考研英语二历年真题

2012年入学统一考试英语（二SectionⅠUseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe2mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5anaverageguy,up6thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7ernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadaorviceorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada11careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappersasacharacter,ora12ofamericanalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarl,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanywere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports16the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.19Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,20themostimportantintheir.5.6.[C]7.8.[A]handed[B]turn[C]brought[D]passed9.`20.[A]onthe [B]bythis [C]fromthe [D]atthatPart

SectionⅡ Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Texthasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunay,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblewhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,maynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheir.Buttheisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,noshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorDistrictadministratorssaythatwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheir,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheir?Itisquitepossiblethatthehelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,theimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,theaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabout.Ifthedistrictfindstobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifdoesnothingtoensurethatthestudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Therulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducational,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.UnifiedtodoItisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadays [A].isreceivingmorecriticism[B].isnolongeraneducationalritual[C].isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D].isgainingmorepreferencesL.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleaboutmainlybecausepoor [A].tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B].haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C].mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheir[D].havevoicedtheircomintsaboutAccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththeisthatitmay [A].discouragestudentsfromng[B].resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C].underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D].restrictteachers'powerinAsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredaboutis itshouldbeeliminated[B].itcountsmuchinschooling[C].itcesextraburdensonteachers[D].itisimportantforgradesAsuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe [A].WrongInterpretationofanEducational edforPoorStudents[C].ThornyQuestionsabout[D].AFaultyApproachtoPrettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Ttisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apasversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageanddifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,acdordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea“thirdstepstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Ttwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink [A].shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B].shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C].cannotexingirls'lackofimagination[D].cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterestsAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueof[A].Coloursareencodedingirls'[B].Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.[C].Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D].Whiteispreferedbybabies.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby [A].themarketingofproductsforchildren[B].theobservationofchildren'snature[C].researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D].studiesofchildhoodconsumptionWemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto [A].focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B].attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C].classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D].createsomecommonshoppers'termsItcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe [A].clearlyexinedbytheirinborntendency[B].fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C].mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D].wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsTextIn2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO)，atradegroup，assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved，atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedpriordecision，rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad，ainUtah，saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatalisedmedicine，thecourtswillratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents：ageneisaproductofnature，soitmaynotbepatented；genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit；andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-urgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase，arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision，bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample，itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreater paniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublic.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesintcract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’s paniesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingthedits’,expaainshanssauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrtcentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.EachmeetingwasitcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike.[A].theirexecutivestobeactive[B].judgestoruleoutgenepatenting[C].genestobepatentable[D].theBIOtoissueathosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat.[A].genetictestsarenotreliable[B].onlyman-madeproductsarepatentable[C].patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovations[D].courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictestsaccordingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor [A].establishingdiseasecompellations[B].discoveringgeneinctions[C].drawingpicturesofgenes[D].identifyinghumanDNABysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat [A].thesupremecourtwasauthoritative[B].theBIOwasapowerfulorganization[C].genepatentingwasagreatconcern[D].lawyerswerekeentoattendconventionsgenerallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis TextThegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimay,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;they elessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklessalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsanddoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesbetweenracesandclasses.einequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthemespeciallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwinthinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisresessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”（Line1,Para.2）theauthorsuggestthatthejobless [A].seeksubsidiesfromtheernment[B].explorereasonsfortheunemployment[C].makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D].lookonthebrightsideoftherecessionAccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople [A].realizethenationaldream[B].struggleagainsteachother[C].challengetheirlifestyle[D].reconsidertheirlifestyleBenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay [A].imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B].bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C].Promotetheadvanceofrightsanddoms[D].easesbetweenracesandTheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendto [A].lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B].catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C].seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D].recovermorequicklythantheothersTheauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis PartDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhas plishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassinglirycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemrylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessofthe'salexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSwroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteS."whatitisinthepowerofeach plishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmereCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewreaofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes. [B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadings.NiccoloMachiavellli [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhose werehardtoimitate.SamuelS [D]openedupnewreaofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory.ThomasCarlyle [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.MarxandEngels [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders.[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.SectionⅢDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishinto.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelocountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld,ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelocountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Abigsurveyofnhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-school paredwitharound3.3%ofallnsovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredmakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake. PartSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday,WriteantothecustomerservicecentertomakeacomintdemandapromptYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.(10PartWriteanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.InyourwritingyoudescribethetablegiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150wordsonANSERESHEET2.(154041-50502012年入学统一考试英语（二）SectionⅠUseof SectionⅡReading SectionⅢ，大量研究表明，发达国家中受过良好教育的人非常可能。2004年对于家庭的一项大型研究表明，接近40%的都接受过高中以上的教育，而在25岁以上的印3.3%。这种“人才流失”长期以来困扰着贫穷国家的SectionIVPartDearSirorAsoneoftheregularcustomersofyouronlinestore,Iamwritingthislettertoexpressmycomintagainsttheflawsinyourproduct—anelectronicdictionaryIboughtinyourshoptheotherday.Thedictionaryissupposedtobeafavorabletoolformystudy.Unfortunay,Ifoundthatthereareseveralproblems.Tobeginwith,whenIopenedit,Idetectedthattheappearanceofithadbeenscratched.Secondly,Ididnotfindthebatterypromisedintheadvertisementpostedonthehomepageofyourshop,whichmakesmefeelthatyouhavenotkeptyourpromise.Whatisworse,someofthekeysonthekeyboarddonotwork.Istronglyrequestthatasatisfactoryexnationbegivenandeffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoimproveyourserviceandthequalityofyourproducts.Youcaneithersendanewonetomeorrefundmemymoneyinfull.IamlookingforwardtoyourreplyatyourearliestPart

SincerelyZhangThetableaboverevealedanoverallpictureofemploymentsatisfaction.Baseduponthedataofthetable,mostpeopleunder40areunclearordissatisfiedwiththeirjob,and64%ofthosebetween40to50,arenotsatisfiedandnoonefeelsatisfiedatall.Forpeopleover50,thedegreeofsatisfactionlargelyexceedstheothergroups,amountingto40%.Suchdifferencemayberootedinthefollowingreasons.First,middle-agedpeoplefacemorepressuretosupportthefamily,boththechildrenandthesenior,sothattheyneglecttoenjoyinwork.Second,theseniorcitizenshasdevelopedalotinality,sotheyaremorepronetoseetheoptimisticaspectsofthework.Last,theconclusionthatthecurrentsocietypatternsposemorechallengestothemiddleagedgroupunder50.Tosumup,theseniorcitizensenjoysmorecontentthantheyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleunder50.2011年入学统一考试英语（二SectionⅠUseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyanddomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybep2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalernmenta4maketheWebasaferce-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bytheernment.thatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13Mr.Sidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’snhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapudtheothersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Thenhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.11．A.carryB.lingerC.setD.log12．A.InB.InC.InD.InD.Part

SectionⅡ Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromonestatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthewillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumButtheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongngoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor [A]gainingexcessiveprofitsfailingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimesWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe [A]generousinvestorsunbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto emorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuitsItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors [A]