《淀粉样变性病》

AFieldGuide

GenomeresourcesSequencesimilarity.GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseUniGeneTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologene.GenomicBiology....GenomeProjects:microb...GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseUniGeneTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologene.Asinglequeryinterfaceto…

Sequences -RefSeqs -GenBank -HomologeneMaps–MapViewerEntrezlinksLocusLinkLocusLinkwillbereplacedbyEntrezGeneonMARCH1,2005.CheckGeneFAQforcurrentinformation..EntrezGeneLocusLinkAsinglequeryinterfaceto…

Sequences-RefSeqs-GenBank-HomologeneMaps–MapViewer

EntrezlinksEntrezGene

Moreorganisms-allRefSeqgenomesEntrezintegration.Gsn[sym]淀粉样变性病..GlobalEntrez:NADH2nadh247.EntrezGene:NADH226records.GeneRecordforPongoNADH2Homosapiens.DisplayExons/Introns:GeneTable.GeneTable.ARecordWithMoreData:HumanHFE血色沉着病.GeneGraphicLinksNM_NP_.Introns/Exons:GeneTablelinkstosequence.ARecordWithMoreData:HumanHFE.EntrezSNPhfe[genename]ANDhuman[orgn]52血色沉着病.LinkingtoSNP染色体定位基因定位序列定位.SNPinStructure.LinktoOMIM.VariantsinOMIM.GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologeneUniGene.Gene-orientedclustersofexpressedsequences

AutomaticclusteringusingMegaBlastEachclusterrepresentsauniquegeneInformedbygenomehitsInformationontissuetypesandmaplocationsUsefulforgenediscoveryandselectionofmapping reagentsUniGene.AClusterofESTsquery5’ESThits3’ESThits.Unigene.UniGeneCollections.ExampleUniGeneCluster.HistogramofclustersizesforUniGeneHsbuild177.UniGeneClusterHs.95351.UniGeneClusterHs.95351.UniGeneClusterHs.95351:expression.UniGeneClusterHs.95351:seqs.Downloadsequenceswebpageftpsite.GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseUniGeneTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologene.TheNewHomologeneAutomateddetectionofhomologsamongtheannotatedgenesofcompletelysequencedeukaryoticgenomes.NolongerUniGenebasedProteinsimilaritiesfirstGuidedbytaxonomictreeIncludesorthologsandparalogs.

Orthologs和Paralogs是同源序列的两种类型。

Orthologs（垂直同源基因）是指来自于不同物种的由垂直家系（物种形成）进化而来的蛋白，并且典型的保留与原始蛋白有相同的功能。Paralogs（平行同源基因）是那些在一定物种中的来源于基因复制的蛋白，可能会进化出新的与原来有关的功能。请参考文献获得更多的信息。.geneduplicationParalogsvsOrthologsearlyglobingeneA-chaingene B-chaingenefrogAchickAmouseAmouse

BchickBfrogBparalogsorthologs

orthologs.TheNewHomologene

HomologeneBuild37.2Species Numberofgenes inputgrouped groups.RAG1→Homologenerag112recombinationactivatinggene.RAG1→HomolgeneRAG1Amniota.Homolgene:RAG1..Homolgene:RAG1.GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseUniGeneTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologene....MapViewer.ListView.HumanMapVieweradar腺甙脱氨酶.MapViewer:HumanADAR4.MVHsADAR3’UTR5’UTR.Maps&Options--Sequencemaps--AbinitioAssemblyRepeatsBES_CloneCloneNCI_CloneContigComponentCpGislanddbSNPhaplotypeFosmidGenBank_DNAGenePhenotypeSAGE_TagSTSTCAG_RNATranscript(RNA)Hs_UniGeneHs_EST--Cytogeneticmaps--IdeogramFISHCloneGene_CytogeneticMitelmanBreakpointMorbid/Disease--GeneticMaps--deCODEGenethonMarshfield--RHmaps--GeneMap99-G3GeneMap99-GB4NCBIRHStandford-G3TNGWhitehead-RHWhitehead-YACMm_UniGeneMm_ESTRn_UniGeneRn_ESTSsc_UniGeneSsc_ESTBt_UniGeneBt_ESTGga_UniGeneGga_ESTVariationMaps&Options=SNP.MapViewerUniGeneComponentRepeatsGene.Mastermap:repeats.GenePhenotypeVariation.Maps&OptionsMaps&Options.GenomeResourcesLocusLinkGenedatabaseUniGeneTraceArchiveMapViewerHomologene...Strongylocentrotuspurpuratus

Traces.BLASTBasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool.WebAccessBLASTVASTEntrezTextSequenceStructure..BasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool

Whyusesequencesimilarity?BLASTalgorithmBLASTstatisticsBLASToutputExamples.WhyDoWeNeed

SequenceSimilaritySearching?ToidentifyandannotatesequencesToevaluateevolutionaryrelationshipsOther:modelgenomicstructure(e.g.,Spidey)checkprimerspecificityinsilico:NCBI’stool.BLASTWebsiteStats.GlobalvsLocalAlignmentSeq1Seq2Seq1Seq2GlobalalignmentLocalalignment.GlobalvsLocalAlignmentSeq1:WHEREISWALTERNOW(16aa)Seq2:HEWASHEREBUTNOWISHERE(21aa)GlobalSeq1: 1W--HEREISWALTERNOW16 WHERESeq2: 1HEWASHEREBUTNOWISHERE21LocalSeq1:1W--HERE5Seq1:1W--HERE5WHEREWHERESeq2:3WASHERE9Seq2:15WISHERE21.TheFlavorsofBLASTStandardBLASTtraditional“contiguous”wordhitpositionindependentscoringnucleotide,proteinandtranslations(blastn,blastp,blastx,tblastn,tblastx)MegablastoptimizedforlargebatchsearchescanusediscontiguouswordsPSI-BLASTconstructsPSSMsautomatically;usesasqueryverysensitiveproteinsearchRPSBLASTsearchesadatabaseofPSSMstoolforconserveddomainsearches.WidelyusedsimilaritysearchtoolHeuristicapproachbasedonSmithWatermanalgorithmFindsbestlocalalignmentsProvidesstatisticalsignificanceAllcombinations(DNA/Protein)queryanddatabase.DNAvsDNA

blastnDNAtranslationvsProtein

blastxProteinvsProtein

blastpProteinvsDNAtranslation

tblastnDNAtranslationvsDNAtranslation

tblastx

www,standalone,andnetworkclientsBasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool.TranslatedBLASTQueryDatabaseProgramNPucleotideroteinNNNNPPblastxtblastntblastxPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPParticularlyusefulfornucleotidesequenceswithoutproteinannotations,suchasESTsorgenomicDNA.HowBLASTWorksMakelookuptableof“words”forqueryScandatabaseforhitsUngappedextensionsofhits(initialHSPs)Gappedextensions(notraceback)Gappedextensions(traceback;alignmentdetails).NucleotideWordsGTACTGGACATGGACCCTACAGGAAQuery:GTACTGGACATTACTGGACATGACTGGACATGGCTGGACATGGATGGACATGGACGGACATGGACCGACATGGACCCACATGGACCCTMakealookuptableofwords11-mer...828megablast711blastnminimumdefaultWORDSIZE.ProteinWordsGTQITVEDLFYNIATRRKALKNQuery:

NeighborhoodWordsLTV,MTV,ISV,LSV,etc.GTQTQIQITITVTVEVEDEDLDLF...MakealookuptableofwordsWordsize=3(default)Wordsizecanonlybe2or3[-f11=blastpdefault].MinimumRequirementsforaHit

NucleotideBLASTrequiresoneexactmatchProteinBLASTrequirestwoneighboringmatcheswithin40aaGTQITVEDLFYNI

SEIYYNATCGCCATGCTTAATTGGGCTT

CATGCTTAATT

neighborhoodwordsoneexactmatchtwomatches[-A40=blastpdefault].BLASTPSummary

YLS

HFLSbjct287LEETYAKYLHKGASYFVYLSLNMSPEQLDVNVHPSKRIVHFLYDQEI333Query1IETVYAAYLPKNTHPFLYLSLEISPQNVDVNVHPTKHEVHFLHEESI47GappedextensionwithtracebackQuery1IETVYAAYLPKNTHPFLYLSLEISPQNVDVNVHPTKHEVHFLHEESI-LEV…50

+EYAYLKF+YLSL+SP++DVNVHP+KVHFL+++I++Sbjct287LEETYAKYLHKGASYFVYLSLNMSPEQLDVNVHPSKRIVHFLYDQEIATSI…337FinalHSP

+EYAYLKF+

L+SP++DVNVHP+KV

+++I

High-scoringpair(HSP)HFL18HFV15HFS14HWL13NFL13DFL12HWV10etc…YLS15YLT12

YVS12YIT10etc…NeighborhoodwordsNeighborhoodscorethresholdT(-f)=11Query:

IETVYAAYLPKNTHPFLYLSLEISPQNVDVNVHPTKHEVHFLHEESILEV…examplequerywords.ScoringSystems-Nucleotides

AGCTA+1–3–3-3G–3+1–3-3C–3–3+1-3T–3–3–3+1IdentitymatrixCAGGTAGCAAGCTTGCATGTCA||||||||||||||||||| rawscore=19-9=10CACGTAGCAAGCTTG-GTGTCA[-r1-q-3].ScoringSystems-ProteinsPositionIndependentMatricesPAMMatrices(PercentAcceptedMutation)Derivedfromobservation;smalldatasetof alignmentsImplicitmodelofevolutionAllcalculatedfromPAM1PAM250widelyusedBLOSUMMatrices(BLOck

SUbstitution

Matrices)Derivedfromobservation;largedatasetofhighly conservedblocksEachmatrixderivedseparatelyfromblockswitha definedpercentidentitycutoffBLOSUM62-defaultmatrixforBLASTPositionSpecificScoreMatrices(PSSMs)

PSI-andRPS-BLAST.A4R-15

N-206D-2-216C0-3-3-39Q-1100-35E-1002-425G0-20-1-3-2-26H-201-1-300-28I-1-3-3-3-1-3-3-4-34

L-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-324K-120-1-311-2-1-3-25M-1-1-2-3-10-2-3-212-15F-2-3-3-3-2-3-3-3-100-306P-1-2-2-1-3-1-1-2-2-3-3-1-2-47S1-110-1000-1-2-20-1-2-14T0-10-1-1-1-1-2-2-1-1-1-1-2-115W-3-3-4-4-2-2-3-2-2-3-2-3-11-4-3-211Y-2-2-2-3-2-1-2-32-1-1-2-13-3-2-227V0-3-3-3-1-2-2-3-331-21-1-2-20-3-14X0-1-1-1-2-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-200-2-1-1-1ARNDCQEGHILKMFPSTWYVXBLOSUM62DFNegativeforlesslikelysubstitutionsDYFPositiveformorelikelysubstitutions.Position-SpecificScoreMatrixDAF-1Serine/Threonineproteinkinasescatalyticloop174PSSMscores54.

ARNDCQEGHILKMFPSTWYV435K-100-1-23030-2-21-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2436E0102-102-10-1-1000-100-1-1-1437S00-10110110-100020-1-10-1438N-10-1-110-133-1-11-100-1-111-1439K-211-1-20-1-2-2-1-251-2-2-1-1-2-2-1440P-2-2-2-2-3-2-2-2-2-1-2-10-37-1-2-3-1-1441A3-21-20-101-2-2-20-1-2310-3-30442M-3-4-4-4-3-4-4-5-470-410-4-4-2-4-12443A4-4-4-40-4-4-3-44-1-4-2-3-4-1-2-4-34

444H-4-2-1-3-5-2-2-410-6-5-3-4-3-2-3-4-50-5

445R-48-3-40-1-2-3-2-5-40-3-2-4-3-30-4-5

446D-4-4-18-6-20-3-3-5-6-3-5-6-4-2-3-7-5-5

447I-4-5-6-6-3-4-5-6-535-511-5-5-3-4-31

448K001-3-5-1-1-3-3-5-57-4-5-3-1-2-5-4-4

449S0-3-2-30-2-2-3-3-4-4-2-4-5262-5-4-4

450K0301-500-4-1-4-34-3-221-1-5-4-4

451N-4-38-1-5-2-2-3-1-6-6-2-4-5-4-1-2-6-4-5

452I-3-5-5-60-5-5-6-562-52-2-5-4-3-5-33

453M-4-4-6-6-3-4-5-6-506-510-5-4-3-4-30454V-3-3-5-6-3-4-5-6-533-42-2-5-4-3-5-35455K-2114-50-1-21-4-24-3-2-30-1-5-2-3456N1130-4-110-3-4-43-2-5-22-2-5-4-4457D-3-255-1-11-10-5-40-2-5-10-2-6-4-5458L-3-10-30-3-23-4-23011-2-2-35-1-3Position-SpecificScoreMatrixcatalyticloop[>./blastpgp-iNP_499868.2-dnr-j3-QNP_499868.pssm].LocalAlignmentStatisticsHighscoresoflocalalignmentsbetweentworandomsequencesfollowtheExtremeValueDistributionScore(S)Alignments(appliestoungappedalignments)E=Kmne-SorE=mn2-S’K=scaleforsearchspace=scaleforscoringsystemS’=bitscore=(S-lnK)/ln2ExpectValueE=numberofdatabasehitsyouexpecttofindbychance,≥SyourscoreexpectednumberofrandomhitsMoreinfo:

/BLAST/tutorial/Altschul-1.html

.AdvancedBLASTOptions:NucleotideExampleEntrezQueriesnucleotideall[Filter]NOTmammalia[Organism]greenplants[Organism]biomolmrna[Properties]gbdivest[Properties]ANDrat[organism]OtherAdvanced–e10000 expectvalue-v2000 descriptions-b2000 alignments.AdvancedBLASTOptions:ProteinMatrixSelectionPAM30--moststringentBLOSUM45--leaststringentExampleEntrezQueriesproteinsall[Filter]NOTmammalia[Organism]greenplants[Organism]srcdbrefseq[Properties]OtherAdvanced–e10000 expectvalue-v2000 descriptions-b2000 alignmentsLimitbytaxonMusmusculus[Organism]Mammalia[Organism]Viridiplantae[Organism].sp|P27476|NSR1_YEASTNUCLEARLOCALIZATIONSEQUENCEBINDINGPROTEIN(P67)Length=414Score=40.2bits(92),Expect=0.013Identities=35/131(26%),Positives=56/131(42%),Gaps=4/131(3%)Query:362STTSLTSSSTSGSSDKVYAHQMVRTDSREQKLDAFLQPLSKPLSSQPQAIVTEDKTD418S++SSSS+SSS++++S++SSS++EKSbjct:29SSSSSESSSSSSSSSESESESESESESSSSSSSSDSESSSSSSSDSESEAETKKEESKDS88FilteredUnfilteredLowComplexityFiltering.OtherBLASTAlgorithms

MegablastDiscontiguousMegablastPSI-BLASTPHI-BLAST.Megablast:NCBI’sGenomeAnnotator

LongalignmentsofsimilarDNAsequencesGreedyalgorithmConcatenationofquerysequencesFasterthanblastn;lesssensitive.MegaBLAST&WordSizeTrade-off:sensitivityvsspeed23blastp828megablast711blastnminimumdefaultWORDSIZE.DiscontiguousMegablastUsesdiscontiguouswordmatchesBetterforcross-speciescomparisons.TemplatesforDiscontiguousWordsW=11,t=16,coding: 1101101101101101W=11,t=16,non-coding: 1110010110110111W=12,t=16,coding: 1111101101101101W=12,t=16,non-coding: 1110110110110111W=11,t=18,coding: 101101100101101101W=11,t=18,non-coding: 111010010110010111W=12,t=18,coding: 101101101101101101W=12,t=18,non-coding: 111010110010110111W=11,t=21,coding: 100101100101100101101W=11,t=21,non-coding: 111010010100010010111W=12,t=21,coding: 100101101101100101101W=12,t=21,non-coding: 111010010110010010111Reference:Ma,B,Tromp,J,Li,M.PatternHunter:fasterandmoresensitivehomologysearch.BioinformaticsMarch,2002;18(3):440-5W=wordsize;#matchesintemplatet=templatelength.Discontiguous(Cross-species)MegaBLAST.DiscontiguousWordOptions.MegaBLASTvsDiscontiguousMegaBLASTNM_017460HomosapienscytochromeP450,family3,subfamilyA,polypeptide4(CYP3A4),transcriptvariant1,mRNA(2768letters)vsDrosophila.MegaBLASTvsDiscontiguousMegaBLAST

MegaBLAST=“Nosignificantsimilarityfound.”

Discontiguous

megaBLAST=.AnotherExample...

Discontiguous

megaBLAST=numeroushits...Query:NM_078651DrosophilamelanogasterCG18582-PA(mbt)mRNA,(3244bp)/note=mushroombodiestiny;synonyms:Pak2,STE20,dPAK2

MegaBLAST=“Nosignificantsimilarityfound.”Database:nr(nt),Mammalia[orgn].Ex:DiscontiguousMegaBLAST.Ex:BLASTN.PSI-BLASTExample:ConfirmingrelationshipsofpurinenucleotidemetabolismproteinsPosition-specificIteratedBLAST.>gi|113340|sp|P03958|ADA_MOUSEADENOSINEDEAMINASE(ADENOSINEMAQTPAFNKPKVELHVHLDGAIKPETILYFGKKRGIALPADTVEELRNIIGMDKPLSLPGFVIAGCREAIKRIAYEFVEMKAKEGVVYVEVRYSPHLLANSKVDPMPWNQTEGDVTPDDVVDEQAFGIKVRSILCCMRHQPSWSLEVLELCKKYNQKTVVAMDLAGDETIEGSSLFPGHVEAYRTVHAGEVGSPEVVREAVDILKTERVGHGYHTIEDEALYNRLLKENMHFEVCPWSSYLTGAVRFKNDKANYSLNTDDPLIFKSTLDTDYQMTKKDMGFTEEEFKRLNINAAKSSFLPEEEKKPSI-BLAST0.005EvaluecutoffforPSSM.RESULTS:InitialBLASTPSameresultsasprotein-proteinBLAST;differentformat.ResultsofFirstPSSMSearchOtherpurinenucleotidemetabolizingenzymesnotfoundbyordinaryBLAST.TenthPSSMSearch:ConvergenceJustbelowthreshold,anothernucleotidemetabolismenzymeChecktoaddtoPSSM.ReversePSI-BLAST(RPS)-BLAST.Adenosine/AMPDeaminaseDomainAMPDeaminases....PHI-BLAST>gi|231729|sp|P30429|CED4_CAEELCELLDEATHPROTEIN4MLCEIECRALSTAHTRLIHDFEPRDALTYLEGKNIFTEDHSELISKMSTRLERIANFLRIYRRQASELIDFFNYNNQSHLADFLEDYIDFAINEPDLLRPVVIAPQFSRQMLDRKLLLGNVPKQMTCYIREYHVIKKLDEMCDLDSFFLFLHGRAGSGKSVIASQALSKSDQLIGINYDSIVWLKDSGTAPKSTFDLFTDILKSEDDLLNFPSVEHVTSVVLKRMICNALIDRPNTLFVFDDVVQEETIRWAQELRLRCLVTTRDVEIASQTCEFIEVTSLEIDECYDFLEAYGMPMPVGEKEEDVLNKTIELSS