英语资源库卢仍在修改中有错指出谢谢

2003年英译汉全仍在修改中，有错请，谢谢Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.置。人类思考，富有创造力，拥有永不满足的好奇心。而且，人类有能力改变自己生"Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"thestudyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologypassesthestudyofallAnthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofin lectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithaacross-broughttoysisofculturespastpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialAnthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor'sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas"…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor'sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.人类学分析主要取决于文化的概念。爱德华·爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪科 化是通过学习获得的、可以的，并且规范了人类行为。65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof"culture,"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematics,isan conceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.2004年英译汉全仍在修改中，有错请，谢谢Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.几个世纪以来，语言与思维的关系一直让哲学家很感。希腊人认为语言结构与思Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom"exotic"language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecret茨·博厄斯和爱德华·萨皮尔是两位先驱，他们在20世纪上半叶描述了南美和的多 位语言学家就没那么感激了，因为他们对“异族”语言的古怪资料不感。那些新近得到指责博厄斯和萨皮尔杜撰资料。美洲土著语言之间确实大不相同，以至于在二战期间Sapir'spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,thestudyofAmericannlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegr patternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism. 推论是，使用一种特定的语言更容易形成某些观念，而非其它观念，因此说这种语言的会沿着某种轨迹思考问题，而非沿着另一种轨迹。2005年考研英译汉全仍在修改中，有错请，谢谢beenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringevision,ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnews confused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46) evisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoyzetheEuropeanevisionscene.47)beenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringevision,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.淆起来，人们倾向于既持怀疑态度又持乐观态度。电视 和传递这些感受 之 鲁斯科尼，以及海外的韦尔和默多克。factunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyClearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibleevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48)Thisfactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightynetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligeevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.显然，在这样一个丰富多彩、竞争激烈的市场上，只有最大最灵活的才能参与竞争。801989年出现了亏损。此外，欧洲共同体的形成将迫使在制作和方面更加密切合作。49)Creatinga"Europeanidentity"thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice--thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown. 性抉择，即在欧洲制作面向欧洲人的。这就要求我们减少对市场的依赖，因为他们中涉及的经历和文化传统与我们大不相Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,aryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforevisionProductionwhich,onthemodelofEuropeanInvestmentBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay"Unitywestand,dividedwefall"--andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe"Unityinourdiversity."Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.为了达到这些目标，须更加注重联合制作、交换、文献服务和相关培训。这还包括欧洲各国就建立欧洲电视制作银行一事达成一致。这家银行将以欧洲投资银行为模板，处理电视制作所需的问题。在应对如此规模的 时，可以毫不夸张地说“合兴，分则亡”。如果我必须选择一句，我会选“求同存异”——目标一致，但又尊重各国不同的特性。2006年英译汉全仍在修改中，有错请，谢谢IsittruethattheAmericaninlectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheinlectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofinlectual.Itisthey,notAmericans,whohave eanti-inlectual.在社会中，真的受到排斥并被视为毫无价值吗？我要说的是，事实并非如此。布鲁克伯杰神父提出，是排斥了人。他只说出了部分。但知识分子做的不止于此：他们对扮演的角色越来越不满。反的不是人，而是自己。First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisaninlectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulay,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionis ogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohis首先，需要对我们的研究对象给出定义。什么是？我对 Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasinlectuals--theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehis plishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties--heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,which ernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.这个定义将许多通常意义上的排除在外，比如普通的科学家。我之所以将他Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyinlectualsearntheirliving.50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars."Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livinginpublicandillustriousthoughts,"asEmersonwouldsay,"issomethingelse."这个定义也将大部分教师也排除在外，尽管教学在传统上一直是许多的谋如爱默生所说：“在某个知识领域博学是一回事，公共领域并思想卓绝则是另一回Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livinginpublicandillustriousthoughts,"asEmersonwouldsay,"issomething2007年英译汉全仍在修改中，有错请，谢谢ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicinlectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasit eafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartofthein lectualequipmentofan .Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.几个世纪以来欧洲许多大学一直将法学视为基础学科然而，直到最近几年，法学才成为了大学本科的一门特色学科。传统上这些院校一直把法律知识看作是 专有的 而不是每个受教育者必需的知识储备。 喜的是，的许多大学正在树立更传统更具欧陆特色的法律教育观，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士 。Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyanddom.47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sinlectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.立刻吸引学教育者法学这门学科鼓励人们进行负责任的判断。一方面，它为人们分析正义、、自由这样的概念提供了机会。另一方面它将这些 与事实基本权利与公共利益这样的概念，在判断和制作过程中发挥的作用和在上差不多。通过研读和思考法律来提高判断能力，是记Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. 的 基本特点 如何能胜任政的Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationsdtothembylawyers.50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.此外，和体系中发生的都是主要的对象。尽管法律的质量良莠不齐，但许多都过分依赖提供的解释。尽 的 2008年英译汉全（仍在修改中，有错误请指正Inhisautobiography,hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hediedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.47)Heasserts,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurely trainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe"OriginofSpecies"isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree."49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully."信自己不可能在数学方面取得成功。他对自己力的描述是“广博而模糊”。 认为这种指责毫无依据。他认为这不是真的，因为《物种》从头到尾就是个本书。他愿意声称“我具有一定的创造力和一般的或判断力，像每个成功的Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry;IhavetriedlaytoreadShakespeare,andfounditsointolerablydullthatitnauseatedme.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.MusicgenerallysetsmethinkingtooenergeticallyofwhatIhavebeenatworkon,insteadofgivingmepleasure.Iretainsometasteforfinescenery,butitdoesnotcausemetheexquisitedelightwhichitformerlydid."50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheinlect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter,绘画能带给他相当程度的欢乐，音乐则给了他无穷的乐趣。但到了1881年，他相当乏味，让我作呕。我对音乐和绘画也快失去了。音乐往往让我积极思考 2009年英译汉全（仍在修改中，有错误请指正，感谢Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisal;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theinlectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput. Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressureto plishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.迫在眉睫，以至于我们不能留下这些完全不予考虑。既然我们的主要任务是让他们能(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.这些群体中有一种纽带，使成年人自己的群体。他们将年轻人培养成社需的性2010（仍在修改中，有错误请指正Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupofbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.当一种没有经济价值的物种受到，如果我们碰巧喜欢它，我们就会想方设法赋予它经济价值。本世纪初，燕雀原本正在逐渐。科学家们急忙赶来挽救这种局面，他们使用的明显站不住脚：如果没有鸟类来制衡昆虫，昆虫会把一切都吃光。要有说服力，就必须和经济价值挂钩。如今，读这些绕弯子的解释叫人很痛苦。我们还没有土地观，但至少我们趋向于承Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatory lsandfish-eatingTimewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.”。 动物通过猎杀弱者来保持猎物群落的健康状态，或者说它们捕杀的只是“毫。Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-ersbecausetheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.49)InEurope,whereryisecologicallymoreadvanced,the mercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativecommunity,tobepassuch,withinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.Ittendstorelegatetoernmentmanyfunctionseventuallytoolarge,toocomplex,ortoowidelydispersedtobeperformedby 向于忽视陆地群落中的许多物种，并最终导致它们的 20118月15日修（仍在修改中，有错误请指正Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.詹姆斯·艾伦的《作为一名思想者》1[1]深入探讨了自助类书籍的概(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”与物质是割裂的；因此我们认为，思想可以隐，可以变得毫无；影响；我们或许只靠意识就能维持“掌控一切”的幻觉，但事实上面Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Achievementhappensbecauseyouasembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’t“get” eit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter和不相符的想摧毁我们的和希冀。艾伦得出的结论是：“我你这个现出了成就；你并非“取得”成功，而是“变得”成功。意识与物PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakea ,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.艾伦这本书的亮点还在于了“环境不会造就人，而是反映人。”这似This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhave Infact,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,a ’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual么人类不会进步。事实上，环境似乎诣在激发我们最大的潜能；如果我们ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwe ofwhatis可能性的。1[1]根据爱默生的说法，“思想者”（ManThinking）（Thinker）。Thinker是思考、靠吸吮他人思想活着的人，而ManThinking要形成自己的思想。2012考研英语一、答案和简单分今年英语一，来源于《自然》，于2011年4月14日.具体文SinceatleastthedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience:withoutit,thereisnounderlyingorderandpattern,merelyasmanyexnationsastherearethingsintheworld.Newton'slawsofmotion,theoxygentheoryofcombustionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.46)Inphysicsoneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextremeandseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.在物理学上，有法将这种追求一致的冲动发挥到了极致，它试图找出一种超弦理论（也可以译作：万有理论）——用一个生成等式概括我们整个世界。Itisinglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventheproliferationofdimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbegin.在此，达尔文主义似乎给出了一种合理的说法，因为如果整个人类相同，似乎有理由认为文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的开端。Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredtobeformsof ualselection,perhapstheworld'slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryare ernedbyuniversalfeatures.48)Tofilteroutwhatiscontingentand（出题人将这两个词删除了）uniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehaviouraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.如果将个别因素从共性中剔除，我们或许能够理解复化行为是如何产生以及是何种因素在进化或是That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetoday(M.Dunnetal.Nature :10.1038/nature09923;2011)sarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAuckland,NewZealand,andhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgr rsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whopostulatedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacity—abrainmoduleormodulesspecializedforlanguage—thatdictatesauniversal r.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.Languageswoulddiversifythroughchangestothe'parametersettings'ofthegenerativerules.Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguages,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.做出又一贡献的是·格林伯格，他运用了更为鲜明的经验主义方法来研究这（特别是在词序上的特征），而人们认Chomsky'sandGreenberg'sarenottheonlytheoriesonthetableforhowlanguagesevolve,buttheymakethestrongestpredictionsaboutuniversals.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestusingphylogeneticmethodstoexaminefourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.Agenerative（Chomsky’s）grrshouldshowpatternslanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations(andnotothers).Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnot ernedbyuniversals.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcognitiveconstraintsareirrelevant,orthattherearenootheruniversalsdictatedbycommunicationefficiency.Itissurelyinevitablethatcognitionsetslimitson,say,wordlength.Butsuch'universals'seemlikelytoberelativelytrivialfeaturesoflanguages,justasmaybethecaseforputativeuniversalsinmusicandotheraspectsofculture.Theconclusion?WeshouldperhapslearnthelessonofDarwinism:a'universal'mechanismofadaptationsayslittleinitselfabouthowaparticularfeaturegottobethewayitis,orabouthowitworks.Thistruthhasdawnedonphysiciststoo:universalequationsareallverywell,buttheworldactuallyconsistsofparticular