一轮复习英语重大版学案学通语法第十一讲 并列句和状语从句

第十一讲并列句和状语从句单句语法填空1．(2018·北京高考单选)Ifwedon’tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.2．(2017·江苏高考单选)LocatedwheretheBeltmeetstheRoad,JiangsuwillcontributemoretotheBeltandRoadconstruction.3．(2017·北京高考单选)—Peter,pleasesenduspostcardssowe’llknowwhereyouhavevisited.—Noproblem.4．(2017·北京高考单选)Although/Thoughbirdsusetheirfeathersforflight，someoftheirfeathersareforotherpurposes.5．(2017·北京高考单选)Ifyoudon’tunderstandsomething，youmayresearch,study,andtalktootherpeopleuntilyoufigureitout.6．(2016·四川高考)Themotherheldthebabyinherfrontpawsmuchthewayahumandoes.When/Ifitcried,sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlefortingpats.7．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)InmuchofAsia,especiallytheso­called“ricebowl”culturesofChina,Japan,Korea,andVietnam,foodisusuallyeatenwithchopsticks.8．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Overtime,asthepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1．表并列、递进或顺承关系：and,both...and...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...Theearthisoneofthesun’splanets,andthemoonisoursatellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。2．表转折、对比关系：but,yet,while①Theproblemwasalittlehard,yetIwasabletoworkitout.这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。②ThewinterinBeijingisverycoldwhilethatofKunmingiswarm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。3．表选择关系：or,otherwise,orelse,either...or...,not...but...Nowyoucaneitherhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。4．表因果关系：so,for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)Iamnotafraidoftomorrow,forIhaveseenyesterdayandIlovetoday.(2016·北京高考单选)我不害怕明天，因为我经历过了昨天并且热爱今天。(二)并列句的2大句式1．when“就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式•sb.beabouttodo/onthepointofdoingsth.when...某人正要做某事，突然……•sb.bedoingsth.when... 某人正在做某事，突然……•sb.haddonesth.when... 某人刚做完某事，突然……①OneFriday,wewerepackingtoleaveforaweekendawaywhenmydaughterheardcriesforhelp.当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。②Shehadjustfinishedherhomeworkwhenhermotheraskedhertopracticeplayingthepianoyesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，妈妈就让她练习钢琴。2．and与or/otherwise用于并列句•祈使句＋and＋陈述句(and表示顺承关系)•祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)①Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,andyou’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。②Hurryup,or/otherwiseyouwillbelateforclass.快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1．when,while和as的用法连词含义及用法例句when“当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生Whenyouapplyforajob,youmustpresentyourcredentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证书。while“当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生Marymadecoffeewhileherguestswerefinishingtheirmeal.客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。as“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生Ashegrewolder,hebecamelessactive.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。eq\a\vs4\al([名师指津])如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。2．before与since的用法(1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……”。常用于以下句型：•Itwillbe＋一段时间＋before... 多久之后才……•Itwon’tbelongbefore... 不久之后就……•Itwas＋一段时间＋before... 过了多久才……Johnthinksitwon’tbelongbeforeheisreadyforhisnewjob.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。(2)since的用法①since表示“自从……”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。IhavereturnedhometwicesinceIsettleddownintheUnitedStates.自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。Theyhavebeenlivingveryhappilysincetheygotmarried.自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。②since引导的从句的谓语若是延续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是非延续性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。Hehaswrittentomefrequentlysincehewasill.自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。Hehaswrittentomefrequentlysincehewentabroad.他自出国以来，经常给我写信。③since表示“自从……以来”，常用于“Itis/hasbeen＋时间段＋since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)……已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。Asisreported,ithasbeen/isover100yearssinceTsinghuaUniversitywasfounded.据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。3．till,until和not...until...的用法(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以互换，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。Haveyouheardthemeetingwillbeputofftill/untilnextTuesday?这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？(2)not...until...表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。AsfarasIknow,hismotherwon’tgotobeduntilhereturnshomeeveryevening.据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。4．表示“一……就……，刚……就……”的常用表达(1)表示“一……就……”的表达assoonas,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstantThemomentIheardthevoice,IknewFatherwasing.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。(2)表示“刚……就……”的表达nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...的时态搭配：nosooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把nosooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeechthanthestudentsstartedcheering.→Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisspeechthanthestudentsstartedcheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。(二)条件状语从句1．条件状语从句的常见引导词if,unless(＝if...not),so/aslongas(只要),onconditionthat(条件是),ifonly(＝if),providedthat(如果),incase(万一，如果),suppose/supposingthat(假设，如果),assumingthat等均可引导条件状语从句。①WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSundayunlessitrainsorit’sverycold.除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。②Myparentsdon’tmindwhatjobIdoaslongasIamhappy.我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。2．条件状语从句的时态在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。Ifeveryonedoeshispart,theprojectwillsurelybeasuccess.如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。(三)让步状语从句1．although,though,while引导的让步状语从句。Whilesomepeoplearemotivatedbyaneedforsuccess，othersaremotivatedbyafearoffailure.(2016·江苏高考单选)尽管有些人是受到成功的激励，而另外一些人是因为害怕失败而前进。2．as,though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hotas/thoughthenightairwas,wesleptdeeplybecauseweweresotiredafterthelongjourney.在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。Howeverhardyoutry,itisdifficulttoloseweightwithoutcuttingdowntheamountyoueat.不管你多么努力，如果不减少饭量，减肥很难。4．whether...or...引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论……还是……”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。We’llgoonwiththework,whetherwecanfindthenecessarytoolsornot.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。(四)地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where,wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。IcannotheartheprofessorclearlyasthereistoomuchnoisewhereIamsitting.因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。eq\a\vs4\al([名师指津])where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremainwhereshewasandwaitforhermother.(状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)→Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremainintheplacewhereshewasandwaitforhermother.(定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。(五)原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because,as,since,nowthat,inthat,considering(that)等词引导。1．because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。Ireallyenjoylisteningtomusicbecauseithelpsmerelaxandtakesmymindawayfromothercaresoftheday.(2016·北京高考单选)我真的喜欢听音乐，因为听音乐有助于放松，并且让我免受一天中其他的纷扰。2．as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since(既然),nowthat(既然),inthat(因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as,since和nowthat引导的从句多位于主句之前。Nowthatyouputyourhandtothework,youshouldtryyourbesttofinishit.既然你已经着手这项工作了，那就应该尽力完成它。(六)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as,asif,asthough等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中asif或asthough引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。①Thehousewasgreatlydamagedbythetruck.We’dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。②Theconstructionindustryisnolongerasdepressedasitwas.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。③Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewereherownson.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。(七)结果状语从句1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so...that...,such...that...。在非正式语体中，由so...that...,such...that...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(so＋形容词/副词＋that从句,so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that从句,so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋名词＋that从句))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that从句,such＋形容词＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that从句))①Heissuchalearnedpersonthatweadmirehimverymuch.→Heissolearnedapersonthatweadmirehimverymuch.他如此有学问，以至于我们非常赞赏他。②Itissuchfineweatherthatweallwanttogotothepark.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。③Heearnedsolittlemoneythathecouldn’tsupporthisfamily.他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。2．当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such...asto...。Hewassocleverastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.→Hewassocleverastudentastobeabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。(八)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase(that),lest等。1．inorderthat和sothat引导的目的状语从句两个连词都意为“以便……；为了……”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。Whenhegoesout,heoftenwearssunglassessothat/inorderthatnobody/noonecanrecognizehim.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。2．forfearthat,incase(that)和lest引导的目的状语从句引导目的状语从句时，forfearthat表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；incase(that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。①Theboyhidhimselfbehindthetreeforfearthathisfathershouldseehim.那个男孩藏在树后面，害怕他父亲看到他。②Takeyourraincoatincase/lestitshouldrain.带上雨衣以防下雨。[典题精选][我来改正][常设误点]①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Ifwestayathome,itisfortablebutthereisnoneedtospendmoney.②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Beforegettingintothecar,IthoughtIhadlearnedtheinstructor’sorders,soonceIstartedthecar,mymindwentblank.Iforgotwhathehadsaidtomealtogether.①but→and②so→but/yet(1)并列连词的错用常见的并列连词有：and(表示顺承)，but(表示转折)，or(表示选择)，so(表示因果)。③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Thoughnotverybig,buttherestaurantispopularinourarea.④Hehadadeepvoice,whichsethimapartfromothersinoursmalltown,hewasstrongandpowerful.③去掉but④第二个he前加and(2)并列连词的多用/缺失①表转折关系时，though和but不能同时出现；②在并列句中，必须要有并列连词连接，特别是表示递进和并列关系的and不能缺少。⑤(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)ThegamesmyparentstaughtmewhereIwasachildturnedouttobeveryusefullaterinmylife.⑥Infact,heevenscaredmyclassmatesawayduringtheycameovertoplayordohomeworkwithme.⑦(2018·洛阳市统考)Shekeptonturningbacktoseemeunlesswecouldn’tseeeachotheranylonger.⑧(2019·长春市质检)ItisthreeyearswhenIbecameahighschoolstudent.⑤where→when⑥during→when⑦unless→until⑧when→since(3)状语从句连接词的错用①应搞清是何种状语从句以及它们的连接词；②不要把介词误用作连接词，例如during和with为介词，不能引导状语从句；③应注意容易混淆的连接词，如when,while和as；before和since；unless和until等；④应注意常见的固定句式，如“It’s＋一段时间＋since...”等。⑨Assoonaswearrived,sowedroppedthelinesintothewater.⑨去掉so(4)并列连词和状语从句连接词的同时使用前后两个分句不能同时由并列连词和从属连词连接。eq\a\vs4\al([常考题点对点练])Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Foodisforbiddeninthelibrary,butyouareallowedtohavedrinksandsweetswithyou.2．SomewatchTVorgotothecinema.Otherstakepartinsports.3．TheyquicklygavemethegunandaskedmeifIhadheardthetiger.4．MypartnerwantstokeepthepanysmallwhileI’dliketoexpandit.5．Theshopswereclosed,soIdidn’tgetanymilk.6．Howeverhardheworks,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.7．—DidJennyreturnearlylastnight?—Exactly.Itwasnotyetnineo’clockwhenshearrivedhome.8．Ifyoumissthischance,itmaybeyearsbeforeyougetanotherone.9．Quietboyas/thoughhemaybe,hetalksalotabouthisfavoritesingersafterclass.10．Although/ThoughIfeelsorryaboutyourcondition,Ican’treallydomuchtohelp.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Onemorning,MrGreenwasabouttotakeawalkwhilehereceivedacall,sayingthathisdaughterwasingat3o’clockbyair.while→when2．Bydoingso,Icannotonlysharegoodideaswithothersandalsolearntoexpressmyselfclearly.and→but3．Apassengerrealizedhecouldn’tfindhisticketbutbecamequiteupset.but→and4．Withyougrowolder,you’llknowbetterandbetteraboutyourself.With→As或grow→growing5．Greatchangeshavetakenplaceafteryouleftthiscity.after→since6．I’vemadeupmymindtomakeeveryefforttostudy,sohardworkisthekeytosuccess.so→because7．IttookseveralweekswhenImadethisclear.when→before8．(2018·渝中区一诊)Althoughshewastoobusytogowithme,shetoldmetoselltheextraticketifpossible.Although→As/Becauseeq\a\vs4\al([高考题型综合练])Ⅰ.语法填空Changeismucheasierwhenyouhavemanysupportingpartnersandunlimitedresources.But,sinceitisoftentheshockofadeath,divorceorsomeotherlifetragedythat__1__(push)usoutofourfortzonetotakecareofourselves,itcanmean__2__(force)tostarttobeindependent,whichformanyofusisthescariestpartofall.Probablythemostdifficultthingaboutseekingsignificantchangeisdoingit__3__youdon’thavefinancialoremotionaltoolsavailabletomaketheprocessgo__4__(smooth).Butsometimesreachingourfullpotentialmeansworkingwithout__5__safetynet.Forthosetruly__6__(devote)totheirmission,havingfewerresourcescanbeasurprisingblessingasitforcesthemtoget__7__(create)andexplorenewpaths.Idon’tknowifit’spossibletoleavethisworld__8__zeroregrets.Becauseofthenaturallifecyclesandthefactthatsometimesit’sthetragedythatcausesourawakenings,weoftenrealizeittoolatetoavoidcertainpainful__9__(oute)．Pleasekeepinmindthatthechoicebelongstoeachofus.Weallhavethepowertochangeandgive