大学英语综合教程B1-Unit 3 Understanding Science及论大学生写作能力

《大学英语》全新版综合教程Boo1PAGEPAGE15《大学英语全新版综合教程》B1-Unit3Unit3UnderstandingScienceTextAPublicAttitudeTowardScienceBackgroundInformationBriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking1)StephenHawking(1942-):ChronologyofStephenHawking--1942BorninOxford,--1958EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics(热力学),relativitytheory,andquantummechanics(量子力学).--1962Receivedabachelor’sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneralrelativityattheUniversityof--1966EarnedhisPh.DdegreeattheUniversityofCambridge.Stayedatthe“Iamquiteoftenasked:HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?Theansweris,notalot.Itrytoleadasnormalasalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsitpreventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany.”--1977Becameaprofessorofphysics.--1979AppointedLucasianProfessorofmathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.2)MainAchievementsa)SingularityApointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.blackholeAregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.ABriefHistoryofTimeOneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.AlbertEinstein(1879-1955)1)QuizaboutEinsteinDothequiztoseehowmuchyouknowaboutAlbertEinstein.Inhisefforttodiscoverthegoverninglawsoftheuniverse,Einsteintriedtofindamathematicalrelationshipbetweentwonaturalforces.Whatarethey?DElectromagnetismandgravitationB)Fission(裂变)andgravityElectricityandthespeedoflightNuclearenergyandelectromagnetismMonologueofEinsteinAlbertEinstein(1879-1955):IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That’swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,atleastforscientists,timehadtobelookedatinawholenewway—thatNewton’sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.TheseideasbecameknownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandTenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthatgravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvatureofthespace-timecontinuum.3)Doyouknow?--Einsteincouldnotfindajobinphysicsupongraduationfromcollege,andbecameatechnicalassistantintheSwissPatentOffice.Heworkedontheoreticalphysicsinhissparetime.--EinsteindidnotreceiveaNobelPrizeforhistheoryofrelativity.--EinsteinimmediatelyleftGermanyfortheUnitedStatesfollowingHitler’srisetopower.--Einsteinspentmuchofhislatercareersearchingforaunifiedfieldtheory,butwasunsuccessful.--EinsteindeclinedthepresidencyofthesateofIsraelwhenitwasofferedtohimin1952bythesateleaders.--Theelementeinsteinium(锿),discoveredin1952,wasnamedinthehonorofAlbertEinstein.Frankenstein:Thisisahorrorfilmaboutadoctorwhobuildsamonsteroutofdeadbodypartsandbringsittolifeusingelectricity,basedonthenovelbyMaryShelley.III.GlobalReading1.chartcompletionFillinthechartbycomparingthefirst10linesofbothAlltheCabbieHadWasaLetterandPublicAttitudestowardSciencetoseestyledifferencebetweennarrationandexposition.TextAParagraphlengthSentencelengthsimpleorcompoundsentences?anypassivevoice?anydialogue?any3rd-personnarrator?Unit2shortershortersimplenoyesnoUnit3longerlongercompoundyesnoyes2.PartDivisionoftheText(seeStudent’sBookP69)PartsLinesMainIdeas11~33Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.233~62Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.363~67Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.IV.DetailedReadingImportantwords,phrasesandsentences:PartOne(Para.1~Para.3)(L2)likely:1)bable很可能的,适宜的,可靠的,有希望的AnaccidentlikelytoleadtowarisreportedonTV.2)bably(Whenusedasanad.,thewordisoftenprecededby"most","morethan",or"very".Youdon'tuseitasanad.onitsown.)或许,很可能Ishallverylikelytobehereagainnextmonth.Pattern:Itislikelythat…很可能--Itishighlylikelythathewillsucceed.CF:likely,possible&probable这些词都有“可能的”意思。likely系常用词，指从外表迹象来看很有可能。Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.possible指由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到，强调客观上有可能，但常会有实际希望很小的意思。Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?probable语气比possible强，指有根据，合情理，值得相信，带有大概，很可能的意思。Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.2.(L6)dowithout:v.managetosurvive,continue,orsucceedalthoughyoudonothavesth.youneed,want,orusu.have没有…而设法对付过去;免除,不用--Ican'taffordacar,so1guessI'llhavetodowithout.--Hecan’tdowithouttheservicesofasecretary.Collocation:doawaywith摆脱;废除,取消doup系上,扣上;修理;打扮havesomethingtodowith和…有关系havenothingtodowith和…没有关系3.(L6)highly:adv.1)very很,非常--Mr.Smithwasahighlysuccessfulsalesman.2)toahighdegree高度地--Hespeaksveryhighlyofyou.--出席这次会议的大部分人是受过高等教育的女性.Mostofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.CF:highly&high这两个词都表示“高高地”。highly这个副词是“高度地”的意思，是表达程度的，指的是抽象意义上的“高”。修饰形容词要使用highly.ahighlypaidofficial薪俸优厚的官员thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人*ahighlyinfectiousdiseasehigh这个副词是作“高高地”讲,是表达位置的，指的是具体意义上的“高”。构成复合形容词要用high.aimhigh向高处瞄准searchhighandlow到处寻找*ahigh-bornmerchant其他类似的例子有:closely&closeclosely细心地,严密地WatchwhatIdoclosely.close近地Helivesclosetotheschool.Para.24.(L9)put/turntheclockback:v.returntoasituationthatusedtoexist,usuallybecausethepresentsituationisunpleasant倒退,开倒车Theemploymentbillinwhichwomenarenotallowedtotakejobswillputtheclockbackfiftyyears.Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan'tturntheclockback.5.(L10~11)Norcanonepreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.Whyisthissentencereserved?Theword“nor”hereappearsatthebeginningofthesentence.--NorwillIdenythat.6.(L13)bringabout:v.make(sth.)happen使发生,致使=makehappen这是怎么发生的?Whatbroughtitabout?Someeducatorsarehopingtobringaboutmajorchangesintheeducationalsystem.Collocation:bringforth产生;提出bringforward提前;提出bringup教育;养育;提出Fillintheblankwiththeabovephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.1)Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbebroughtforthafewmonths.2)Thetreesintheorchardbringforthmanyapples.3)Hewaswellbroughtup.4)Atthemeetingthenextmorning,thebroughtforth/forward/upmanyproblemsanddiscussedthemonebyone.7.(L14)inquire:1)vt.asktobetold询问,问明,查究Heinquired(ofher)thereasonforbeinglateagain.Heaskedforhiskeyandinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.2)vi.seekinformationbyquestioning.我打询问有关火车时刻的事情.Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.Collocation:inquireafter问候inquirefor求见inquireinto查究,调查CF:inquire,ask&question这些词都有“问，询问”的意思。inquire是较正式的书面用词,渴望知道某人或某事的确实情况,后不接人作宾语.Heinquiredyourtelephonenumber.ask是最常用词,指为了了解某人或谋事而提出问题,请别人解答或向别人打听消息.Excuseme.MayIaskyouaquestion?question指对某事不断提出问题,以便了解详细情况.Thesuspectwasquestionedbythepolice.8.(L15~16)Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.1)Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst“that”?Here“that”bringsaboutanattributiveclause.2)Whatdoesthestructure“suchthat”heremean?Thestructureisusedtogiveanexplanationforsomething.--Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.3)Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.9.(L17)initiative:n.1)theabilitytomakedecisionsandtakeactionwithoutwaitingforsb.totellyouwhattodo主动;首创精神Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.Theworkersareabletosolvetheproblemsontheirowninitiative.2)usedinthephrase"taketheinitiative":bethefirstpersontotakeactiontoimproveasituationorrelationship,esp.whenotherpeoplearewaitingforsb.elsetodosth.采取主动Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother’swedding.10.(L17-18)Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.Whyisthereno“to”between“is”and“slow”?When“do”appearsinthesubjectofasentence,thesign“to”ofaninfinitivewhichisusedasthepredicativecanbeomitted.--Thefirstthinghedidwas(to)lookforaguide.--Allwecoulddonowis(to)remaincool-headed.11.(L18)rate:n.value,cost,speed,etc.measuredbyitsrelationtosomeotheramount.比率;速度;价格Theworld'sforestsaredisappearingatanevenfasterratethanexpertshadthought.出生率是出生人数与人口数之比.Thebirthrateisthenumberofbirthscomparedtothenumberofthepeople.2)ofthe(numbered)quality等级afirst-rateperformerPara.312.(L20)ensure:v.makesure;guarantee.保证,确保,使安全,保证得到Thenewtreatywillensurepeace.我不能确保他能及时到这儿.Ican’tensurethathewillbehereintime.13.(L22)informed:adj.knowingthings;havingalltheinformation.见多识广的随时告诉我新的发展.Keepmeinformedoffreshdevelopment.Dictation:He’sawell-informedman.CF:informtell&instructinform向某人传递信息,特别适用于告知所发生的情况或有关资料(可以用于上级对下级,也可用于下级对上级的通知).Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.KyndPage,willberetiringnextweek.tell最通用,最不正式.指把某事告诉某人.Glancingatherscornfully,hetoldherthatthedresswassold.instruct较正式,意为“指示（一般用于上级对下级），通知”。Theeditoratoncesentthejournalistatelegraminstructinghimtofindouttheexactnumberofstepsandtheheightofthewall.14.(L24)steady:adj.1)constant,regularinmovement稳定的,持续的Thegovernment'spolicieshavebroughtaperiodofsteadyeconomicgrowthwithfallingunemployment.Therehasbeenasteadygrowthintheindustry.2)firm稳固的,坚决的Usingtherazorrequiresasteadyhand.15.(L28~29)ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.1)Whatdoes“it”referto?Thepublic’sdistrustofscience.2)Whatpartofspeechis“support”here?Itisanoun.PartTwo(Para.4~Para6)Para.416.(L36)basis(pl.bases):n.1)thefactsorideasfromwhichsth.canbedeveloped;foundation(usu.usedasasingularnoun,followedbyfororof)基本,要素,基础Thewritingisfullofargumentsthathaveafirmbasis.Dictation:Whatisthebasisforyouropinion?thecircumstancethatprovidesareasonforsomeactionoropinion(usu.followedbyoforthat-clause)onthebasisofprep.以...为基础,根据,在...的基础上,基于Onthebasisthatrecognizingtheproblemishalfwaytoasolution,weshouldpaymuchattentiontohiscomments.基于我们售货的预测,我们明年将开始赚钱.Onthebasisofoursalesforecasts,wemaybegintomakeaprofitnextyear.CF:basis,base&foundation这些词都有“基础、根基”的意思。basis多用于比喻，指信念、议论等的根据。Charitytowardsothersisthebasisofherphilosophy.慈善那待人事她人生的基点。base多用于指有形的或具体的基地或根基，尤指军事或工业方面的基地。Wepicnickedatthebaseofthemountain.我们在山脚下野餐。Thelampstandsonacircularbase.落地灯由圆形底座支撑。foundation强调基础的稳固与坚牢。可用于比喻。Thosethoughtsrockedherassurancetoitsfoundations.那些想法从根本上动摇了她的信念。Thehugelorriesshockthehousetoitsfoundation.大卡车驶过连屋基都震动了。17.(L36)liein:v.existorbefoundin(sth.)在于Therootofalltheseeventslayinhistory.这部戏剧令人感兴趣的地方在于它提出了一些婚姻方面的问题.Theplay’sinterestliesinthequestionsitraisesaboutmarriage.18.(L36-37)Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.ParaphrasethesentenceButinschoolsscienceisoftentaughtinadullandboringway.19.(L39)intermsof:asregards(sth.);expressedas(sth.).根据,按照,用...的话,在...方面Dictation:Intermsofsalary,thejobisterrible.以百分数答复这个问题.Givetheanswerintermsofapercentage.20.(L43~44)MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.如果不用这个公式的话,也许我能多卖出一倍的书.Para.521.(L45)tend:1)vi.belikelytohappenorhaveaparticularcharacteristicoreffect.趋向,往往是Somepeopletendtogetuplateratweekends.物价正在上涨.Pricesaretendingupwards.2)vt.watchover;attendto照管,护理shepherdstendingtheirflockstendthesickandwounded22.(46)precise:adj.1)exact精确的,准确的Wewillneverknowtheprecisedetailsofhisdeath.Dictation:Ourtrainleavesatabouthalfpastten,or—tobeprecise—10:33.2)takingcaretobeexactandnottomakeerrors.谨慎的他是个非常谨慎的人。Heisaverypreciseman.23.(L47)grasp:1).v.a)understand掌握,领会ThisisaconceptweintheWestfinddifficulttograsp.b)seizefirmly抓住,抓紧,Thedrowningmangraspedtherope.贪得无厌的人可能毫无所得.Amanwhograspsattoomuchmayloseeverything.2).n.powerofgrasping掌握,领会这个作品我看不懂.Thisworkisbeyondmygrasp.Successiswithinhergrasp.24.(L47)sufficient:adj.enough充分的,足够的$30shouldbesufficientforanewpairofshoes.有足够的证据证明他是有罪的.Therewassufficientevidencetoprovethathewasguilty.25.(L48)convey:vt.1)make(ideas,feelings,etc.)knowntoanother传达,转让,表达我无法用语言表达我的感情.Ican’tconveymyfeelingsinwords.Thispicturewillconveytoyousomeideaofthebeautyofthescenery.这幅画可将那处风景的美丽向你传达一二.2)take;carry搬运Dictation:Thistrainconveysbothpassengersandgoods.Para.626.(L55)putacross:v.causetobeunderstood解释清楚,使被理解他非常善于表达自己的意见.He’sverygoodatputtinghisideasacross.Goodteachersaretheoneswhoareabletoputthingsacrosswell.Collocation:putaside储存(钱、时间)；把…放在一边putforward提出(意见、建议)putin花费，付出（时间、精力等）putoff阻止；推迟puton穿上putout熄灭putthrough为…接通putupwith忍受27.(L56)proportion:n1)partofagrouporanamount部分Alargeproportionofthedolphinsinthatareawilleventuallydiebecauseofwaterpollution.这个城市的很大一部分人已年过半百.Alargeproportionofthecity’spopulationisagedover50.2)relationofonethingtoanotherinquantity,size,etc.比例Theproportionofmentowomeninthemedicalprofessionhaschangedinrecentyears.Collocation:inproportionto与…成比例;和…相比indirectproportionto与…成正比例ininverseproportionto与…成反比例inproportion符合比例的outofproportion不符合比例的28.(L59-60)fitinto:v.bepartofasituation,system,orplan.适合;符合;属于Thenewcollegecoursesfitintoanationaleducationalplan.CollegeEnglishvideosaredesignedtofitintothesyllabus.29.(L61)educate:v.teachortrain教育,训练,培养Yourshouldeducateyourchildrentobehavewell.这个男孩只能在工作做完后的晚上自修.Theboyhadtoeducatehimselfintheeveningafterfinishinghiswork.30.(L62)entertain:v.1)givepleasure(to)娱乐Dictation:Children’stelevisionprogramsnotonlyentertainbutalsoteach.我们都对他的戏法感兴趣.Wewereallentertainedbyhistricks.2)receive(people)asguests招待Accordingtotheschoolregulations,womenstudentsarenotallowedtoentertainmenintheirrooms.31.(L65-66)ButIhavesufficientfaithinthegoodsenseofthepublictobelievethatwemightprovethiswrong.1)Whatdoes“sense”heremean?Powerofjudging.2)Whatdoesthissentenceimply?Theauthorbelievesthatthepublicwillhaveagoodunderstandingaboutscienceandcanmakeinformedjudgmentsbyitself.V.AfterReading1.Antonyms(seeStudent’sBookP.75)Trytofindouttheantonymsofthefollowingwords,sometimesbyaddingaffixes1)minority—majority6)qualitative—quantitative2)nasty—pleasant7)sufficient—insufficient3)global—local8)responsible—irresponsible4)informed—uninformed9)likely—unlikely5)relevant—irrelevant10)precise—imprecise2.UsefulExpressions1)在过去的一百年间inthelasthundredyears2)回到gobackto3)享有特权的少数人aprivilegedminority4)当今政府thepresentgovernment5)基础科学basicscience全球政府aglobalgovernment民主社会ademocraticsociety做出明智的决定makeinformeddecisions生活水准thestandardofliving卡通人物cartoonfigures科幻小说sciencefictions酸雨acidrain温室效应greenhouseeffect核武器nuclearweapons基因工程geneticengineering死记硬背learnbyrote使销量减半halvethesales分子生物学molecularbiology外星文明aliencivilization对…充满信心havesufficientfaithin…3.SummaryWritingScienceandtechnology(已带来了巨大的变化)(havebroughtgreatchanges)totheworldweliveininthelasthundredyears.(如何保证)(Howtoensurethatthechangesareintherightdirections?)Clearly,thepublicneeds,(科学教育)(educationinscience)soasto(做出明智的决定)(makeinformeddecisions)ontheirownfate.Schoolsareimportant,especiallyifscienceistaught(以一种有趣的方式)(inaninterestingmanner,)andscientificconceptsareexpressed(用文字和图表来表达)(intheformofwordsanddiagrams.)Atthesametime,weneed(充分利用)(makefulluseof)popularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveallTVto(了解最新发展)(putacrossthelatestdevelopments.)Humancivilizationcansurviveifthepublicunderstandssciencewell.7.ProverbsandQuotationsSciencehasnoenemybuttheignorant.科学的敌人是愚昧无知。Sciencerestsonphenomena.科学依据自然现象。Truthhasnospecialtimeofitsown.Itshourisnowalways.AGermansurgeon,Schweitzer真理没有自己特定的时间段。它的时间永远是现在。德国医生A.施威策Evenwhentheexpertsallagree,theymaywellbemistaken.BertrandRussell,Britishlogician即使所有的专家都一致赞同，他们也可能错了。英国逻辑学家伯特兰.罗素TheGoldenRuleisthattherearenogoldenrules.G.BShaw,Irishwriter真正的金科玉律就是世上并无金科玉律.爱尔兰作家萧伯纳Mostignoranceisvincibleignorance.Wedon’tknowbecausewedon’twanttoknow.AldousHuxley,Britishwriter大多无知是可以克服的。我们不知道是因为我们不想知道。8.TextAnalysisThistextisthefirstpieceofexpositorywritinginourtextbookseries,thereforeitisimportanttonotethestyledifferencesbetweennarrationandexposition.Expositorywritingsusuallyemploylongerparagraphsinwhichtherearelongerandmoreinvolvedsentences.SimplyglanceoverthefirstpageofTextA,Unit2andthefirstpageofTextA,Unit3,andyouwillseethelatterismorecloselypackedthantheformer.Forthepurposeofobjectivity,third-personnarrationisoftenadoptedinexposition.Meanwhile,sentencesinthepassivevoiceappearregularly.Expositionistheprocessofmakingastatementandthensupportingitwithevidence.Inexpositorywriting,thestructureofaparagraphisusuallysimilartothatofthetext,i.e.,thetopicsentencesarepresentedinthefirstorsecondsentencesofaparagraph,followedbysupportingdetails.Inthistext,anopinionisadvancedinPara.3,i.e.,Thepublicneedseducationinsciencesoastomakeinformeddecisionsontheirownfate.Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthordetailsthewaystoeducatethepublic.Inthelastparagraphaconclusionissupplied—humancivilizationwillsurviveifthepublicunderstandssciencewell.Interestingly,ifwelookcloseratPartIIofthistext,wewillfindittobeamini-exposition,itstopicbeinghowtoeducatethepublicinscience.Afterwardsthreeconcretesolutionsareproposed.Theyare:scienceeducationinschools,replacingequationswithwordsanddiagrams,andmakinguseofpopularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveallTV.

论大学生写作能力写作能力是对自己所积累的信息进行选择、提取、加工、改造并将之形成为书面文字的能力。积累是写作的基础，积累越厚实，写作就越有基础，文章就能根深叶茂开奇葩。没有积累，胸无点墨，怎么也不会写出作文来的。写作能力是每个大学生必须具备的能力。从目前高校整体情况上看，大学生的写作能力较为欠缺。一、大学生应用文写作能力的定义那么，大学生的写作能力究竟是指什么呢？叶圣陶先生曾经说过，“大学毕业生不一定能写小