2023学年完整公开课版专题二 名 词

专题二名词知识讲解：（一）考纲要求 名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so,as,quite等；time及常考点。 （二）命题导向 名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。 （三）知识概要 英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain,Beijing,Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker,father,book,tree,school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people,family,class,team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron,paper,snow,water,chalk,gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life,thought,idea,strength等）。 注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下： 1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词 .Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。 Schoolisoveratsix.（抽象）六点钟放学。 2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词 .Hebrokeapieceofglass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。 Hebrokeaglass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。 3、个体名词转专有名词 .Hisfatherisateacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。 “Whatareyoudoingthere?”Fatherasked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。（四）名词的数 名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。 1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s：lesson→lessons,pen→pens②以s,x,ss,ch,sh,o结尾的加es：buses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes,hero→heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo→kilos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,photo→photos,zoo→zoos③以辅音字母+y结尾的改y为i，再加es：city→cities,story→stories④以f或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es：knife→knives,leaf→leaves但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief→beliefs,roof→roofs,safe（保险箱）→safes,proof（证据）→proofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep②不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,child→children,mouse→mice,ox→oxen。但是，German→Germans③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups,womanteacher→womenteachers,mandriver→mendrivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。②物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：acupoftea,threebagsofapples,fourpiecesofbread。③有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→works（著作），arm（手臂）→arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）。④定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：theWangs王家，threeWangs三个姓王的。⑤只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics,mathematics,news,theUnitedStates⑥有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police,people,cattle⑦有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public⑧有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：Howdidyousmoothawaythedifficulties?（指各种具体困难）；Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.；Whatasurprise!（五）名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Engles’s(Engles’)works,aworks’school,Women’sDay,theeditor-in-chief’soffice2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom.（共有），Tom’sandMike’sbooks.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’spapers,tenminutes’walk 4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home。如：thetailor’s5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：thewindowoftheroom6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：theteachersoftheNo.1MiddleSchool.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle’s,adaughterofMrsGreen’s,thehouseofoneofmyfriends（六）名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。.stonefigures（石像）；papermoney（纸币）；countrymusic（乡村音乐）；tablecloth（桌布）；riverbank（河岸）；schoolgate（校门口）；bookstores（书店）；trafficlights（交通灯）；summerholidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。.sportsmeet（运动会）；theUnitedStatesgovernment（美国政府）；studentsreading-room（学生阅览室）；goodstrain（货车）；twomendoctors（两个男医生）。实战演练：1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____. A.roofs,leafs B.roofs,leaves C.rooves,leafs D.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory. A.womandoctors B.womendoctors C.womandoctor D.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____? A.potatos,tomatos B.potatos,tomatoes C.potatoes,tomatos D.potatoes,tomatoes4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office. A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief’s B.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief’s C.editors-in-chiefs,editor’s-in-chief’s D.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief’s5.Theanthastwo____. A.stomaches B.stomacks C.stomach D.stomachs6.Hedoesn’tlike____forsupper. A.chick B.chicken C.chickens D.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming. A.so B.such C.soas D.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom! A.How B.Howa C.What D.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight. A.sound B.sounds C.thesounds D.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____. A.cattle,cows B.cows,cattle C.cattles,cows D.cow,cattles11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate（军营门口）. A.havegathered B.hasgathered C.is D.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar. A.deal B.amount C.number D.size13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople’slivingstandard. A.Many B.Agreatmany C.Agreatdealof D.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend. A.hand B.ahand C.hands D.thehands15.Two____,please. A.coffee B.coffees C.cupofcoffee D.cupscoffee16.Ican’tpayas____asheaskedfor. A.highpricea B.highprice C.ahighprice D.highaprice17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly. A.Man’s B.Men’s C.Mens’ D.Person’sstayedat____. A.XiaoWang’s B.Wang’shome C.theWangs D.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory. A.shoes B.shoses C.shoe D.shoe’s20.Haveyoueverread____? A.todaynewspaper B.newspapertoday C.newspaperoftoday D.today’snewspaper21.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired. A.hour B.hours C.hour’s D.hours’22.Themotheroverthereis____mother. A.JuliaandMary B.JuliaandMary’s C.Julia’sandMary’s D.Julia’sandMary23.LiMing’shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass. A.anyone’s B.anyoneelse C.anyone’selse’s D.anyoneelse’s24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____. A.sand,sand B.sands,sands C.sand,sands D.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____. A.set B.one C.copy D.pair26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays. A.walk B.ride C.trip D.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone. A.information B.news C.message D.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople. A.cloth B.clothe C.clothes D.clothing29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe. A.strengthB.senseC.power D.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled. A.incident,washappened B.matter,happened C.event,wastakenplace D.accident,tookplace31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart. A.beating B.ways C.knocking D.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere. A.Thepublic B.People C.Women D.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____. A.office,official B.official,office C.officer,office D.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____. A.character,character B.characters,characters C.character,characters D.characters,character35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital. A.everyotherdays B.eachotherday C.everyotherday D.everytwoday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____. A.onedayortwo B.adayortwo C.onedayortwo D.aortwodays37.____isalwaysdifficultforme. A.Translation B.Translate C.Thetranslation D.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise. A.Translation B.Translate C.Thetranslation D.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow. A.be B.is C.are D.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople. A.the B.a C./ D.one41.Nonews____goodnews. A.is B.are C.have D.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest. A.looks B.seems C.is D.are43.“Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked. A.is B.was C.were D.are44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____. A.innicespirits B.innicespirit C.inhighspirits D.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething. A.Japanese B.Japaneses C.ofJapanese D.ofJapaneses46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble. A.anadvice B.advice C.advices D.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____. A.Englishmen,Germans B.Englishmen,German C.Englishmans,Germans D.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____. A.Aglass,aglass B.Glasses,glass C.Theglass,theglass D.Glasses,glasses49.I’llhavetobuy____trousers. A.a B.two C.apairof D.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass. A.Liu B.Lius C.Liu’s D.Lius’51.____isneededincoldcountries. A.Alotofclothes B.Muchclothing C.Manyacloth D.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____. A.mathematicsstudent B.mathematicstudents C.studentsinmathematics D.mathematicsstudents53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions（反应）. A.mouses’ B.mice C.mices’ D.mice’s54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriend B.myfatherfriend’s C.afriendofmyfather’s D.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____. A.alittlewhitehair B.somewhitehair C.afewwhitehair D.afewwhitehairs56.Ihavemade____withBilly. A.friends B.friend C.afriend D.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi’an. A.more B.larger C.fewer D.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool. A.womanteacher B.womenteacher C.womenteachers D.womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle______.

A.use B.good C.difference D.result

60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno______insendingthebloodtothedyingman.

A.wait B.delay C.time D.hurry

61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany______.

A.excuse B.sense C.use D.value

62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice? -Playingoniceisnotmy______ofsparetime.

A.idea B.thought C.mind D.intention

63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe______.

A.travel B.tourism C.journey D.course

64.Onesplendidmountain______followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.

A.view B.glance C.screen D.scene

newlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海)A.effect B.use C.service D.existence66.Whenyouplay'football,what______doyouplay?

A.situation B.place C.part D.position

67.It'simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.

A.situation B.expression C.condition D.translation

68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.

A.achievement B.agreement C.view D.appreciation

69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.

A.sight B.scene C.view D.look

70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.

A.energy B.force C.power D.materials

71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.

A.Contrast B.Competition C.Contact D.Combination

72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords. A.movements B.performances C.operations D.actionshaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)

A.fact B.reality C.practice D.deed

'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met1993,33)

A.way B.choice C.possibility D.selection

droppedthe___andbrokeit.(Met1993,38)

A.cupofcoffee B.coffee'scup C.cupforcoffee D.coffeecup

'smycard.Let'skeepin____.(NMET1994,33)

A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship

gainedhis___byprinting___offamouswriters.(NMET1995,40)

A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works

'lllookintothematterassoonaspossible,justhavealittle___.(MET1996,10)

A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest

byanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtoleavea____.(NMET1997,18)

A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice

footballplayershadnostrict___untiltheyjoinedourclub.(1997.上海20)

A.practice B.education C.exercise D.training

countriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof___.(1996.上海.15)

A.energy B.source C.power D.material

'llfindthismapofgreat__inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET199821)

A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness

allknowthat___speaklouderthanwords.(1999.上海24)

A.movements B.performances C.operations D.actionsparentsalwaysletmehavemyown____ofliving.(1999.上海25)

A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion

答案：实战演练：1~5BBDDD6~10BBCAA11~15ABCCB16~20DAACD21~25DBDCD26~30BADBD31~35AABDC36~40BACCB41~45ABDCA46~50BABCB51~55BDDCD56~60ABCCB61~65BACAA66~70DADCA71~75CDCBD76~80ADCAD81~84ACDA高考链接：（09安徽）1.Chinahasgotagoodforfightingagainstthefluwithitscarefulandsmoothorganization.A.reputationB.influenceC.impressionD.knowledge【答案】A名词词义辨析，四个选项的意思分别为：名声、影响、印象与知识，根据句意：中国在抗击流感的过程中因其详细与流畅的组织而获得了良好的名声。（09福建）2.TheWorldHealthOrganizationgaveawarningtothepublicwithoutanywhenthevirusofH1N1hitMexicoinApril,2022.A.delayB.effortC.scheduleD.consideration【答案】A名词词义辨析。delay：耽搁，延误；effort：努力；schedule：时间表；consideration：考虑，体谅；关心。题干意思是：当H1N1型2022年4月袭击墨西哥时，世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。（09湖北）3.Hikingbyoneselfcanbefunandgoodforhealth.Itmayalsobegoodfor______building.A.respectB.f