写作培养检验多种能力的课程吴冰

写作培养检验多种能力的课程吴冰第1页/共82页I.写作教学的重要性II.

要教好写作课，师生都应有明确的目的和要求，对评分标准应有共同的认识III.

写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在学生写作过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣，使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。VI.

要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导VI.注意写作课和其他课程的配合VII.学期末请学生不记名填写调查表，总结经验教训。第2页/共82页I.写作教学的重要性

1.写作是应该具备的基本功之一

2.从教育是培养国家建设人才角度看，写作课有其特殊目的和任务

a.有助于学生了解自己对知识和事物掌握的情况和程度;

b.能培养学生多方面的能力:

独立思考能力，综合、分析、批判的能力，表达自己思想的能力，使用工具书的能力，释义、改错的能力等

c.能促进学生关心中国的过去、现在和将来。A.对学生第3页/共82页

I.写作教学的重要性

1.写作也是教师应该具备的基本能力之一。

2.对具有献身精神、把教书当作事业而不是谋生手段的人来说，写作课是一门能实现我们教学理想的课程。

3.写作课是最能了解学生的思想和思想方法的一门课，因此更便于教师因材施教、教书育人。

4.写作课不仅要求教师有较高的语言水平、还要求有更多的奉献精神，更多的耐心、关心和爱心。

B.对教师第4页/共82页

两类教育工作者

Educationalromanticsadvocatefreedom,creativity,spontaneity,individualityandimaginativeness.

Educationalclassicistsadvocatediscipline,correctness,orderliness,andconvention.

第5页/共82页II.要教好写作课，师生都应有

明确的目的和要求，对评分

标准应有共同的认识

能通过写作达到顺利地和外国读者交际的目的

1.在校的近期目的

2.长远目的分思想内容、组织结构和语言表达

A.目的要求：B.评分标准：第6页/共82页

Ⅰ.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole.Ⅱ.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial.Ⅲ.Sentences:Ⅳ.Diction:V.Mistakesingrammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.Checklist第7页/共82页ChecklistⅠ.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole.A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composition?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicsound?Aretheregapsinthelogic?第8页/共82页ChecklistⅡ.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial.A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessay'smainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?第9页/共82页ChecklistⅢ.Sentences:A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?第10页/共82页ChecklistⅣ.Diction:A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.AretherecollocationswhichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese(e.g.abig

rain)?Mistakesingrammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.第11页/共82页ThefollowingisaletterfromareaderpublishedinChinaDaily.Writealetterinreply,explainingChina'ssingle-childpolicy.TheletteristobewritteninyourownnameandmeanttobepublishedinChinaDaily.

Editor:I'mawoman'sliberationist.IreadinanewspaperthatwomeninChinaarenotallowedtodecidehowmanychildrentheywanttohave.Thereisalawforbiddingallwomentohavemorethanonechild,andanywomanwhogetsintoasecondpregnancyisforcedbylawtoundergoinducedabortionfollowedbysurgicalsterilization.Idon'tseehowacountrycallingitselfasocialiststatecouldtrampleonthisfirstandmostsacredofwomen'srights—therighttomotherhood—insuchaflagrantway.Boston,U.S.A.RuthHancock第12页/共82页III．写作教师应在学生写作全过程

中给他们以帮助，提高他们的

兴趣，使他们感到有东西可

写，并能不断增强信心。A.选择好的范文

B.讲解清楚作业目的、要求，出一些能引起学生兴趣的题目

C.允许学生自由命题，要求学生写自己的真实思想

D.注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点第13页/共82页III．写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在学生

写作全过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣，

使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。D.注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点

1.要注意由于文化的差别，同样的文章，中英文写作的风格不尽相同。

a.同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词花哨。

b.中国人好用四字成语，而英文的写作书总是教学生少用cliches。

c.以英语为母语的人在写新闻、社论或者政论这类文章时，用语不像我们中国人的用语那样富有战斗性。

d.我们中国人和以英语为母语的人的思维方式、看问题的出发点不尽相同，他们比较更加重视具体的个体、细节，而我们比较注重整体、综合、概括。

2.中国人容易犯的错误：frag.,inccomp,ll,ref,run-on,t；词的搭配；同义词、近义词的区别与使用第14页/共82页同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词花哨。

Iwalkedjoyfullyalongtheparkthatwaslitupbythegoldenraysofthemorningsun.Beautifulflowersofmanycolorswereblooming.Howfragranttheysmell!Littlebirdsweresinginginthetreesasiftheyaregreetingme,"Goodmorning!Goodmorning!"Myheartwasburstingwithhappiness.第15页/共82页VI．要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣;B.Brainstorming,打开学生思路，发挥学生的集体智慧;C.集体讨论后要求学生整理思想，写提纲.第16页/共82页VI．要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法

THEROADNOTTAKEN

RobertFrost

Tworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,

AndsorryIcouldnottravelboth

Andbeonetraveler,longIstood

AndlookeddownoneasfarasIcould

Towhereitbentintheundergrown.

Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,

Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,

Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear;

Thoughasforthatthepassingthere

Hadwornthemreallyaboutthesame.

写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣第17页/共82页Andboththatmorningequallylay

Inleavesnostephadtroddenblack

Oh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!

Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,

IdoubtedifIshouldevencomeback.

Ishallbetellingthiswithasigh

Somewhereagesandageshence:

Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andI---

Itooktheonelesstraveledby,

Andthathasmadeallthedifference

第18页/共82页V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导A.批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评语。

1.改什幺，如何改

2.评语如何写

3.怎样打分

4.其他思想工作

B.课堂讲解第19页/共82页批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评语。

1.改什幺，如何改

a.用符号标出错误类型，要求学生自己改；

b.只改绝对是错误的词、句和估计学生自己难以改正的错误；

c.

在边线提启发性的问题,指导学生去查参考书或工具书;d.用铅笔改

2.评语如何写

3.怎样打分：综合分与开放分

4.其他思想工作第20页/共82页12345678910111213141516TotalabcapdivitalnocappspCorrectionSymbols/ErrorChart第21页/共82页agrdmfcompfraggrinccompllmmnswrefrun-ontvbvo第22页/共82页awkCEcolidlogmngredrepslwwwTotal第23页/共82页CorrectionSymbolsabfaultyabbreviationagrerrorinagreementawk awkwardcap capitalizationCE ChineseEnglishcol errorincollocationd errorindictiondiv incorrectworddivisiondm danglingmodifierfcomp faultycomparisonfrag sentencefragmentgr erroringrammarid unidiomaticexpressioninccomparisonincompletecomparisonital italicize(underline)ll faultyparallelstructurelog faultylogicmm misplacedmodifiermng meaningunclearnocapunnecessarycapitalletternsw nosuchwordnum errorinuseofnumbersp errorinpunctuationred redundantref errorinpronounreferencerep unnecessaryrepetitionrun-onrun-onsentencesl slangsp misspelledwordt errorinverbtensevb errorinverbformvo errorinvoicew wordyww wrongword第24页/共82页V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导

B.课堂讲解

1.堂上宣读、墙报展出精彩作文；

2.堂上集体讨论典型的错误

3.介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法。

a.推荐词典

b.学习方法第25页/共82页3.介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法推荐词典

LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryCollinsCobuildEnglishDictionaryTheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations

《英语搭配大词典》

DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations

《当代英语搭配大词典》

OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish

Webster’sDictionaryofSynonymsRoget’sInternationalThesaurus

b.学习方法第26页/共82页

.推荐词典4.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryCollinsCobuildEnglishDictionaryTheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations《英语搭配大词典》DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations《当代英语搭配大词典》6.7.8.OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglishWebster’sDictionaryofSynonymsRoget’sInternationalThesaurus第27页/共82页LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)（1）Symbols（2）Charts（3）UsageNote（4）Coloredpictures1.第28页/共82页（1）Symbols:livev.S1,W1liveadj.S3,W3advantageS1,W1admitS2,W1advancen.S3,W2adorenotmarked1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishToshowthe1000,2000,3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenandwrittenEnglishaswellasfrequencygraphsofsomeverbs.第29页/共82页（1）symbols：第30页/共82页（2）Charts1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish第31页/共82页LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish1.(3)Usagenote:toshowWORDCHOICEtoshowCOLLOCATIONSToshowWORDFOCUS第32页/共82页WORDCHOICE:big,large,great

bigandlargehavethesamemeaning,butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmorelikelytobeusedinwrittenthanspokenEnglish:abiglunchalargehouse

largeisusedwithquantitywordssuchas'number'and'amount':largeamountsofmoneyalargeproportionofthestudents

greatisnotusuallyusedtotalkaboutsizebutitcanbeusedinliterarywritingtodescribeverylargeandimpressivethings:Beforethemstoodagreatpalace.

greatisusedwithlength,height,andage,andintheexpressionagreatdeal(=alot):Thegrasshadreachedagreatheight.

agreatdealofmoney

WORDCHOICE:

big,tall,high

bigisnotusedjusttodescribeaperson'sheight.Itisusedtodescribeachildwhoisgrowing,orapersonwhoisheavy,withalotoffatormuscleontheirbody.

tallisusedtodescribeaperson'sheight.Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetrees,buildings,orotherthingsthatarenarrowandmeasurealongdistancefrombottomtotop:Sheistallandthin.

thetallestbuildinginLondon

highisusedtodescribethingsorplacesthatarealongwayfromtheground:ahighshelfthehighestmountainintheworld1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishWORDCHOICE第33页/共82页sb’sattentionisonsb/sthpayattention(tosb/sth)turnyourattentiontosb/sth(=startlisteningto,lookingat,orthinkingaboutsomething)give(your)attentiontosb/sth(=listento,lookat,orthinkaboutsomething,sothatyoucandealwithaproblem)sb’sfull/complete/undividedattentionkeepsb’sattentionclose/carefulattentionattentiontodetailsb’sattentionwandersmay/couldIhaveyourattention?(=usedwhenaskingagroupofpeopletolistencarefullytoyou)Myattentionwasn'treallyonthegame.Shetriedtopayattentiontowhathewassaying.Ifyoupaidmoreattentioninclass,youmightactuallylearnsomething!Scottsatdownathisdeskandturnedhisattentiontothefilehehadinfrontofhim.Asasocietyweneedtogivemoreattentiontotheneedsofolderpeople.Nowhe'sgone,Icangiveyoumyundividedattention.Thisgameisfunandissuretokeeptheattentionofanyyoungstudent.Theylistenedtothespeechwithcloseattention.

Attentiontodetailisessentialinthisjob.DuringthelectureSarah'sattentionbegantowander.

COLLOCATIONS第34页/共82页WORDFOCUS:AIRPORT

whatyoudoattheairport:Whenyouarriveattheairport,yougointotheterminalbuilding.Youcheckinforyourflightatthecheck-indesk.Youshowyourpassportatpassportcontrolandthengothroughsecurity,wheretheycheckthatyouarenotcarryinganyweapons.Ifyouhavetimeyoucanwaitforyourflightinthedeparturelounge.Whenyourflightiscalled,yougothroughthedeparturegateinordertogetontotheplane.Theplanethentakesofffromtherunway.Afteryourplanehaslanded,yougotothebaggagereclaimtocollectyourbags,thengothroughcustomsandimmigration,wheretheycheckyourpassportandyourbags.Youthengooutintothearrivalsareaoftheairport.1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishWORDFOCUS第35页/共82页LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)1.Coloredpicturetoshowphysicalcontact

(p.1259)

toshowadjectives

(p.1258)

toshowpieces

(p.416)

第36页/共82页LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)1.(4)Coloredpicture:toshowphysicalcontact

(p.1259)punch,pinch,tap,tickle,slap,squeeze,flick,thump,elbow,push,hug,stroke,push/shove,pull/drag,pat第37页/共82页第38页/共82页第39页/共82页toshowadjectives

(p.1258)brokenwindowpane;chippedcup;tatteredcurtains;threadbarerug;1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)第40页/共82页第41页/共82页第42页/共82页toshowpieces

(p.416)

abarofsoap/chocolate;

asliceofbread/cake;

acubeofsugar;

asheetofpaper;

apaneofglass;

ablockofice;1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)第43页/共82页第44页/共82页第45页/共82页OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary

4thEd.(2000)

(英汉双解）2.第46页/共82页OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryAppendices:2.

Punctuation(p.1803)

Numericalexpressions(p.1811-1822)

Geographicalnames(p.1827-1834)

Commonforenames(p.1835-1842)

Familyrelationships(p.1843)第47页/共82页第48页/共82页第49页/共82页第50页/共82页第51页/共82页第52页/共82页3.CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995)FrequencybandsDefinitionsgivenincompletesentencesStyleandUsagePragmatics第53页/共82页CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995)

Frequencybands:Themostfrequentwordshavefiveblackdiamonds,thenextmostfrequentfourandsoon.

5diamonds:700words

4diamonds:1200words

3diamonds:1500words

2diamonds:3200words

1diamond:8100words3.第54页/共82页Definitions:Givenincompletesentencesinsteadofwordsandphrases.play(p.1258-59)CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995)

3.第55页/共82页PlayWhenchildren,animal,orperhapsadultsplay,theyspendtimedoingenjoyablethings,suchasusingtoysandtakingpartingames.Whenyouplayasport,game,ormatch,youtakepartinit.Whenonepersonorteamplaysanotherorplaysagainstthem,theycompeteagainsttheminasportorgame.第56页/共82页Whenyouplayaballorplayashotorastrokeinagameorsport,youkickorhittheball.Ifyouplayajokeoratrickonsomeone,youdeceivethemorgivethemasurpriseinawaythatyouthinkisfunny,butthatoftencausesproblemsforthemorannoysthem.Ifyouplaywithanobjectorwithyourhair,youkeepmovingitortouchingitwithyourfingers,perhapsbecauseyouareboredornervous.第57页/共82页StyleandUsageBritish/AmericanEnglishFormal/informalwordusedinjournalismorinwritten/spokenEnglishamedical/legal/technicaltermanold-fashioned/offensivewordinBritishEnglish3.CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary第58页/共82页3.CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995British/AmericanEnglishshop(p.1535)1InBritishEnglish,ashopisabuildingorpartofabuildingwherethingsaresold.ThemoreusualAmericanwordisstore…healthfoodshops.…arecordshop…It’snotavailableintheshops.第59页/共82页CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary

(1995)

StyleandUsuageformal/informalwordABC(pp.2-3)2ChildrenwhohavelearnedtheirABCortheirABCshavelearnedtorecognize,write,orsaythealphabet;aninformaluse.…encouraginghimtolearnhisABC.abnormalSomeoneorsomethingthatisabnormalisunusual,especiallyinawaythatisworrying;aformalword.…abnormalheartrhythmsandhighanxietylevels.…achildwithanabnormalfearofstrangers.damnfool.Damnfoolisamildswearwordmeaning‘verystupid’;anold-fashionedexpression.…Whatadamnfoolthingtodo!3.第60页/共82页Pragmatics

suppose(p.1679)3.CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995)

第61页/共82页第62页/共82页第63页/共82页4.TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations《英语搭配大词典》外研社，2005年第64页/共82页第65页/共82页Change(pp.273-274)changen.（1）改变；变化；转变；变革；更改；更换；替换物；换车（或船等）‖ringthe~s用种种方式重复同一意见<动词+>：Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished./Thedoctoradvisedachange(ofair)./…announced…anticipate…awaited…

broughtabout

[共49个]

…<+动词>:Thechanges

arrivedtoosuddenly./…brought…coming…lead…occurred…takenplace…<形容·名词+>：anabruptchangeintheweather/…acceptable…/adolescent…/agreeable[共140多个]<介词+>：afterseveralchangesofresidence<+介词>：achange

forthebetter[theworse]/thechangefromwintertospring…<其他>4.TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations《英语搭配大词典》第66页/共82页5.DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations

《当代英语搭配大词典》高教出版社，2002年第67页/共82页第68页/共82页DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations《当代英语搭配大词典》高教出版社，2002年change

(p.220-221)n.1.变化，变革；替换（物）2.找头；零钱；硬币

V1.Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished.巨大的变革已完成。

‖bringabout[cause,effect]achange引起变化‖carryout[make]

changes进行变革‖…[共27个]V21.Thesechangesinherannoyedandworriedhim.她身上所发生的这些变化令他生气，使他焦虑。‖Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurred

[takenplace]wasincredibletohim.发生这样的变化令他难以置信。Q1.anabruptchangeinweather…‖awelcomechange[共50个]2.loose[small]

changePafterseveralchangesofresidence.数次迁居之后‖P2Ihavenochangeabout

me.我没带零钱。‖…thechangefromspringtosummer…春夏之交…‖5.第69页/共82页V1.Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished.

bringabout(cause,effect)achange

carryout(make)changes

workoutsocialchangesV21.…Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurred

(takenplace)wasincredibletohim.PafterseveralchangesQ1.anabrupt

changeinweather…;awelcome

change

2.loose[small]changeP2thechange

fromspringtosummer

achange

inpersonnel

thechange

ofseasonschange第70页/共82页第71页/共82页6.attentionnoun1actofwatching/listening/showinginterestADJ.full,rapt,undividedTheylistenedwithraptattention.

assiduous,careful,close,meticuolous,scrupulousscant

Policy-makerspaidscantattentiontothewiderissues.

urgentspecialunwanted,unwelcomeinternational,media,publicVERB+ATTENTION

devote,direct,give(sb/sth),pay,turnHowmanytimesdoIhavetoaskyoutopayattention?ΔHehadacupofteaandthenturnedhisattentiontothereport.

get,have,receive

CanIhaveyourattention,please?...

attract,call,capture,catch,command,compel,draw,excite,grabItried…deflect,distract,divert,drawThegovernment…

hold,keep,rivet

Therewas…

concentrate,confine,focus

Inthischapter…

refocus,transferThefirm…

deserve,need,require

amatterrequiring…

jostlefor,viefordozensofconcerns…

repay…

bringsthto…cometoavoid,escape…ATTENTION+

VERB

focusMediaattentionfocusedtodayontheprince’sbusinessaffairs.

wander…ATTENTION+NOUN

spanPREP.forsb’s~,forthe~of

aletterfortheattentionofyourdoctorPHRASES

attentiontodetail

Heisadesignerknownforhismeticulousattentiontodetail.careandattention…thecentreofattention…thefocusofattention…forceyourattentiononsb…notpaymuchattentiontosth,paylittle/noattentiontosth(=nottakesomethingveryseriously)PaynoattentiontowhatBillsaid…2care

ADJ.constantindividual,personal,special

Thechildneedsspecialattention.

medicalVERB+ATTENTIONdevote,give,lavishHedevotedallhisattentiontohismother….beinneedof,need,require,want

apatientrequiringattentionOxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish第72页/共82页big

*large,great

Ana

*grand,magnificent,imposing,grandiose,majestic,august:*huge,immense,enormous,gigantic,colossal

Antlittle–Con*small,diminutive,wee,tiny,petite,minute,microscopic,miniature7.Webster’sDictionaryofSynonyms第73页/共82页Large,big,greatmeanabovetheaverageofitskindinmagnitude,especiallyphysicalmagnitude.Largemaybepreferredwhenthedimensions,orextent,orcapacity,orquantity,oramountisbeingconsidered

…<alargehall><alargemeal>…Big,ontheotherhand,isespeciallyappropriatewhentheemphasisisonbulk,ormass,orweight,orvolume<abigbook>…<abigvoice>…Asappliedtomaterialobjects,greathasbeenpracticallydisplacedbylargeorbig.Wheregreatisusedtodenotephysicalmagnitude,itnowregularlyconnotessomeimpression(asofwonder,surprise,amusement,orannoyance)associatedwiththesize<thegreatheadthatseemedsoweigheddownwiththoughtandstudy—TheNation>…第74页/共82页8.Roget’sInternationalThesaurusbig

verbs168.11adjs.grown-up126.12

pregnant168.18large194.16loud452.9tolerant524.11important670.16boastful908.10arrogant910.9famous912.19magnanimous977.6第75页/共82页

194.SIZE

NOUNS1.size,largeness,……

VERBS15.

ADJS.16.large,sizable,sizely[coll.],big,great,grand,tall[slang,U.S.],considerable,goodly,tidy[coll.],substantial,bumper(as,abumpercrop),astronomic(al)(as,anastronomicalfigure);largish,biggi