托福各个题型汇总

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！Paragraph1:Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.█In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.█MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).█Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates—NorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.█Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.Paragraph3:Itusedtobebelievedthatbefore3000B.C.E.thepoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecitieswascenteredontheirtemples,butitnowseemsprobablethatthecitieshadsecularrulersfromearliesttimes.■Withinthecitylivedadministrators,craftspeople,andmerchants.(Tradingwasimportant,assomanyrawmaterials,thesemipreciousstonesforthedecorationofthetemples,timbersforroofs,andallmetals,hadtobeimported.)■Anincreasinglysophisticatedsystemofadministrationledinabout3300B.C.E.totheappearanceofwriting.■Theearliestscriptwasbasedonlogograms,withasymbolbeingusedtoexpressawholeword.■Thelogogramswereincisedondampclaytabletswithastyluswithawedgeshapeatitsend.(TheRomanscalledtheshapecuneusandthisgivesthescriptitsnameofcuneiform.)Twothousandlogogramshavebeenrecordedfromtheseearlycenturiesofwriting.Amoreeconomicalapproachwastouseasigntoexpressnotawholewordbutasinglesyllable.(Totakeanexample:theSumerianwordfor"head‖was―sag.‖Wheneverawordincludingasyllableinwhichthesound―sag‖wastobewritten,thesignfor―sag"couldbeusedtoexpressthatsyllablewiththeremainingsyllablesofthewordexpressedbyothersigns.)By2300B.C.E.thenumberofsignsrequiredhadbeenreducedto600,andtherangeofwordsthatcouldbeexpressedhadwidened.Textsdealingwitheconomicmatterspredominated,astheyalwayshaddone;butatthispointworksoftheology,literature,history,andlawalsoappeared.ookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Citylifewasdiverse,andthepopulationwasengagedinavarietyofoccupations.Paragraph5:Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeingdisplacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.█Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.█Paragraph6:Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.█Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable—soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.█Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Suchepisodiceventswillcauseapopulationofdandelions,forexample,tovarywidely.Paragraph1:Inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,LouisAgassiz,oneofthefirstscientiststostudyglaciers,immigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromSwitzerlandandbecameaprofessoratHarvardUniversity,wherehecontinuedhisstudiesingeologyandothersciences.Forhisresearch,AgassizvisitedmanyplacesinthenorthernpartsofEuropeandNorthAmerica,fromthemountainsofScandinaviaandNewEnglandtotherollinghillsoftheAmericanMidwest.■Inallthesediverseregions,Agassizsawsignsofglacialerosionandsedimentation.■Inflatplainscountry,hesawmoraines(accumulationsofearthandlooserockthatformattheedgesofglaciers)thatremindedhimoftheterminalmorainesfoundattheendofvalleyglaciersintheAlps.■Theheterogeneousmaterialofthedrift(sand,clay,androcksdepositedthere)convincedhimofitsglacialorigin.■Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Inhisview,therecouldbenootherexplanationforthecompositionofsuchdrift.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Paragraph10:Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.Oncethesoilhasbeenremovedbyerosion,onlythepassageofcenturiesormillenniawillenablenewsoiltoform.Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcover-cropplantingmaymakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationofthesurface.10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.Paragraph6:Playallowsayounganimaltoexploreitsenvironmentandpracticeskillincomparativesafetysincethesurroundingadultsgenerallydonotexpecttheyoungtodealwiththreatsorpredators.Playcanalsoprovidepracticeinsocialbehaviorsneededforcourtshipandmating.Learningappropriatesocialbehaviorsisespeciallyimportantforspeciesthatliveingroups,likeyoungmonkeysthatneededtolearntocontrolselfishnessandaggressionandtounderstandthegive-and-takeinvolvedinsocialgroups.Theyneedtolearnhowtobedominantandsubmissivebecauseeachmonkeymighthavetoplayeitherroleinthefuture.Mostofthesethingsarelearnedinthelongdevelopmentalperiodsthatprimateshave,duringwhichtheyengageincountlessplayexperienceswiththeirpeers.9.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.OOnlymonkeysthathavelearnedtocontroltheirselfishandaggressivebehaviorscanbeinvolvedinsocialgroups.OSelfishandaggressiveanimalslikemonkeysliveingroupsinordertopracticeappropriatesocialbehaviors.OMonkeysandothersocialanimalsneedtolearnbehaviorsappropriatefortheirsocialgroups.OSomemonkeysarenaturallytooselfishandaggressivetounderstandthegive-and-takeofsocialgroups,sotheylearnsuchimportantbehaviorswhileyoung.Manyplants–oneormorespeciesofatleast68differentfamilies–cansecretenectarevenwhentheyhavenoblossoms,becausetheybearextrafloralnectaries(structuresthatproducenectar)onstems,leaves,leafstems,orotherstructures.Theseplantsusuallyoccurwhereantsareabundant,mostinthetropicsbutsomeintemperateareas.AmongthoseofnortheasternNorthAmericaarevariousplums,cherries,roses,hawthorns,poplars,andoaks.Likefloralnectar,extrafloralnectarconsistsmainlyofwaterwithahighcontentofdissolvedsugarsand,insomeplants,smallamountsofaminoacids.Theextrafloralnectariesofsomeplantsareknowntoattractantsandotherinsects,buttheevolutionaryhistoryofmostplantswiththesenectariesisunknown.Nevertheless,mostecologistsbelievethatallextrafloralnectariesattractinsectsthatwilldefendtheplant.Accordingtoparagraph1,floralnectarandextrafloralnectararealikeinthatAtheyarelikelytobeproducedbythesameplantsBtheybasicallyconsistofthesamechemicalcomponentsCtheyattractonlyinsectsthatwilldefendtheplantDtheyareproducedbythesamepartsoftheplantBiologistsoncethoughtthatsecretionofextrafloralnectarhassomepurelyinternalphysiologicalfunction,andthatantsprovidenobenefitwhatsoevertotheplantsthatsecreteit.Thisviewandtheopposing―protectionist‖hypothesisthatantsdefendplantshadbeendisputedforoverahundredyearswhen,in1910,askepticalWilliamMortonWheelercommentedonthecontroversy.Hecalledforproofoftheprotectionistview:thatvisitationsoftheantsconferprotectionontheplantsandthatintheabsenceoftheinsectsamuchgreaternumberwouldperishorfailtoproduceflowersorseedsthanwhentheinsectsarepresent.ThatwenowhaveanabundanceoftheproofthatwascalledforwasestablishedwhenBarbaraBentleyreviewedtherelevantevidencein1977,andsincethenmanymoreobservationsandexperimentshaveprovidedstillfurtherproofthatantsbenefitplants.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatwasthepositionoftheopponentsofthe“protectionist”hypothesis?AExtrafloralnectarprovidesplantswithadirectdefenseagainstattackbyinsects.BAntssubstantiallybenefitplantsthatsecreteextrafloralnectar.CThesecretionofextrafloralnectarplaysaroleintheplant’sinternalfunctioning.DAntsvisitplantsthatsecreteextrafloralnectarasoftenastheyvisitplantsthatdonot.Paragraph2:Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfinditrelativelyunchangedinayear’stime.Individualfishmaybereplaced,butthenumberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromoneyeartothenext.Wecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystemaremorestablethantheindividualorganismsthatcomposetheecosystem.3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingprinciplesofecosystemscanbelearnedbystudyingapond?○Ecosystempropertieschangemoreslowlythanindividualsinthesystem.○Thestabilityofanecosystemtendstochangeasindividualsarereplaced.○Individualorganismsarestablefromoneyeartothenext.○Achangeinthemembersofanorganismdoesnotaffectanecosystem’sproperties.Paragraph3:Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playisusuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.4.Accordingtoparagraph3,eachofthefollowingisacosttoanimalsthatengageinplayEXCEPTOexposuretopredatorsOabuildupoffatstoresOalossoffuelthatcouldbeusedforgrowthOriskofinjuryfromslippingorfallingMedievalEuropegavenewimportancetoreliabletime.TheCatholicChurchhaditssevendailyprayers,oneofwhichwasatnight,requiringanalarmarrangementtowakenmonksbeforedawn.Andthenthenewcitiesandtowns,squeezedbytheirwalls,hadtoknowandordertimeinordertoorganizecollectiveactivityandrationspace.Theysetatimetogotosleep,toopenthemarket,toclosethemarket,toleavework,andfinallyatimetoputoutfiresandtogotosleep.Allthiswascompatiblewitholderdevicessolongastherewasonlyoneauthoritativetimekeeper;butwithurbangrowthandthemultiplicationoftimesignals,discrepancybroughtdiscordandstrife.Societyneededamoredependableinstrumentoftimemeasurementandfounditinthemechanicalclock.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingareexamplesoftheimportanceoftimekeepingtomedievalEuropeansocietyEXCEPTAtheneedofdifferenttownstocoordinatetimekeepingwitheachotherBthesettingofspecifictimesfortheopeningandclosingofmarketsCthesettingofspecifictimeforthestart