.［B］successful.［C］fruitless.［D］harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplay-going.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat［A］thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.［B］theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.［C］thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms.［D］thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that［A］thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.［B］theplaygoersspendmoremoneythatthesightseers.［C］thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.［D］theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Lines2—3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat［A］Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.［B］Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties.［C］thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.［D］thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause［A］ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.［B］thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.［C］thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.［D］thetheatreattendanceisontherise.30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor［A］issupportiveofbothsides.［B］favorsthetownsfolk'sview.［C］takesadetachedattitude.［D］issympathetictotheRSC.Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat［A］largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.［B］smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.［C］largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.［D］slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat［A］thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.［B］thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.［C］thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.［D］thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.33.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative”(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat［A］fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.［B］thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.［C］themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.［D］thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat［A］peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.［B］fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.［C］theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.［D］peopleshouldadjust