2021年托福听力模拟试题及答案(卷十一)

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！2021年托福听力模拟试题及答案（卷十一）Inseventeenth-centurycolonialNorthAmerica,allday-to-daycookingwasdoneinthefireplace.Generallylarge,fireplaceswereplannedforcookingaswellasforwarmth.ThoseintheNortheastwereusuallyfourorfivefeethigh,andintheSouth,theywereoftenhighenoughforapersontowalkinto.Aheavytimbercalledthemanteltreewasusedasalinteltosupportthestoneworkabovethefireplaceopening.Thistimbermightbescorchedoccasionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefromcatchingfire.Twoledgeswerebuiltacrossfromeachotherontheinsideofthechimney.Ontheserestedtheendsofa"lugpole"fromwhichpotsweresuspendedwhencooking.Woodfromafreshlycuttreewasusedforthelugpole,soitwouldresistheat,butithadtobereplacedfrequentlybecauseitdriedoutandcharred,andwasthusweakened.Sometimesthepolebrokeandthedinnerfellintothefire.Whenironbecameeasiertoobtain,itwasusedinsteadofwoodforlugpoles,andlaterfireplaceshadpivotingmetalrodstohangpotsfrom.Besidethefireplaceandbuiltaspartofitwastheoven.Itwasmadelikeasmall,secondaryfireplacewithaflueleadingintothemainchimneytodrawoutsmoke.Sometimesthedooroftheovenfacedtheroom,butmostovenswerebuiltwiththeopeningfacingintothefireplace.Onbakingdays(usuallyonceortwiceaweek)aroaringfireof"ovenwood,"consistingofbrownmaplesticks,wasmaintainedintheovenuntilitswallswereextremelyhot.Theemberswerelaterremoved,breaddoughwasputintotheoven,andtheovenwassealedshutuntilthebreadwasfullybaked.Notallbakingwasdoneinabigoven,however.Alsousedwasaniron"bakekettle,"whichlookedlikeastewpotonlegsandwhichhadanironlid.Thisissaidtohaveworkedwellwhenitwasplacedinthefireplace,surroundedbyglowingwoodembers,withmoreemberspiledonitslid.1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofdomesticlifeincolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)methodsofbakingbread(B)fireplacecooking(C)theuseofironkettlesinatypicalkitchen(D)thetypesofwoodusedinpreparingmeals2.TheauthormentionsthefireplacesbuiltintheSouthtoillustrate(A)howthematerialsusedweresimilartothematerialsusedinnortheasternfireplaces(B)thattheyserveddiversefunctions(C)thattheywereusuallylargerthannortheasternfireplaces(D)howtheyweresaferthannortheasternfireplaces3.Theword"scorched烧焦的"inline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)burned(B)cut(C)enlarged(D)bent4.Theword"it"inline6refersto(A)thestonework(B)thefireplaceopening(C)themanteltree(D)therisingcolumnofheat5.Accordingtothepassage,howwasfoodusuallycookedinapotintheseventeenthcentury?(A)Byplacingthepotdirectlyintothefire(B)Byputtingthepotintheoven(C)Byfillingthepotwithhotwater(D)Byhangingthepotonapoleoverthefire6.Theword"obtain"inline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)maintain(B)reinforce(C)manufacture(D)acquire7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph2asadisadvantageofusingawoodenlugpole?(A)Itwasmadeofwoodnotreadilyavailable.(B)Itwasdifficulttomoveorrotate.(C)Itoccasionallybroke.(D)Itbecametoohottotouch.8.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that,comparedtootherfirewood,"ovenwood"produced(A)lesssmoke(B)moreheat(C)fewerembers(D)lowerflames9.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofacolonialovenEXCEPT:(A)Itwasusedtoheatthekitcheneveryday.(B)Itwasbuiltaspartofthemainfireplace.(C)Thesmokeitgeneratedwentoutthroughthemainchimney.(D)Itwasheatedwithmaplesticks.10.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanadvantageofa"bakekettle"?(A)Itdidnottakeupalotofspaceinthefireplace.(B)Itdidnotneedtobetightlyclosed.(C)Itcouldbeusedinadditiontoorinsteadoftheoven.(D)Itcouldbeusedtocookseveralfoodsatonetime.BCACDDCBAATheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheNorthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolutionofcitiesintheformerandtheirrapidgrowthinthelatter.InEuropetheygrewoveraperiodofcenturiesfromtowneconomiestotheirpresenturbanstructure.InNorthAmerica,theystartedaswildernesscommunitiesanddevelopedtomatureurbanisminlittlemorethanacentury.IntheearlycolonialdaysinNorthAmerica,smallcitiessprangupalongtheAtlanticCoastline,mostlyinwhatarenowNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesintheUnitedStatesandinthelowerSaintLawrencevalleyinCanada.ThiswasnaturalbecausetheseareaswerenearesttoEnglandandFrance,particularlyEngland,fromwhichmostcapitalgoods(assetssuchasequipment)andmanyconsumergoodswereimported.Merchandisingestablishmentswere,accordingly,advantageouslylocatedinportcitiesfromwhichgoodscouldbereadilydistributedtointeriorsettlements.Here,too,werethefavoredlocationsforprocessingrawmaterialspriortoexport.Boston,Philadelphia,NewYork,Montreal,andothercitiesflourished,and,asthecoloniesgrew,thesecitiesincreasedinimportance.ThiswaslesstrueinthecolonialSouth,wherelifecenteredaroundlargefarms,knownasplantations,ratherthanaroundtowns,aswasthecaseintheareasfurthernorthalongtheAtlanticcoastline.Thelocalisolationandtheeconomicself-sufficiencyoftheplantationswereantagonistictothedevelopmentofthetowns.Theplantationsmaintainedtheirindependencebecausetheywerelocatedonnavigablestreamsandeachhadawharfaccessibletothesmallshippingofthatday.Infact,oneofthestrongestfactorsintheselectionofplantationlandwasthedesiretohaveitsfrontonawaterhighway.WhentheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentnationin1776,itdidnothaveasinglecityaslargeas50,000inhabitants,butby1820ithadacityofmorethan10,000people,andby1880ithadrecordedacityofoveronemillion.Itwasnotuntilafter1823,afterthemechanizationofthespinninghadweavingindustries,thatcitiesstarteddrawingyoungpeopleawayfromfarms.SuchmigrationwasparticularlyrapidfollowingtheCivilWar(1861-1865).1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)FactorsthatslowedthegrowthofcitiesinEurope.(B)TheevolutionofcitiesinNorthAmerica(C)TradebetweenNorthAmericanandEuropeancities(D)TheeffectsoftheUnitedSates'independenceonurbangrowthinNewEngland.2.Theword"they"inline4refersto(A)NorthAmericancolonies(B)cities(C)centuries(D)towneconomies3.ThepassagecomparesearlyEuropeanandNorthAmericancitiesonthebasisofwhichofthefollowing?(A)Theireconomicsuccess(B)Thetypeofmerchandisetheyexported(C)Theirabilitytodistributegoodstointeriorsettlements(D)Thepaceoftheirdevelopment4.Theword"accordingly因此"inline11isclosestinmeaningto(A)asusual(B)incontrast(C)tosomedegree(D)forthatreason5.Accordingtothepassage,earlycolonialcitieswereestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoastlineofNorthAmericadueto(A)anabundanceofnaturalresources(B)financialsupportfromcolonialgovernments(C)proximitytopartsofEurope(D)afavorableclimate6.Thepassageindicatesthatduringcolonialtimes,theAtlanticcoastlinecitiespreparedwhichofthefollowingforshipmenttoEurope?(A)Manufacturingequipment(B)Capitalgoods(C)Consumergoods(D)Rawmaterials7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaspectsoftheplantationsysteminfluencedthegrowthofsoutherncitiesEXCEPTthe(A)locationoftheplantations(B)accessofplantationownerstoshipping(C)relationshipsbetweenplantationresidentsandcityresidents(D)economicself-sufficiencyoftheplantations8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,incomparisonwithnortherncities,mostsoutherncitieswere(A)moreprosperous(B)smaller(C)lesseconomicallyself-sufficient(D)tiedlesscloselytoEnglandthantoFrance9.Theword"recorded"inline26isclosestinmeaningto(A)imagined(B)discovered(C)documented记录(D)planned10.Theword"drawing"inline28isclosestinmeaningto(A)attracting(B)employing(C)instructing(D)representing11.ThepassagementionstheperiodfollowingtheCivilWar(line29)becauseitwasatimeof(A)significantobstaclestoindustrialgrowth(B)decreaseddependenceonforeigntrade(C)increasednumbersofpeopleleavingemploymentonfarms(D)increasedmigrationfromnorthernstatestosouthernstatesBBDDCDCBCAC1.TheMoon,whichhasundergoneadistinctandcomplexgeologicalhistorypresentsastrikingappearance.Theword"undergone"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)altered(B)substituted(C)experienced(D)preserved2.ItisnowknownthatthevastmajorityoftheMoon'scraterswereformedbytheimpactofsolidbodieswiththelunarsurface.Theword"vast"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)special(B)Known(C)varied(D)great3.Theterm"latentheat"referstotheenergythathastobeusedtoconvertliquidwatertowatervapor.Theword"convert"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)mix(B)change(C)adapt(D)reduce4.Intheatmosphere,alargeportionoftheSun'sincomingenergyisusedtoevaporatewater,primarilyinthetropicaloceans.Theword"primarily"intheline19isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)chiefly(B)originally(C)basically(D)clearly5.Otherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.Theword"ultimately"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)exceptionally(B)dramatically(C)eventually(D)unfortunately参考答案：1C2D3B4A5C6.readilychangeitsorientation,orphase.Catsknowthisinstinctively,butscientistscouldnotbesurehowithappeneduntiltheyincreasedthespeedoftheirperceptionsathousandfold.Theword"readily"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)only(B)easily(C)slowly(D)certainly7.ThechangingprofileofacityintheUnitedStatesisapparentintheshiftingdefinitionsusedbytheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensus.In1870thecensusofficiallydistinguishedthenation's"urban"fromits"rural"populationforthefirsttime.Theword"distinguished"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)differentiated(B)removed(C)honored(D)protected8.EachSMSAwouldcontainatleast(a)onecentralcitywith50,000inhabitantormoreor(b)twocitieshavingsharedboundariesandconstituting,forgeneraleconomicandsocialpurposes,asinglecommunitywithacombinedpopulationofatleast50,000,thesmallerofwhichmusthaveapopulationofatleast15,000.Theword"constituting"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)locatednear(B)determinedby(C)callingfor(D)makingup9.TheAnasazilivedinhousesconstructedofadobeandwood.Anasazihouseswereoriginallybuiltinpitsandwereenteredfromtheroof.Theword"pits"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)stages(B)scars(C)seeds(D)holes10.Eachkivahadafirepitandholethatwasbelievedtoleadtotheunderworld.Thelargestpuebloshadfivestoriesandmorethan800rooms.Theword"stories"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)articles(B)tales(C)levels(D)rumors参考答案：6DB7A8D9D10C1.Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornonadaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Theword"tolerate"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)endure(B)replace(C)compensate(D)reduce2.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.Theword"obtain"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)digest(B)carry(C)save(D)get3.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwothirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.Thephrase"rollback"inlines11-12isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)credit(B)measure(C)vary(D)reduce4.Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing.Theword"stimulating"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)experimentingwith(B)identifying(C)estimating(D)encouraging5.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.RentControlshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability-rents.Theword"depressed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)saddened(B)created(C)lowered(D)defeated6.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.Theword"stringent"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)straightforward(B)strict(C)expanded(D)efficient7.Forexample,sometimestheshapeorveininginapieceofstoneorwoodsuggests,perhapsevendictates,notonlytheultimateform,buteventhesubjectmatter.Theword"dictates"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)readsaloud(B)determines(C)includes(D)records8.In1905hewassenttoParisasanapprenticetoanartdealer,andintheyearsthatfollowedhewitnessedthebirthofCubism,discoveredprimitiveart,andlearnedthetechniquesofwoodcarvingfromaframemaker.Theword"witnessed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)influenced(B)studied(C)validated(D)observed9.Theplank'sformdictatedtherigidlyfrontalviewandthelowrelief.EvenitsirregularshapemusthaveappealedtoLaurentasabreakwithalong-standingtraditionthatrequiredasculptortoworkwithinaperfectrectangleorsquare.Thephrase"abreakwith"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)adestructionof(B)adeparturefrom(C)acollapseof(D)asolutionto10.Inwinterespecially,itisimportantforbirdstokeepwarmatnightandconservepreciousfoodreserves.Theword"conserve"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)retain(B)watch(C)locate(D)share参考答案：1A2D3D4D5C6B7B8D9B10AParagraphTerritoriality1Inmanyspecies,membersofthespeciesexhibitaggressivebehaviortowardoneanother,oftenwithafocusonterritoriality,thefightforexclusivecontrolofaparticulararea.Thelevelofviolenceinterritorialaggressionvarieswidelyfromspeciestospecies,thoughfewspeciesfightothermembersofthespeciestodeathandinsteadrelyonnon-lethalcontestsforcontrolofterritorythatinvolvesnoise-makingmaneuverssuchasroaringorhissingoraggressiveposturingorgestures.2Mostbirdspeciesareknowntobeterritorialtosomedegree,thoughtheterritorialbehaviorsexhibitedbymostspeciesarelimitedtosingingcontests,whichcangoonfordays,orthreateningpostureswithwingsliftedorextended.Theswan,ontheotherhand,isquiteunlikeotherbirdsinthisrespect.Theswanmayseemparticularlyelegantandsereneasitglidesacrossthesurfaceofalake;however,maleswansare,inreality,quiteterritoriala