低GWP制冷剂最新发展动向

1RecentDevelopmentofLowGWPRefrigerants19901995200020052010MontrealProtocolKyotoProtocolPostKyoto&HCFCPhaseoutAbsorption,Stirling,

HFC,Water,ACMR&DforSafetyInstalled500HCA/CunitsforbeerbreweryDevelopment

forreducingglobalwarmingDevelopmentforCFCphase-outOnholdR410AasglobalsolutionHFCasoptimalsolutionEvaluationofHFO

andthemixtureR410forroomA/Cand

R407forcommercialA/C

(convertedtoR410from2003)TechnologydevelopmentforcommercializationR134aMarineContainer&ChillerTechnologydevelopmentJapan-U.S.jointprojectCO2HPR&DCO2WaterHeater(Eco-Cute)CO2VRVDevelopmentofR32A/CReconsiderofR32TechnologiesEvaluationR12toR134aR22toR410AHydroCarbonCO2R32HFO1234yf/ze1.ABriefIntroductionofDAIKIN

NextGenerationLowClimateImpactRefrigerants3OzoneProtectionClimateChangePeakLoadSafetyAffordabilityCFCPhase-outHCFCPhase-outHighAPFLowGWPLowLeakageHighCOPLowToxicNo/LowFlammableCompact/LightEasyInstall/MaintenanceSimplicity2.FutureOptionsofAlternativesToMakeEverybodyHappy?■Highboilingtemp.:largecap.coolingchiller■Lowboilingtemp.:smallcap.cooling/heatingunitarysystem2.FutureOptionsofAlternativesCapacityorEfficiency?VolumetricCapacity[kJ/m3]010002000300040005000-60-40-2002040R11R123R134aR12R22R410AR32R404AR143aR125R407CR290(丙烷)R502BoilingPoint[℃]Tevap:0℃Tcond:50℃Subcool:0℃Supheat:0℃R717(氨)TheoreticalＣＯＰR11R123R134aR12R407CR502R143aR1255.04.03.0-60-40-2002040R410AR404AR717(氨)R22BoilingPoint[℃]R290(丙烷)R32Tevap:0℃Tcond:50℃Subcool:0℃Supheat:0℃R22SingleR410AAzeotropeR32SingleSyntheticR717(NH3)SingleR290（Propane）SingleNaturalR744（CO2）SingleRefrigerantsR407CZeotropeR1234yf(ze)SinglePropertiesPcond(MPa)Vol.Cool.Capacity(vsR22)ODPGWP(IPCC

4th）1.731001000.0518102.7214192020902.801609706751.78116106001.5383980<31024341011.8610299017701.16579004HFO-MixZeotrope？？？0？CandidatesforthenextgenerationworkingfluidsTheoreticalCOP(vs

R22)2.FutureOptionsofAlternativesRefrigerantCandidatesforunitaryA/C0%20%40%60%80%100%120%0%10%20%30%40%50%MixtureratioofR32inHFO1234yf/R32COP

RatiotoR410A(%)StandardcoolingMediumcoolingStandardheatingMediumheatingTargetbaseline:R410ACannotprovidedesignatedcapacityGWP711382053402723.SystemPerformanceSystemperformanceofHFO1234yf/R32mixture100%loadcoolingmodeDrop-inPressuredropreduced050100150200250RatiotoR410A(%)CoolingcapacityCompressorspeedCOP50%loadcoolingmodePressuredropreduced050100150200250300350Drop-inRatiotoR410A(%)CoolingcapacityCompressorspeedCOP3.SystemPerformanceSystemperformanceofHFO1234yf100%loadheatingmode50%loadheatingmode050100150200250Drop-inPressuredropreducedRatiotoR410A(%)HeatingcapacityCompressorspeedCOP050100150200250Drop-inPressuredropreducedRatiotoR410A(%)HeatingcapacityCompressorspeedCOP3.SystemPerformanceSystemperformanceofHFO1234yfDrop-intestandanalysisfor2.8kWRASystemCOP(vs

R410A

)CoolingHeating95100110105115102.7%PropertiesCOPCOPComp.optimizationCondensingCondensingMeasureddataAnalysisMeasureddataAnalysis108.1%106.9%LowpressuredropTheR32performanceanalysismatchesdrop-inresult:·CoolingCOPis8.1%higherthanR410A

·HeatingCOPis2.8%higherthanR410AProperties102.8%HEXoptimizationLowpressuredrop3.SystemPerformanceSystemperformanceofR32PropertiesCondenserEvaporatorLowdP15.2kW104+4+1+1110%LowAmbientTemp(-10oC)8kW16kW102103+1+2+1+2+1+0105%107%Heatingmode90100110HighAmbientTemp

(43oC)Coolingmode7kW14kW102103+4+4+1+1+2+0107%110%90100110COP(vs

R410A)[%]14kW104+4+2+1111%Resultswithpartialoptimization

andanalysisof14kWPA3.SystemPerformanceSystemperformanceofR32ThedirectglobalwarmingeffectofR32isonly20%ofR22GWP(IPCC4th)R22R320500150010002000R410A0109050100806070203040RefrigerantCharge[wt%]GWPGWPGWP1810Charge100%Effect2090Charge97%Effect2027675Charge61%Effect411GWPreducedbynearly60%!Totalglobalwarmingimpactreducedbynearly80%!Chargereducedbynearly40%!18103.SystemPerformance

MitigationofGlobalWarmingbyR3212Courtesy:Horieetal.,TokyoUniv.,2010Int.Symp.Next-gen.A/CandRefr.Tech.Cooling:1430hrsHeating:2889hrsRefrigerantrecovery:30%NominaloperatinghoursIECStd（Withoutventilation）New2LcategoryforASHRAE34/15

·R143a,

R32,

R1234yf,

NH3

areacceptedas2LforASHRAEStd34

·R1234ze

willbeacceptedas2L,soon(Jan.2011?)

·ASHRAEStd15

andAHRIareinitiatedsafetystudiesof2LinrealapplicationsRAVRVforRACommercialUnitary012345678910020406080RoomSpace(

㎡

)Charge(kg)R32

wallmountedHFO1234yf

wallmountedR290R32cabinet10

m2

room

R290<0.24kgR32Cabinet<1.08kgHFO1234yfWM<3.02kgR32

wallmounted<3.24kg4.SafetyConcernabouttheLowGWPRefrigerantsR290R152aR32144.SafetyConcernabouttheLowGWPRefrigerantsR32R22+mineraloilR32+etheroil154.SafetyConcernabouttheLowGWPRefrigerants·Thereisanessentialdifferencebetween2andaboveclassand2Lclassinburning.·The2andaboveclassismorelikeanexplosion,andreleaseahugeamountofenergy.·2Lclassisveryhardtoignite,onlyshowsaveryweakflame.164.SafetyConcernIntherealworld174.SafetyConcernIntherealworld·Thisiswhatwegotafterthehardworkoftheinstaller.184.SafetyConcern

Maintenance/repair195.ConclusionsForunitaryair-conditioningsystem:R32showsthebestperformancecomparetotheothercandidates.

Thesafety

issuestillneedtobeaddressed,notonlyduringtheo