2020北师大版必修一语法综合讲义-unit1

2020北师大版必修一语法综合讲义UnitoneLifechoice一.-ed/ingAdjectives本p，）-edadjectivUAdjectivesthatend‘-ed’describeemotions-theytellushowpeoplefeelaboutsomething.Iwasveryboredinthemathslesson.Ialmostfellasleep.HewassurprisedtoseeHelen.She'dtoldhimshewasgoingtoAustralia.Feelingtiredanddepressed,hewenttobed.-ingadjectivesterrifying.Adjectivesthatend'-ing,describethethingthatcausestheemotion-aboringlessonmakesyoufeelerestingpeopleI,veevermet.Haveyouseenthatfilm?It,sabsolutelyinterestingpeopleI,veevermet.Icouldlistentohimforhours.He,soneofthemostRememberthatpeoplecanbeIcan,teatthis!It,sdisgusting!Whatisit?Rememberthatpeoplecanbeboringbutonlyiftheymakeotherpeoplefeelbored.Hetalksabouttheweatherforhours.He,ssoboring.Verb -edAdjective -ingAdjectivetotire tired tiringtoexcite tosurprise tointerest tochallenge tosatisfy 十五组形容词:encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged受到鼓舞的interesting有趣的interested感兴趣的astonishing令人惊呆的astonished惊呆的surprising令人惊奇的surprised感到好奇的moving令人感动的moved感动的frightening令人害怕的frightened害怕的terrifying令人恐惧terrified感到恐惧的puzzling令人困惑不解的puzzled感到困惑的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的tiring令人厌倦的tired感到厌烦的amazing令人惊讶的amazed感到惊讶的boring令人讨厌的bored感到厌烦的exciting令人兴奋的excited感到激动的touching触动人心的touched感动的embarrassing令人尴尬的embarrassed尴尬的【以-ing和-ed结尾的形容词用法】.作表语。(1)以-ing结尾的形容词说明主语的性质或特征，通常意为“令人……的、使人……的”。e.g.Thestoryismoving.这个故事是令人感动的。Thebookisinteresting.这本书是令人感兴趣。

（2）以-ed结尾的形容词则表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”。e.g.Tomisverytired. Tom感到非常累。Heissosurprised,他感到非常吃惊。.作定语（1）以-ing结尾的形容词表示所修饰的名词具有的特征。Thisisaninterestinggame.这是一个很有趣的游戏。（2）以-ed结尾的形容词表示所修饰的名词所处的状态。Thetiredboywantstonothing.这个感到疲劳的男孩不想说话。【以-ing和-ed结尾的形容词的区别】.以-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物；即使它们所修饰的名词是事物，那他们指的也是与该事物相关的人：Hehadapleasedsmileonhisface, 他脸上露出了满意的笑容。Hetoldmethenewsinaveryexcitedvoice,他（声音）很激动地告诉了我这个消息。第一句中的apleasedsmile意为“满意的笑容”，它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑；第二句中的averyexcitedvoice指的是“很激动的声音”，指的是“某人因很激动而发出那样的声音”。原则上，-ed结尾的形容词通常直接用于说明人，若修饰事物则多为expression（神态）、appearance（外貌）、cry（哭声）、face（表情）、voice（声音）、mood（情绪）等显示某人情感状况的名词。.以-ing结尾的形容词主要用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征，若用于说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或此特征：e.g.Thestoryisveryinteresting.这个故事很有趣Themanisveryinteresting.这个人很有趣。afrightenedlookafrighteninglookanexcitedtalkanexcitingtalk害怕的表情（指带有这种“表情”的人感到害怕）吓人的表情（指这种“表情”令人害怕）afrightenedlookafrighteninglookanexcitedtalkanexcitingtalk心情激动的谈话（指“谈话”的人心情激动）令人激动的谈话（指听“谈话”的人心情激动）【练习题】，用所给词的适当形式填空Thisisanbook,andI,m init.(interest)Seeingthe result,weareall.(disappoint).The(surprise)lookonhisfacesuggestedthathehadn,texpectedthat.这匹受到惊吓的马开始跑起来。Thehorsebegantorun.(frighten)Thechildrenwerewhentheysawthe(encourage)film.Tomsoundsvery(interest)inthejob,butI,mnotsurewhetherhecandoitwell.Theresultisoneofthemost ofthese.(satisfy)Shewasbecauseheridolwasn,tthere.Shethoughtitwasreally.(disappoint)Theoldmanwasabouthisdaughter.(worry)Themoviewas andIwascompletelybythismovie.(bore)ThestorywasandIwasdeeplybythismovie.(move)Thenewswassothatwewereall.(excite)Thepoliceman,s trafficdirectionsmadeallthedriversquite .(confuse)Thesituationismorethanever.I,m aboutwhattodo.(puzzle)Thelookontheboy,sfacesuggestedthathewas atthenews.(frighten)二，单项选择题Thoughtoseeus,theprofessorgaveusawarmwelcome.A.surprising B.wassurprised C.surprised D.beingsurprisedLucyhasagreatsenseofhumourandalwayskeepshercolleagueswithherstories.A.amused B.amusing C.toamuse D.tobeamusedThestoryhetolduswasveryandwewere.A.moving;moveddeeply B.moved;movingdeeplyC.moving;moveddeep D.moved;movingdeepHetoldmethenewsinanvoice.A．excite B．exciting C．excited D．excitementandhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.A.Surprising B.SurprisedC.Beingsurprised D.Tobesurprising【参考答案】一.用所给词的适当形式填空Thisisaninteresting book,andI,minterestedinit.(interest)Seeingthedisappointingresult,wearealldisappointed(disappoint).Thesurprised(surprise)lookonhisfacesuggestedthathehadn,texpectedthat.Thefrightenedanimalbegantorun.(frighten)Thechildrenwereencouragedwhentheysawtheencouraging(encourage)film.Tomsoundsveryinterested(interest)inthejob,butI'mnotsurewhetherhecandoitwell.Theresultisoneofthemostsatisfyingofthese.(satisfy)Shewasdisappointedbecauseheridolwasn,tthere.Shethoughtitwasreallydisappointing.(disappoint)Theoldmanwasworriedabouthisworryingdaughter.(worry)ThemoviewasboringandIwascompletelyboredbythismovie.(bore)Iwasdeeplymovedbythismovie.(move)Thenewswassoexcitingthatwewereallexcited.(excite)Thepoliceman,sconfusingtrafficdirectionsmadeallthedriversquiteconfused.(confuse)Thesituationismorepuzzlingthanever.I’mpuzzled aboutwhattodo.(puzzle)Thefrightened100kontheboy,sfacesuggestedthathewasfrightenedatthenews.(frighten)二，单项选择题Thoughtoseeus,theprofessorgaveusawarmwelcome.【C】A.surprising B.wassurprised C.surprised D.beingsurprisedLucyhasagreatsenseofhumourandalwayskeepshercolleagueswithherstories.【A】A.amused B.amusing C.toamuse D.tobeamusedThestoryhetolduswasveryandwewere.【A】A.moving;moveddeeply B.moved;movingdeeplyC.moving;moveddeep D.moved;movingdeepHetoldmethenewsinanvoice.【C】A.excite B.exciting C.excited D.excitementandhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.[B]A.Surprising B.SurprisedC.Beingsurprised D.TobesurprisingUUUUUUMembersofthesen&BCeDOSentencestructure句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。 （课本p19）SentenceBuilderSentenceStructure(1)Wedon'thaveafixedclassroom.(who)(do)(what)SubjectVerbObjectWeareinthesameschool.(who)(be)(what)SubjectVerbPredicativeThereisahugegym.(be)(what)ThereBeRealSubjectMynewschoolgivesmeachance.(who)(do)(who)(what)SubjectVerbIndirectDirectObjectObject

句子成分（英文）S主语 句子成分（英文）S主语 SubjectQ宾语 ObjectAtt定语AttributiveV谓语VerbP表语PredicativeAdv状语AdverbialD。D。直接宾语IO间接宾语•C宾语补足语•A同位语IndirectObjectObjectComplementAppositive【句子成分】①S主语Subject主语是动作的发出者/被说明的主体。可以充当主语的成分有：名词，代词，名词化的形容词，数词，动词不定式，名词化了的动词或从句等。Theweatherbecomescolddaybyday.Itishottoday.Swimmingisagoodsportinsummer.Theyoungaremostlyambitious.②V谓语Verb谓语表示主语的动作。或具有的特征和状态。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。在英语中，动词按作用和功能主要分为两大类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词。Ilikewalking.IenjoyspeakingEnglish.HereadsEnglisheverymorning.③O宾语Object宾语是动作的承受着。位于及物动词或介词后面。可以做宾语的有：名词，代词，数词，名词化的形容词，不定式，动名词，或从句等。Ioftenplaybasketball. Ilikeeight.DO直接宾语DirectObject IO间接宾语IndirectObjectMyparentsboughtmesomefruits.Hegavemeapresentyesterday.④P表语 Predicative表语是对主语的说明。说明主语的身份，特征和状态。一般位于系动词be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem之后。一般由名词，代词，形容词，数词，非谓语动词等。MynewdeskmateisanAmericanboy.Iwillbefifteennextyear.Shelooksbeautiful.⑤Att定语 Attributive定语修饰和限定主语或宾语。由名词，代词，介词短语，形容词，数词，非谓语动词，副词，从句等作定语。单个的词作定语常放在它所修饰的词之前，短语或从句作定语常放在所修饰词之后。Myschoolislargerthanhers.Shelikestheyellowdress.Thecarwhichisblackismine.⑥Adv状语Adverbial状语是修饰和限定动词，形容词，副词和整个句子的成分。能充当状语的有：副词，介词短语，非谓语动词，少数形容词，独立结构，从句等。状语按其用途可分为：时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随，比较等种类。Frankly,Ihavenomoney.Inordertofindabetterjob,hestudiesveryhard.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.⑦C宾语补足语ObjectComplement宾语补足语表示对宾语的补充说明。名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，非谓语动词都可以做宾语补足语。Weshouldkeepourroomcleanandtidy.Mymotherdoesn'tallowmetogooutaloneintheevening.Hefounditveryinterestingtorideahorseonthefarm.【句子结构】句子的基本结构指的是简单句的几种基本句型：主谓，主谓宾，主系表，主谓间直宾和主谓宾补。①主谓 S+VTimeflies！Welaughed.②主谓宾 S+V+OIcanspeakEnglish.Imissmygrandma.③主系表 S+P 常见的系动词是be动词Iamastudent.Englishisveryimportant.④主谓间宾直宾S+V+IODOMymotherboughtmeaschoolbag.Myfathertoldmeafunnystory.⑤主谓宾宾补S+V+O+CIfoundmyclassmatesfriendlyandhelpful.⑥主谓状 S+V+AHetalkedtoomuch.⑦主谓宾状 S+V+O+A：Ihadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.⑧Therebe... 某地有某物Thereisapen,twobooksandatoyinmybag.Therearesomanytreesinourschool.【注】句子成分排序口诀主语在前，谓中间，宾语状语排后面；短语定语主宾后，形容词，代词定语，主宾前；间接宾语若在后，直间要用to,for连；宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。【课堂练习】Analysebasicsentencestructures..Welaughed..The100-year-oldschoolliesinthecentreofthecity..Wemustact..Themathshomeworkiseasy..Mymumboughtmeanewdictionary..Tomislookingforwardtomeetingthenewexchangestudent..ThereisanEnglishCorneratourschool..Wehadchemistryinthenewlybuiltlab.【参考答案】1.SV2.SVA3.SV4.SP5.SVOC6.SVIODO7.SVO8.SVOA【踉踪练习】3Readthepassageandanalysethestructuresoftheunderlinedsentences.Howwouldyouliketogotoschoolandtraveltheworldatthesametime?ForTim,thatdreamhascometrue!Thisterm,Timandhisclassmatesarelivingonaship!Theytakethesamesubjectsasyoudo,likemathsandEnglish.Theyalsolearnaboutshipsandthesea.Timwriteshisparentsanemaileveryweekandtellsthemwhathappenedontheship,Timloveslivingontheship.There'salwayssomethingexcitingtodo.And,afteralongdayofstudy,helikestowatchthesungodownandwaitforthestarstocomeout,StudyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefUnwhenyouareatsea!Analysethestructures..Mydreamhascometrue..Timandhisclassmatesarelivingonaship..Theyalsolearnaboutshipsandthesea..Timwriteshisparentsanemaileveryweekandtellsthemwhathappenedothership..Thereisalwayssomethingexcitingtodo..Studyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefun.【参考答案】SV2.SVA3.SVO4.SVIODOVIODO5.THREEBE6.SP9S+V+P@S+V 9S+V+O@S+V+Oi+Od@S+V+O+Oc.保持句意不变转换下列句型：HeisourChineseteacher.（用句型@）Hisfavoritefoodisbread.（用句型9）Sheisgoodatdancing.（用句型@）二二INFINITIVES二二二二二二p11二❾Readeachsentenceandunderlinetheinfinitive.Doesitfunctionasasubject（主语），object（宾语），predicative（表语），attribute（定语），adverbial（状语）orobjectcomplement（宾语补语）？Mymumkeepstellingmetogooutwithmyschoolfriendsinstead.It'simportanttomeetfriendsinpersonfromtimetotime,notjustonsocialmedia.WhenIsetouttodosomething,Idomybesttoachieveit.Mytargetistopreparemyselfformydegreeinbiologyatuniversity.LiYingisthefirstpersontojointhevolunteeringclubinherclass.❿Completetheblogentrywiththecorrectformofthewordsinbrackets.Iwakeupatsixo'clockeverymorning.It1（take）melessthan15minutes2（wash）,getchanged,havebreakfastandleavehome.I'malwaysthefirstperson3（get）tomyclass.Themorningsarealwaysverybusyandtheafternoonsareevenbusier!Byaroundfiveo'clock,Iusually4_（find）time5_（do）mypaperworkandpreviewthelessons.Youmaythinkthatit6（be）boring7_（do）thesamethingeveryday,butIlikebeingbusy.（WangQing,16yearsold）【不定式讲义】1.请填出不定式的相关形式。不定式：时态主动态被动态一般式进行式完成式不定式的否定形式：not+不定式请问不定式在句中可作哪些成分？3.请画出下列句子中的不定式并说出它是哪种形式。Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.（一般式的主动态）Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.（一般式的被动态）Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.进行式）Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.（完成式主动态）Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.（完成式的被动态）三.典例引领，变式内化(一)动词不定式在句中充当的成分(1)作主语。例：Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.变式训练1：Tomakemoneyisnottheonlypurposeofourlife赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的在很多情况下，常用it来充当动词不定式的形式主语。例：ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。变式训练2： Itisnecessaryforustoprotectenvironment, 对我们来说保护环境是很有必要的。(2)作宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)例如：Hemanagedtopasstheexam.他成功地通过了考试。Hepromisedtobehereatnine.他答应9点钟到这儿。Ididn,texpecttoseeyouhere,我没有料到在这儿见到你。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：Heconsidereditbettertoleave加亚他认为最好现在就离开。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。变式训练1：Ihopetoreceiveyouletter. 我希望收到你的来信。变式训练2：IdecidetotakepartintheEnglishspeechcontest.我决定参加英语演讲比赛。变式训练3：Hethinkitdifficulttolearngrammer, 他觉得学语法很难。(it做形式宾语)(3)作定语(常置于名词之后)。由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语；不定式还可用作名词代词的的宾语(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something)例1:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.变式训练1：Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice,他总是最后一个离开办公室。变式训练2：Idon,tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob,我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。例2：Ihavenodesiretotravel.变式训练1：Youhaveatasktofinish,你有一项任务要完成注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。例如：Ihaven’tdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.（4）作状语例如：Iwalkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.（不至于跌倒）（表目的）Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.（表结果）Hetriedonlytofail.（结果没有成功）Shewashappytohearthenews.（表原因）变式训练1：Hehurriedtothestation,onlyBthebusleftoneminuteago.A.tellingB.tobetoldC.tellD.totell变式训练2：Hehurriedtothestation,onlyAthebusleftoneminuteago.D.findA.tofindB.foundC.tobefoundD.find不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,reluctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：Frenchisdifficulttolearn.法语难学。变式训练:I,msorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.（interrupt）(5)作独立副词成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idon,tlikeyourattitude.变式训练： Tobehonest,learningEnglishwellisnotdifficult.老实说，学好英语并不难。(6)与疑问词连用。疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.什么时候出发还没有定。变式训练1：Theproblemishowtogetthereontime.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。变式训练2：Hedidn,tknowwhattodonext.他不知道接下来要做什么。变式训练3：Ihaven,tdecidedwhethertogotoJapan我没有决定是否到日本去。(7)不定式的复合结构由for+名词或代词+动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。例如：ItisnecessaryforyoutofinishtheworkbeforeFriday你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。由of引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：bold,brave,careless,civil,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：It'skindofyoutosayso.变式训练：It,sbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿.(8)不带to的动词不定式(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如：Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition.老师让我把作文重写。变式训练：将该句转换成被动语态：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.(2)在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：I,dbettergonow,orI'llmissthetrain.变式训练：Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.我只好接受他的建议。(3)在except,but之前有动词do作实义动词，则except,but后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。例如：Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.变式训练：Wehavenochoicebuttowait我们除了等待别无选择。(4)在why,whynot结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to例如：Whyarguewithhim?变式训练Whynotsendthosebooksback?为什么不把那些书送回去？【目标检测】warmatnight,Iwouldfillthewoodstove,thensetmyalarmclockformidnightsoIcouldrefillit.A.StayingB.Stayed C.TostayD.StayVolunteeringgivesyouachancelives,includingyourown.A.change B.changing C.changed D.tochangeTheairportnextyearwillhelppromotetourismi