2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to student

2006-2007年度《生态学基础》复习大Pleaseexinthefollowingterms.[fundamentalniche（基础生态位：在生物群落中能够为某一物种所栖息的理论最大空间。realizedniche（实际生态位：物种实际所能占有的生态位空间。competitiveexclusionprinciple（竞争排斥原理：生态位相同的两个物种不可能共存。。fitness（适合度是衡量一个存活和生殖成功机会的一种尺度存活的机会和生殖。Liebig’slawofminimum（利比希最小因子定律：在稳定状态下，当某种物质的可利用量最”性极限而其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散的因素，这个因子称为限制因子。2Q10定律。developmentalthresholdtemperature（发育起点温度：动物的生长发育是需要一定温度范围lawofeffectivetemperature（有效积温法则的组合，或者说它需要的是一定的总积温（sumofheatpopulation：ecologicalinvasion（生态：生物在人类有意识或无意识情况下带入到一个适宜于其生存或繁衍的地区，致使其种群不断增加，分布区稳步扩大的过程，称为生态。innatecapacityofincreaseorintrinsicrateofincrease)[内禀增长率]：当食物量和空间条件不受：：agestructure（椎体或金字塔：不同组在种群中所占的比例或配置情况Survivorshipcurve（存活曲线：将生命表中的lx或nx项对各期x作图所得到的反映种ecologicalnatality（生态出生率：又称为实际出生率，在特定的条件下种群的实际出生率。ecologicalmortality（生态率：又称为实际率，在特定环境条件下，种群受到食物：communityclimax（顶级群落communit（communitysuccession（群落演替：在一定的地段上，群落由一个类型转变为另一类型的有：并把能转变成化学能的过程（严格说来，应包括化能合成生物。biogeochemicalcycle（生物地化循环：是指各种化学物质在生态系统内部不同生物成分之由于不断进行的物质循环和能量流转过程而形成的统一整体。foodweb（食物网trophiclevel（营养级：指生物在食物链中所处的位置。PuttheappropriateecologicaltermsintotheBlankinordertomakethesentencemeaningful.[填空题]Humanbeingareconfrontedwiththefivecrisessuchas 人口,food, 资源, 能量,environDividedbytheorganizationlevels,theecologyincludesmolecularecology,种群ecology, 群落ecology, 生态系统ecology, 景观ecology,globalecology.Dividedbythehabitat,ecologyincludesterrestrialecology, 淡水ecology,estuaryecology,海 Dividedbytheorganisms,ecologyincludes 动物ecology, 植物ecology,andmicroorganismecology.Classicecologyinclude 种群 群落,andecosystemEcologyisthestudy（研究）ofthe 相互作用(in betweenorganisms(生物)andtheirenvironment(环境).Theenvironmentisacombinationof 非生物(abiotic)environmentandthe 生物（biotic）environment.Thewaysoftolerancetoextremelylowtemperatureare AccordingtoLibig’sLawofMinimum（利比希最小因子定律）, 磷(P) ismostprobablythelimitingfactor(限制因子)tothegrowthofalgae(藻类)inmanyfreshwaters(淡水).Thetypesofaquaticntsthatadapttowater(水分)are 沉水植物, 浮叶植物, 挺水植物.Thetypesofterrestrialntsadapttowaterare 旱生植物, 中生植物, 湿生植物.Theairtemperatureatnight增加(increase)withthealtitudeascent.Thewaysofosmoregulation(渗透压调节)forfishesinclude 高渗调节, 低渗调节, 调节，变渗调节。Theconcentration(溶度)ofO2insoilishigherthaninair,andwhichofCO2insoilis (低于)thaninair.Accordingtosize,theorganismsinthesoilcanbeclassifiedinto原生生物,小型动物区系,中型动物区系，大型动物区系and巨型动物区系（如鼹鼠and 蛇）.Thefactorsthathaveimportantinfluencesonthesoilformationinclude气候,母质,生物,时间,Theorganicmatter(有机质)insoiliscomposed 腐殖质and非腐殖质populationThetypesofnaturalselection(自然选择) 选择,directionalselection,稳定择Theself-regulationschools(自动调节学派)include行为调节学说,遗传调节学说,and 泌调节学说.Accordingtotheshapeofagepyramid(椎体),itcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes,that增长型 稳定型, 下降型TheinterspecificrelationshipbetweenlionanddeerisTheinctionbetween（青霉素）andbacteriumis.Walnutquinine(胡桃醌)secretedbywalnut(胡桃)caninhibitthegrowthofitssurroundingnts,sotherelationshipbetweenwalnutanditssurroundingntsbelongsto他感作用或异种抑制作用.Thespatialdistributionpatternsofapopulation种群的空间分布格局includeeven(均匀分布),（或成群）distribution,and随机OrganismswithK-strategistusuallyshowlowmortality(率)intheearlylifestageandliveinastableenvironment.Accordingtothecompetitiveexclusionprinciple（竞争排斥原理）,iftwospeciescompeteinastableenvironment,therearetwopossible es（结果）:(1)onespeciesisexcludedor(2)nichesofbothspecies出现分化(aredifferentiated)communityThethreemodeltoexinthesuccessionmechanisminclude促进模型,抑制模型忍耐模型ntsinacommunitycanbeclassifiednotonlybyitstaxonomy(分类学),butalsobythegrowthform(生长型),i.e.,theheightofthents,woody(木本)ornonwoody(非木本),leaveshapesetc,thuswecanclassifythentsas乔木（Tree）,藤本植物(Lianas),灌木(Shrubs),附生植物(epiphytes)，草本植物(grass),andThallophytes(菌藻植物).Thespeciesthatdeterminesthestructureandfunctionofthecommunityis优势种(dominantAccordingtotheareawherewhetheracommunityhaveexistedornot,thesuccessioncanbeclassifiedinto原生演替(primarysuccession)and次生演替(secondarysuccession).Accordingtothewhetherthefactorsthatincursuccessionareendogenousorexogenous,thesuccessioncanbeclassifiedinto内因性演替(endogenoussuccession)and外因性演替(exogenoussuccession).ecosystemThefunctionofecosystem 物质循环 能量流动 信息交换Threefundamentaltypesofbiogeochemicalcyclesare 气体型循环, 沉积型循环, Thetwomaintypesoffoodchains 捕食食物链 碎屑食物链生产者, 分解者,and 消费者arethethreefunctionalgroupsthatconsistofecosystem.ThelargestecosystemonEarthisthe 生物圈. 光能自养生（photoautotroph）posers(分解者)arethoseorganismswhichfeedonnonlivingmaterialandcanbreakthenutriensThemost posersmightbe细菌(bacteriaand真菌Thefigurebelowisasimplifiedsketchmap(示意图)offoodweb(食物网)ingrasslandecosystem,pleasegivetheanswersforthesixquestionsbelowaccordingtothissketchmap.Thenumberoffoodchain(食物链)inthisfoodweb Thenumberoftrophiclevel(营养级)ofhawk Theinterspecificrelationshipbetweenhawkandfox 竞争Thelifeform生物withthehighestenergyamongthecomponentsofthisecosystemisTheenergywereultimaytransferredtohawkthroughtwofoodchains,theefficientfoodchainis草-鼠-鹰.IfweuseDDTtocontrolthepestinsect害虫)thatdoharmtograsses,thenwecaninferthatlifeformwiththehighestconcentration浓度ofDDTisIfthehawk,snakeandfoxarelargelyhuntedintheshorttermthelifeformwillbeseriouslynegativelyinfluencedis草.Trueorfalseonepointseach,12pointstotally112分]（对false,F；错：true,T）.Whyisitrightorwrong?[请思考为什么对，为什么错？] 32.Populationecologycommunityecologyecosystemecologyandlandscapeecologyallbelongtoresearchcontentoftheclassicecology(经典生态学). 35.Molecularecologybelongstotheresearchofclassic 36.Modernecology(现态学)includemolecularecology,globalecology,andclassicecology. 4.Solarradiationisaconditionforaninsect,butaresourceforant. 4.Waterisaresourceforcottonatanytime. 17.Foranyorganismthevalueofincreaseinheartbeatfrequency心跳次数byariseintemperatureistwoto(F)22.Iftheecologicalnicheoftwospeciesarethesame,itissurethatonespeciesofthetwospeciesdestined(注定)togotoextinction().(F)21.OrganismsintheTropicalZone（热带）areabletotolerate(耐受)muchinTropicalZoneareeurytherms(广温生物)whileorganismsinTemperateZonearestenotherms(狭温生物).population Mostanimalsbelongtounitaryorganism(单体生物). Mostntsbelongtomodularorganism(构件生物 Onespeciesmaybeobtainssomebenefitsfromtheotherwhentheycompetewitheachotherforresources. Inthebroadsense广义上说parasitismisonekindof Time-specificlifetable(特定时间生命表)isdrawnupusingthedataonmortality(死亡)overtimeobtainedthroughobservingacohort(同生群). Age-specificlifetable(特定生命表)isdrawnupusingthedataonmortality()overtimeobtainedthroughobservingacohort(同生群). T Selfregulationschool自动调节学派belongstoendogenousregulationtheory内源性 F AccordingtoHardy-Winberg’slaw哈文定律thegeneandgenotypefrequency(频率和型频率)ineachgenerationwillretainconstantinasmall(T)Ecologicalfactors(生态因子)canbedividedintodensity-dependent(密度制约)anddensity-independent非密度制约factorstemperaturearedensity-independentfactors,whilefoodisdensity-dependent.(T)Parasitesandtheirhostareinco-evolution协同进化(T)Realized(ecological)natalityisnotonlydeterminedbyphysiologicalconditionsbutalsobyactualecologicalconditions.(F)Theresultofstaticlifetable(静态生命表)aremorereliable(可靠的)thanthatdynamictablelife动态生命表(T)Therearemorespeciesofmonotrophic单食性)animalsinstableconditionsthanthatofpolytrophic(多食性)onesincapricious(变化无常的)conditions.(T)Antibiosis抗生作用belongstoamensalism偏害作用 Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenblackcarp(鳙鱼)andsilvercarp(鲢鱼)is Therelationshipbetweentermite白蚁andflagellate鞭毛虫initsintestine肠道iscommensalism(偏利作用). That1000individualsofsilvercarps(鲢鱼)havefishedperunitfishingeffort(单位捕捞努力)standsforrelativedensity(相对密度).community F) Speciesdiversity(物种多样性)inTropicalZone(热带地区)islowerthaninTemperateZone(温带地区). Thesuccessiondirectionoffacilitationmodel促进模型is Polyclimaxhypothesis多顶级学说arguethattheclimaxofacommunityisdeterminedonlybytheclimate. Theecologistsoftheorganismicschool(机体论学派)arguethattherearenotobviousborderlinebetweentwocommunities. Oneofthesuccessionviewpoint(演替观)ofindividualisticschool(论学派)isthatitisdifficulttopredictthesuccessiondirectionofacommunity. Wecanclassifiedtrees(乔木)intobroad-leavedandneedle-leavedintermofgrowth(F)TherearetwocommunitiesAandB,andeachofthemhas100individuals.CommunityAhastwospecieseachwith50individuals.CommunityBhastenspecies,buttheeachofwhichhas10individuals,respectively(分别地).SowecanconcludethatthespeciesbiodiversityofcommunityAishigherthanthatofcommunityB.(T)Aftera isloggedbythewayofclearcutting(皆伐),therewilloccursecondarysuccession(次生演替).(T)Itwillnotincur(招致,引起)anynegativeeffectsonacommunitytoremovealltheredundantspecies(冗余种)fromthiscommunity.(F)ntscanbeclassifiedintotrees,lianas(藤本植物),shrubs,epiphytes(附生植物),herbs,thallophytes(菌藻植物)intermsoflifegrowth.ecosystem F) Thebiomassoftheloweroftrophiclevel(营养级)mustbehigherthanthatofthehighertrophiclevel. T) Wecanboldlydeclare(大胆地说)thattheenergydecreaseswithincreaseoftrophiclevel. F Sulfurcycle(硫循环)belongstosedimentarycycle(沉积型循环)anddoesn’tbelonggaseouscycle气体型循环 F Themoretheproductionofriceis,themoreisthebiomassof T Thereare158000kgofbigheadcarp鳙鱼inalakewithareaof100km2inagiventime(某一时刻),sothebiomassofthebigheadcarpcanbecalculated. ThenumberoftrophicleveloftheecosystemisoftenlessthanseventoTomaketheright Theecologistwhofirstlygavedefinitionforecologyis AA. B. C. D. )belong(s)totheresearchofclassicA.populationecology B.communityecology C.ecosystemecology D.landscapeTheauricle外耳ofarcticfox北极狐ismarkedlyshorterthanthatofredfox赤狐intemperatezoneandtheauricleofredfoxisobviouslyshorterthanthatoflarge-earfox大耳狐Wecanuse(B)toexinthisphenomenon.A.Bergmann’srule B.Allen’srule C.Shelford’lawoftolerance D.Jordan’ruleWhale,dolphin,sealion,seaelephant,andseadogallbelongtoml,andsharkbelongstofish,buttheyallhavethefin-likestructuretoadaptthemselvestowaterenvironment.Wecantermthisphenomenon(A A.convergenceadaptation(趋同适应 B. C. D.adaptation趋异适应Whenthereareshortofcalcium(钙)intheenvironment,strontium(锶)cansubstitutesforcalcium(Ca.)inthegrowthanddevelopmentofmollusk.Wecantermthiseffectas( ACombinedeffect综合作用)Bcomplementaryeffect互补作用)CNon-substitutable不可替代作用)D.Definitiveness(限定性作用或阶段性作用)Theproportionoftyofnitrogen(氮),potassium(钾),phosphorus(磷)thatacropneedstogrowanddevelopnormally正常生长发育is57:10,andwhichofthemis2:4:5inthesoilwherethiscropinhabits(栖息,存在于).Accordingtothebackground(背景)above,wecaninfer(推断)that(A)isthelimitingfactor(限制因子)forthiscropinthesoil.A.nitrogen B.potassium C.phosphorus D.nitrogenandpotassiumForthefishina (水族箱),(B )mostprobably esthelimitingfactor.A. B.oxygen(氧 nitrogen(氮 phosphorus(磷Thepositionoflightcompensationpoint(光补偿点)forsunspecies(阳地或阳性物种)is )thatforshadespecies(或阴地物种).A.higher B.lower C.thesame D.higherthanorlowerthanorthesamepopulationThebasicunitofspecies’existenceinnatureis BA.individual B.population C.species D.communityThemaincharacteristicsofK-selectorinclude(s)（BD）.A.smallbody B.largebody C.highreproductionrate D.lowreproductionrateThespatialdistributionpatternofpopulationincludes( A.even(uniformorregular)distribution(均匀分布) B.randomdistribution(随机分布) C.clumped(clustered)distribution (或成群分布) D.verticaldistribution(垂直分布)(ABC)don’tbelongtopositive ctionamongthefourinter-specificrelationshipsA.competition B.amensalism(偏害作用) C.predation D.mutualism(互利共生)Thedynamicsofpopulationofthealgae(藻类)thatresultedinredtide(赤潮)belongsto( A.irregularfluctuation(不规则波动) B.regularfluctuation(周期性波动) C.populationoutbreak(种群暴发) D.ecologicalinvasion(生态)Asecondarymetabolizedmaterial(次生代谢产物)isreleasedintoenvironmentbyant,whichcaninhibitedtheotherntsfromgrowth,weoftentermthisphenomenonas(A A.allelopathy(他感作用) Antibiosis(抗生作用) C.competition D.territoriality(领域InLogisticgrowthequation(逻辑斯蒂增长方程)‘dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)’,(C)denotestheresidualspace 1- N(1-WhenTriboliumcasta(杂拟谷盗)andOryzaephilussurinamensis(锯谷盗)areculturedtogether,theycompeteforfoodandeateachother’seggs.Theinctionsbetweenthetwoanimalsbelong(s)to(AB).A.exploitationcompetition(资源利用性竞争 B.interferencecompetition(资源干扰性竞争 Predation(捕食作用) D.amensalism(偏害作用) A)belong(s)tomodularorganism.A.brackenfern（欧洲蕨） B.insect C.fish D.sheep A)belong(s)tounitaryorganism.A. B.brackenfern（欧洲蕨 C.hydroids(水螅 D.sponges(海绵Thepopulationofbirdwillincreasewhenfoodavailability可获得性ishigh,whichwillgodownwhenthereareshortoffoods.Accordingtotherelationshipbetweenbirdpopulationsizeandfoodavailability,wecaninferboldly(大胆地)thattheregulationmechanismofbirdpopulationbelongsto(A).A.bioticschoolB.climaticschoolC.endocrinalregulationschool(内源性调节学派)geneticregulationtheory(遗传调节学说)PopulationgrowthmodelNt＝λtN0describesAAthepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceisunlimitedandthegeneration(世代)isnonoverlapped(不B.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceisunlimitedandthegenerationisoverlapped(C.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceislimitedandthegenerationisD.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceislimitedandthegenerationisoverlapped. belong(s)tor-strategist.A.locust(蝗虫) B.giantpanda(大熊猫) C.whitewhale(白鲨) D.riverdolphin(白暨Theinterspecificrelationshipbetweenantandaphid(蚜虫)is A.primitivecooperation(原始合作 B.mutualism(互利合作 C.amenanlism(偏害共生D.commensalism偏利共生 A.coral(珊瑚 B.hydroid(水螅 C.pinetree(松树 D.Itiscalled fortherelationshipbetweenabeeanditspollinatedflower（授粉的花A.primitivecooperation(原始合作) B.predation(捕食) C.parasitism(寄生) commensalisms(偏利作用)Thetypesofdensitydependence(密度制约)include(s) A.overcompensation(过度补偿) B.undercompensation(补偿不足) C.exactcompensation D.balancingcompensation(平衡补偿) )doesn’tbelongtointerspecificA. B C D.cannibalism自相残杀Theinterspecificrelationshipbetweenpenicillin(青霉素)andbacterium(细菌)belong(s)to A.antibiosis(抗生作用) B.amensalism(偏害作用) C.commensalisms(偏利作用) allelopathy(他感作用或异种抑制作用)Whenthepopulationsizeis ),thepopulationincreasein umA.morethan B.lessthan C.thesameas D.thesameasTheparasiticbees(寄生蜂)layeggsinthebodyoftheirhost(insects),andwillgraduallykilltheirhost,sotherelationshipbetweenthemis( A.parasitoidism(拟寄生) B.parasitism(寄生) C.amensalism(偏害作用) commensalisms(偏利作用)Thespatialdistributionpatternofantpopulationinnaturalbelongsto A.even(uniformorregular)distribution(均匀分布 B.clumped(clustered)distribution(或成群分布)C.randomdistribution(随机分布 D.verticalcommunityTheclimax(顶级群落)inthe‘Monoclimaxtheory’(单顶级学说)denotes AA.Climate B.animal C.soil D.topographical( )canbeexclusivelyusedtodeterminewhetheraspeciesinacommunityisdominantorA.numberofspecies物种数量 B.biomassofspecies物种生物量 C.sizeofspecies物种 D.itsroleinthecommunity物种在群落中的作用 belong(s)toecologicalequivalentA.riceandcotton B.appleandcoconuttree(椰子树) C.hyacinth(水葫芦)andreed(芦苇) cactusandntsofzygophyllum(霸王科,霸王属)ecosystemLindammefficiency(林德曼效率)dealswith A)betweentwotrophiclevels(营养级A.relationshipofenergy(能量关系) B.informationexchange(信息交换) cycle(物质循环) D.biogeochemicalcycle(生物地化循环)Amatureecosystemshouldhaveafeature A.P/R>>1 B.Simplelinearfoodweb（直线型食物网关系）C.moreK-strategists D.lower D)isn’tposeroftheA.earthworm蚯蚓Bbacteria细菌Cfungus真菌D.greenalga绿藻Pleasebrieflyanswerthequestionsbelow简答题Pleasegivethedefinitionofresourcesandconditionsandtakeexample(s)todescribethedifferencesbetweenresourcesandconditions.[简述资源、条件的定义，并举例说明资源与条件的区别]。条件：有机体不能消耗也不能耗尽的生态因子，如对鱼类来说温度、酸度、辐资源与条件的划分不是，a.会因物种或类群而异，如辐射对昆虫来说是Pleaselistthetypesofsurvivorshipcurve,thecharacteristicsandonerepresentativespeciesofeachcurve.[1个物种]。WhatarethefourfundamentalcomponentsoftheecosystemHowdotheyconsistofecosystem?4种主要的有机物也是消费者和分解者唯一的能量来源。生产者是生态系统中最基本最重要的生物Whatisniche?Whatwouldhappeniftwospeciesoccupyoneniche?[什么是生态位，两个物一个物种被另外一个排挤掉，B.两个物种的生态位发生分化，从而得以共存。Pleasebrieflydescribethemaincharacteristicsofr-selectorandK-selector,respectively.[分别r-对策者和K-对策者的主要特征。]行为、扩散能力低，一般环境条件较为稳定的地方。Pleasedescribethemainviewpointofthreeclimaxhypotheses.[简述三种顶级群落理论的主Clements（ansleyPleasebrieflydescribethecharacteristicsandparameterofpopulation.种群的特征、参数有哪，、（2）示种群的所得率率表示种群的损失，种群数量动态变动取决于这两组力量的对，、Pleasebrieflylistthemaincharacteristicsofthreetypesofagepyramids.[简述三种锥体的增长型锥体呈正金字塔型，幼年数量多、老年少，出生率大于稳定型锥体呈钟型，幼年、中年、老年数量大于相等，出生率等于下降型锥体呈壶型，幼年少、老年多，出生率小于率，种群Pleasebrieflydescribethereasonwhythenumberoftrophiclevelsisusuallylessthanfivetosix?[简要说明为什么过5~6个营养级]3（1）受能量的限制。根据林德曼原则，10%定的能量在沿食物链传递过程中很快消耗，使得处于食物链第56级的生物所能得到的（2）Pleaselisteightkindsofinter-specificrelationship,andbrieflydescribethecharacteristicsofthoserelationships.[8种种间关系，并简要描述各种种间关系的特点]（2）（3）食：物种A以物种B为食，A数量少于B（4）寄生：物种A寄生于B，A的数量多于B（5（6（7）8（Pleasebrieflydescribethethreetypesofnaturalselection.[对三种自然选择类型进行简要描稳定选择：环境条件对靠近种群的数量形状正态分布线中间那些有利，而